2.

3 Prime Numbers
1. A prime number is a whole number that can only be divided by 1 and itself without any remainder.

2. The whole number 0 and 1 are not prime numbers.

3. 2 is the smallest prime number.

4. Prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, and 47.

2.4 Multiples of Whole Numbers

1.The multiples of a whole number can be obtained by multiplying the whole number with another
whole number other than zero.

2. A number is a multiple of a given number if the number can be divided by the given number.

2.5 Common Multiples of Whole Numbers

1. Common multiples of two or more whole numbers are multiples of each of those whole numbers.

2. For example, the multiples of 2 are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 …

3. The multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 …

4. Thus, the common multiple of 2 and 3 are 6, 12 …

2.6 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of Whole Numbers

1. The lowest common multiples (LCM) of two or more whole numbers are multiples of each of those
whole numbers.

2. For example, 6, 12 … are common multiples of 2 and 3. 6 have the smallest value. Thus, 6 is the LCM of
2 and 3.

3. LCM can be found by repeated division by prime number such as 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 …

Example: Find the LCM of 4 and 9,

(1) Divide 4 by prime number 2. Bring down 9 because it cannot be divided by 2.

(2) Divide 2 by prime number 2. Bring down 9 because it cannot be divided by 2.

(3) Divide 9 by prime number 3.

(4) Divide 3 by prime number 3.

(5) Stop when all the number became 1.

= The LCM of 4 and 9 is 36.

2.7 Factors of Whole Numbers

1. A factor of a whole number is a number that ca divide the whole number without any remainder.

2. For example, 12 can be divided by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 without any remainder.

3. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are factors of 12.

2.8 Prime Factors of Whole Numbers

1. A prime factor is a prime number which is a factor of a whole number.

2. For example, the factors of 14 are 1, 2, 7, and 14. 2 and 7 are prime numbers. Thus, 2 and 7 are prime
factors of 14.

2.9 Common Factor of Whole Numbers

1. Common factors of two or more whole numbers are factors of each of those numbers.

Example: Find the common factor of 12 and 18.

The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.

The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 18.

Thus, the common factor of 12and 18 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.

2.10 Highest Common Factor (HCF) of Whole Numbers

1. The HCF of whole numbers can be found by doing repeated division with prime number starting with 2,
3, 5, 7, …

Example: Find the HCF of 12 and 18.

(1) Divide 12 and 18 by the common prime factor 2.

(2) Divide 6 and 9 by the common prime factor 3.
(3) Stop the division because 2 and 3 do not have any common prime factor.

= The HCF of 12 and 18 = 2Í3 = 6.

PRIME NUMBERS

A) Determining Prime Numbers

1. A prime number is a whole number that can only

be divided by itself and 1.

2. Thus, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,... are prime numbers.

3. The first prime number is 2.

4. To determine whether a given number is a prime

number, carry out the following steps.

Steps 1: Divide the given number by prime numbers

whose squares are less than it.

Steps 2: If the given number cannot be divided exactly by

all the prime numbers, than it is a prime number.

Worked example

Determine whether each of the following is a prime

numbers or not.

(a) 45 (b) 73

Solution
Worked example

List all the prime numbers between 30 and 60.

Solution

Write down all the odd numbers between 30

and 60 and then cross out all the numbers divisible

by 3, 5, 7.

31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55,

57, 59

Therefore, the prime numbers between 30 and

60 are 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53 and 59.

than 10.
Worked example

Find the sum of all the prime numbers which are

less than 10.

Solution

Prime numbers which are less than 10 are 2, 3, 5

and 7.

Therefore, its sum = 2+ 3 +5 +7 = 17

MULTIPLES

A) Listing the Multiples of a number

1. The multiple of a number is the product of that number

and another non-zero whole number.

For example:-

(a) Multiples of 4

= 4 x 1, 4 x 2, 4 x 3, 4 x 4, 4 x 5,...

= 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,...

(b) First five multiples of 9

= 9 x 1, 9 x 2, 9 x 3, 9 x 4, 9 x 5

= 9, 18, 27, 36, 45,...

2. A number is amultiple of itself and 1.

For example:-

7 is a multiple of 7 and 1 since

7 = 7 x 1 and 7 = 1 x 7.

Worked example

List the first five multiples of

(a) 8 (b)140

Solution

(a) First five multiples of 8

= 8 x 1, 8 x 2, 8 x 3, 8 x 4, 8 x 5

= 8, 16, 24, 32, 40

(b) First five multiples of 140

= 140 x 1, 140 x 2, 140 x 3, 140 x 4, 140 x 5

= 140, 280, 420, 560, 700

B) Determining Multiples

1. If whole number p is divisible by whole number q,

then p is the multiple of q.

For example:-

15, 20, and 25 are all divisible by 5. Therefore, 15, 20

and 25 are all multiples of 5.

2. Below are simple tests of divisibility by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10 and 11.
Worked example

Determine whether 592 is a multiple of

(a) 2, (b) 3, (c) 4.

Solution

(a) 592 is an even number and therefore divisible by 2.

Therefore, 592 is a multiple of 2.

Check : 592 ÷ 2 = 296

(b) Sum of the digits of 592

=5+9+2

= 16
 16 ÷ 3 = 5 remainder 1

Therefore, 592 is not a multiple of 3.

(c) Last two digits of 592 = 92

92 ÷ 4 = 23

Therefore, 592 is a multiple of 4.

Check : 592 ÷ 4 = 148

COMMON MULTIPLES AND LOWEST

COMMON MULTIPLE ( LCM )

A) Finding Common Multiples

1. A common multiple is a number which is a

multiple of two or more given numbers.

For example:-

30 is a multiple of 3. 30 is also a multiple of 5.

Therefore, 30 is known as the common multiple

of 3 and 5.

2. Common multiples of two or more given numbers

can be found by listing the multiples of these numbers.

Worked example

Find the first three common multiples of

(a) 2 and 3.

Solution

(a) Multiples of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16,

 18, 20,...

Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21,....

Therefore, the first three common multiples of

2 and 3 are 6, 12 and 18.

Worked example

Find the common multiples of 2, 4, and 5 that the

less than 100.

Solution

Multiples of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20,...

Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,...

Multiples of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20,...

Therefore, common multiples of 2, 4 and 5 than

are less than 100.

= ( 20 x 1 ), ( 20 x 2 ), ( 20 x 3 ), ( 20 x 4 )

= 20, 40, 60, 80

B) Determining the Common Multiples

A number is a common multiple of a group of given

numbers if it is divisible by those given numbers.

Worked example

Determine whether 60 is a common multiple of

(a) 3 and 4,

(b) 5 and 8,
(c) 6, 12 and 15.

Solution

(a) 60 ÷ 3 = 20; 60 ÷ 4 = 15

60 is divisible by 3 and 4.

Therefore, 60 is a common multiple

of 3 and 4.

(b) 60 ÷ 5 = 12; 60 ÷ 8 = 7 remainder 4.

60 is divisible by 5 but not 8.

Therefore, 60 is not a common multiple

of 5 and 8.

(c) 60 ÷ 6 = 10; 60 ÷ 12 = 5; 60 ÷ 15 = 4

60 is divisible by 6, 12 and 15.

Therefore, 60 is a common multiple

of 6, 12 and 15.

C) Determining the Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

1. The lowest common multiple of two or more

numbers is the smallest common multiple of

these numbers.

2. The LCM can be found by the following methods.

Method 1:

List the multiples of the given set of numbers.

Method 2:
 Divide the given numbers by their common factors

until the quotients have more common factor.

Worked example

Find the LCM of

(a) 9 and 12

Solution

(a) Method 1:

Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36,...

Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36,...

Therefore, LCM of 9 and 12 is 36.

Method 2: ( by using the algorithm )

2.6 FACTORS

A) Determining the factors of a number

1. A factor of a given number is the number that

can divide exactly the given number.

For example:-

(a) 9 is divisible by 1, 3 and 9.

Therefore, 1, 3 and 9 are factors of 9.

(b) 12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.

Therefore, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 are factors of 12.

2.To determine whether a number is a factor of a

given number, the test of divisibility can also be

used.

Worked example

Determine whether 9 is a factor of the

following numbers.

(a) 144 (b) 322

Solution

(a)

(b)

Therefore, 9 is not a factor of 322.

B) Finding the Factors of a Number

Factors of a given number can be found by

dividing the number by itself and other smaller

numbers.

Worked example

Find all the factor of the following numbers.

(a) 15

Solution

(a)

Therefore, 1, 3, 5 and 15 are factors of 15.

PRIME FACTORS

A) Determine the Prime Factors

The prime factor of a number is the prime

number that is also a factor of that number.

For example:-

Factor of 6 = 1, 2, 3, and 6

Among the factors, 2 and 3 are prime numbers.

Therefore, 2 and 3 are the prime factors of 6.

Worked Example

Determine which of the following are prime

factors of 84.

(a) 3 (b) 21

Solution

(a) 84 ÷ 3 = 28; 3 is a prime number.

Therefore, 3 is a prime factor of 84.

(b) 84 ÷ 21 = 4 but 21 is not a prime number.

Therefore, 21 is not a prime factor of 84.

B) Finding Prime Factors

There are two ways to find the prime factors of a number.

Method 1 :

List all the factors of the given number and then pick out the prime factor ( s ).

Method 2 :

Divide the given number repeatedly by prime

numbers ( starting with the smallest possible )

until the division is completed.

Worked example

Find the prime factors of 52.

Solution

Method 1 :

Factors of 54 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54

Therefore, the prime factors of 54 are

2 and 3.

Method 2 :

Therefore, the prime factors of 54 are 2 and 3.

2.8 COMMON FACTORS AND HIGHEST

COMMON FACTOR ( HCF )

A) Determining the Common Factors

1. A number which is a factor of two or more numbers

is the common factor of these numbers.

For example:-

Factors of 10 = 1, 2, 5, 10

Factor of 15 = 1, 3, 5, 15

Therefore, 1 and 5 are the common factors of 10 and 15.

2. The test of divisibility can be used determine whether

a number is a common factor of a given group of numbers.

Worked example

Determine whether 3 is a common factor of

(a) 78 and 120,

(b) 48, 111, 220

Solution

(a) 78 ÷ 3 = 26

120 ÷ 3 = 40

Therefore, 3 is a common factor of 78 and 120.

(b) 48 ÷ 3 = 16

111 ÷ 3 = 37

220 ÷ 3 = 73 remainder 4

Therefore, 3 is not a common factor of 48, 111 and 220.

B) Finding the Common Factors

To find the common factors of a group of given

numbers,list all the factors of each given number

and then pick out their common factors.

Worked example

Find all the common factors of each of the following

groups a numbers.

(a) 42 and 48

Solution

(a) Factors of 42 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42

Factors of 48 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48

Therefore, the common factors of 42 and 48

are 1, 2, 3, and 6.

Worked example

Find the product of all the common factors of 8, 12 and 16.

Solution

Factors of 8 = 1, 2, 4, 8

Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16

Therefore, the product of all the common

factors of 8, 12 and 16

=1x2x4
=8

C) Finding the Highest Common Factor ( HFC )

1. The highest common factor is the largest number

which is a factor of two or more numbers.

For example:-

The common factors of 24 and 36 are 1, 2, 3, 4,

6, and 12.

Therefore, the highest common factor ( HCF ) of

24 and 36 is 12.

2. There are two methods of finding the HCF of a

given group of numbers.

Method 1 :

List all the factors of each number and then pick out

the largest common factor.

Method 2 :

Divide the given numbers by their common factors and

then find their product.

Worked example

Find the HCF of the following.

(a) 18 and 45

Solution

(a) Method 1 :
Factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

Factors of 45 = 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45

The common factors of 18 and 45 are 1,3 and 9.

Therefore, the HCF of 18 and 45 is 9.

Method 2 :

Therefore, the HCF of 18 and 45

=3*3

=9