THEORY OF

o 5 elements that were considered

ARCHITECTURE 2
▪ Earth
▪ Air
MODULE 2 ▪ Water
▪ Energy
I. SUSTAINABLE THEORIES ▪ Spirit
➢ The Green Movement [21st Century]:
high demand for the use of clean energy 1 Rights of humanity and nature to co-exist
due to rising environmental concerns 2 Recognize interdependence
➢ Green Architectural Planning: 3 Respect relationship between spirit and matter
o Energy Performance of Building 4 Accept responsibility for the consequences of
Directive (EPBD) design
▪ Passed by European 5 Create safe objects of long-term
Union in 2003 6 Eliminate the concept of waste
o Building Research Establishment 7 Rely on natural energy flows
Environmental Assessment 8 Understand limitations of design
Method (BREEAM) 9 Seek constant improvement by sharing of
o Green Star knowledge
▪ Australia
o Comprehensive Assessment ➢ Cradle to Cradle
System for Built Environment o William McDonough and
Efficiency (CASBEE) Michael Braungart (2002)
▪ Japan o Transformation of human
o Leadership in Energy and industry through ecologically
Environmental Design (LEED) intelligent design
▪ United States o Industrial System – “takes,
o Sustainable Project Appraisal makes, and wastes”
Routine matrix (SPeAR) o Designers employ the
▪ Developed and used by intelligence of natural
ARUP a sustainable systems (ex. Abundance of
consultancy company the sun’s energy)
➢ Hannover Principles o Allows nature and commerce
o William McDonough (1992) to fruitfully co-exist by
o Provide a set of operations creating:
guidelines for the sustainable ✓ Projects
development of Expo 2000 in ✓ Industrial systems
Hannover, Germany ✓ Buildings
 ✓ Regional plans to humans and the
o Implemented in many of his environment
designs for industrial o Lead by European cities
buildings and master plans o 3 main contemporary
o Restored the surrounding planners and
wetlands and provided the contributors:
interiors with an abundance ▪ Steffen Lehnmann
of: ▪ Timothy Beatley
✓ Natural Light ▪ Peter Newman
✓ Garden ➢ Helsinki and Copenhagen
✓ Water features o Preservation of
historical forested areas
o Introducing rural
II. SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE landscape
➢ Examples: o Protecting and
o Eco Skyscrapers (1994) expending Central Parks
o Ecodesign (2006) ➢ Hanover, Germany
o EcoMastersPlanning o Ecological farms, green
(2009) schools and street
➢ Ken Yeang: system (minimizes the
o One of the most use of automobiles)
comprehensive guides o Powered by
to sustainable design ▪ Wind turbines
o Sustainability of tall ▪ Solar panels
buildings ▪ Heat recovery
o Using passive or systems
“bioclimatic” to achieve ➢ Amersfoort, Holland
a good relationship o More walking and
between the natural cycling facilities
and built environment, o Community amenities
not necessarily through are within walking
the new technologies distance
o Applied on the design o Introducing water
of the IBM Tower Kuala elements as a
Lumpur prominent feature
➢ Green Urbanism ➢ Greenwich Millenium Village &
o Practice of creating Beddington Zero Energy
communities beneficial Development, London
 o Rooftop wind cowls to o Removal of
ventilate the units automobiles
o Discouragement of o Introduced tram lines
non-electric automobile o Aligned pedestrian
o Construction materials streets to remain in
are obtained locally shadow
➢ Vancouver, British Columbia o Large urban squares
o Preservation of with louvered screens
farmland and to protect from the
integrating large desert sun
sections of green areas o Water – evaporative
to the metropolis cooling effect
o Development of ➢ New Urbanism
compact o Promotes
neighborhoods environmentally
o Connecting small towns friendly habits by
through elevated rail creating walkable
systems neighborhoods
o Minimizing of solid ▪ Contains a wide
surface areas for roads range of housing
and parking and job types
o Encouraging walking, o Attempts to address the
cycling and mass ills associated with
transportation usage urban sprawl and post-
➢ Dongtan-Chongming, China World War 2
o Protection local o Encompasses ten basic
agricultural areas, principles (ex.
wildlife habitats and Traditional
biodiversity Neighborhood
o Zero carbon emission Development, Transit-
o Water recycling Oriented Development)
o Zero waste o Involves diverse
➢ City of Masdar, Abu Dhabi communities who are
o Solar farm integrated in terms of
o Desalinated water from value and what is there
the Persian Gulf ▪ People of all
o Supported by local colors and
agriculture backgrounds
 ▪ Shops o BUILDING FORM – The form
▪ Schools of a building can respond to
▪ Housing the adjacent landform
▪ Parks ▪ Vegetation
▪ Businesses ▪ Climate patterns
✓ Peter o PLAIN GOOD DESIGN – Good
Calthorpe design is the consideration
o Neighborhood – diverse for what we are leaving those
in use and population that will follow us
o Communities – ▪ Resilient Design:
pedestrian and public intentional design of
transit buildings, landscapes,
o Founders of the communities, and
Congress for the New regions
Urbanism: • Response to
▪ Andres Duany natural and
▪ Elizabeth Plater- man-made
Zyberk disasters an
disturbances
• Includes long-
III. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCEPTS term changes
OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN from climate
➢ The 5 basic areas of an change (ex.
environmentally oriented design: Including sea
o BUILDING ECOLOGY – The level rise,
possibility of toxins found in increased
the products and systems frequency of
used heat waves,
o ENERGY EFFECIENCY – and drought
Thermal massing and
insulation systems
▪ Proven solar RESILLIENT DESIGN PRINCIPLES
techniques 1 Resilience transcends scales
▪ Solar heating 2 Systems provide for basic human
methods needs
o MATERIALS – Usage of low 3 Diverse and redundant systems
impact materials to live 4 Simple, passive, and flexible systems
lighter on the planet
5 Strengthened by durability
 6 Locally available, renewable, or o Specify products and
reclaimed resources materials that will not leach
7 Anticipates interruptions and a hazardous substances
dynamic future o Vernacular design practices
8 Found and promoted through nature that were prevalent before
9 Social equity and community the advent of air conditioning
10 It is not absolute and central heating
o Redundant electric systems
with at least minimal back-up
IV. RESILIENT DESIGN power capacity
➢ ACHIEVING RESILIENCE AT THE o Maintain on-premises; non-
BUILDING SCALE perishable food supply
o Design and construct a
building that can handle
climatic impacts (ex. Storms, V. DESIGN PROCESS AND
flooding, wildfire, etc.) CONCEPTS
o Locate critical systems to ➢ Design: the activity of generating
withstand flooding and proposals that change something
extreme weather events that already exists into something
o Design solutions based on better
future climatic conditions o Process:
o Will maintain livable ▪ Design Stages
conditions ▪ Programming
o Durable buildings ▪ Program Document
o Holds beauty that will be ▪ Issue-Based Program
loved and maintained ▪ Checklist of Issues
o Reduce dependence on ▪ Mission and Goals
complex controls and ▪ Performance
systems Requirement
o Optimize the use of on-site ▪ Required State
renewable energy Program
o Water conservation; rely on ▪ Design Philosophy
annually replenished water ▪ Design Concept
resources ▪ Design Breakdown
o Option for human waste ▪ Translation Guidelines
disposal ➢ Architectural Programming: process
o Use locally available products of managing information; process
and skill-sets that creates the structure for
 fulfilling the dreams, hopes, wishes ➢ Concept Breakdown – sub-concepts
and desires of the building’s future that corresponds to particular areas
inhabitants of concerns; may vary depending on
o Problem-seeking phase the research problem
o Orderly definition of the ➢ Translation Guidelines – specific
architectural problem and guidelines formulated out of the
the articulation of project sub-concepts; either the refined
requirements in a manner version of the chosen sub-concept or
that promotes the creation of the product of the consolidation of
a responsible solution two or more sub-concepts
o Gathering, organizing, o Prescribe performance and
analyzing, interpreting, and quality standards that are
presenting of the information based on the design
relevant parameters derived out of
➢ Program Document the performance
o Two main areas of concern: requirements
▪ Analysis of the ➢ The Synthesis – includes combining
existing elements to form something new, or
state/condition combining pieces of knowledge into
▪ Projection of what the design
the future state o The creation of designed
➢ Required State Program objects, products, services,
environments,
communications, and etc.
VI. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY AND ➢ Categories of Architectural
OVERALL CONCEPTS Concepts:
➢ Philosophy – statement of the 1. THEMATIC
beliefs, values or viewpoints from 2. FUNCTIONAL
which the development of design 3. STRUCTURAL
solutions take off; formed out of 4. ENVIRONMENTAL
universally held principles 5. TECHNOLOGICAL
➢ Concept – initial generalized idea, a ➢ Design Approaches
perception about form or o Sustainable approach – to
relationships among variables minimize any negative
resulting from an analysis of the environmental impact
problem; the first ideas in the o Experiential approach – takes
building morphology into account the end user’s
experience
 o Practical approach – use of
practical materials, the most
efficient design, and overall a
traditionalist strategy
➢ Diagrams
o Concept Diagram: different
from a sketch; should have a
brief description that,
together with the simple
diagram, is a whole idea
o Should represent the most
generic relationship to give a
broad range of possibilities
for implementing the
concept