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01 Introduction

The document discusses the design of machine elements, emphasizing their role as building blocks for machines that transform energy into mechanical work. It outlines design criteria, methods, and disciplines, highlighting the importance of factors such as strength, rigidity, and manufacturability. Additionally, it covers different design philosophies, including fail-safe and safe-life designs, which aim to ensure reliability and safety in engineering applications.

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ayush
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10 views12 pages

01 Introduction

The document discusses the design of machine elements, emphasizing their role as building blocks for machines that transform energy into mechanical work. It outlines design criteria, methods, and disciplines, highlighting the importance of factors such as strength, rigidity, and manufacturability. Additionally, it covers different design philosophies, including fail-safe and safe-life designs, which aim to ensure reliability and safety in engineering applications.

Uploaded by

ayush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of Machine Elements

Machine Design

Design Philosophy
Design of Machine Elements

Machine is a combination of resisting bodies with


successfully constrained relative motions which is
used to transform other forms of energy into
mechanical energy or transmit and modify available
energy to do some useful work.

Machine elements are basic mechanical parts and


features used as the building blocks of most
machines.

Shaft, Bearing, Gear, Clutch, Brake, Belt Drive, Cam,


Flywheel, etc.
What is Design ?

Design is a decision-making process.

Depends upon the designer.

Criteria:
• Complete criteria are always not known.
• Designer must take discissions in such cases.
• Load (min to max range).
• Rigid beam (sufficiently thick)
Criteria for the decisions • Deformable beam (reduce the material use)

Hence with all products, the usage limit for the


Depend upon the need of the product.
user is always mentioned by the manufacturer.
Design of a Chair

Criteria:
 Load limit
 Age group
 Purpose (study, restaurant or dining)
 Material (The chair should not fail)
 Aluminum, wood, wrought iron, plastic
 Cost
 Weight
 heavy chairs are difficult to move and light
chairs may fail at heavy loads
 Aesthetic and ergonomics (dimensions)
 color, should be appealing to the customers
Market survey (Demand)
Gives a fair idea about the need of the customers (a Pen)
Example: for a Pen
1. Which of the following writing instrument do you use the most?
Pens, Mechanical Pencils, Wooden Pencils
2. Which kind of pen do you use the most?
Gel Pens, Ball Pens
3. Which ink colour do you use the most?
Black, Blue, Red, Green
4. Where do you buy your writing supplies?
Store, Online, I just happen to find them, I never buy them
5. How much are you willing to pay for each pen?
₹ 5 to ₹ 10, ₹ 10 to ₹ 20, ₹ 20 to ₹ 50
Design Disciplines

 Ship design
 Building design
 Process design
 Fashion design
 Experiment design
 Bridge design
 Web design
 Application design
 Game design
 Machine design
 Many more ...
 ……
Types of Design

Adaptive design
• This is based on existing design
• Standard products or systems adopted for a new application.
• Adding Conveyor belts, control system or some coupler to the existing system.

Developmental design
• Here we start with an existing design but finally a modified design is obtained.
• A new model of a car is a typical example of a developmental design .

New design
• An entirely new one
• Based on existing scientific principles.
Design Methods

Rational design
Based on determining the stresses and strains of components and thereby deciding
their dimensions.

Empirical design
Based on empirical formulae which in turn is based on experience and experiments.
(for complex systems)

Industrial design
Based on industrial considerations and norms viz. market survey, external look,
production facilities, low cost, use of existing standard products. (Specific to industries)
Factors to be considered in Machine Design
• What device or mechanism to be used?
• Material
• Forces on the elements: Static or Dynamic
• Size, shape and space requirements.
• The method of manufacturing the components and their assembly.
• How will it operate?
• Reliability and safety aspects
• Inspectibility
• Maintenance, cost and aesthetics of the designed product.
Basic requirements of machine elements
Major criteria for machine components
 Strength : Machine parts should not fail under the action of the external forces
 Rigidity : Machine parts should not deflect too much
 Wear resistance : It reduces the useful life of the component
 Minimum dimension and weight : Results in minimum cost
 Manufacturability : The shape and material should be such that it can be fabricated
 Conformance to standards : Should conform to national and international standards
 Reliability : It should perform its function satisfying over its standard lifetime
 Maintainability : Is the ease with which machine parts can be serviced or repaired
 Min life cycle cost : Life cycle coast of the machine part is the cost to be paid by
purchaser for purchasing and operating and maintain the
machine parts over its life span
Books to refer
Other Design Philosophies

 Fail-Safe Designs
Fail-safe designs are designs that incorporate various techniques to mitigate
losses due to system or component failures. The design assumption is that
failure will eventually occur but when it does the device, system or process
will fail in a safe manner.
 Safe-Life Designs
Safe-life refers to the philosophy that the component or system is designed
to not fail within a certain, defined period. It is assumed that testing and
analysis can provide an adequate estimate for the expected lifetime of the
component or system. At the end of this expected life, the part is removed
from service.
 Leak-before-break (burst)
Pressure vessels use this method to prevent explosive failures. Leak will be
discovered prior to a fracture.

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