OOPs Concepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as

inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.

Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming

paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented
programming language.

Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a
Object
methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the
software development and maintenance by providing someconcepts:

o Object
o Class
o
Inheritance
o
Polymorphism
o
o Abstraction
Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent objecti.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

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Java Full Stack Development Series 🎯 By Vamsi

 Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof

etc.Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.

In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation.
For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because all
the data members are private here.

Benefits of Inheritance

• One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code in
an application by sharing common code amongst several subclasses. Where
equivalent code exists in two related classes, the hierarchy can usually be refactored
to move the common code up to a mutual superclass. This also tends to result in a
better organization of code and smaller, simpler compilationunits.

• Inheritance can also make application code more flexible to change because classesthat
inherit from a common superclass can be used interchangeably. If the return type of a
method issuperclass
• Reusability - facility to use public methods of base class without rewriting thesame.
• Extensibility - extending the base class logic as per business logic of the derivedclass.

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 • Data hiding - base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannotbe
altered by the derived class
Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms

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 Java Programming- History of Java

The history
starts from Green
of java
Team. Java team members (also known as Green Team), initiated
a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes,
televisionsetc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was
suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by
Netscape.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green
Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
topboxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension was.gt.

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green
project.

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java
is Java SE 8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996)
3. JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997)
4. J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998)
5. J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000)
6. J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002)
7. J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep,2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec,2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
10.Java SE 8 (18th March,2014)

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Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Features
given below are simple and easy to understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platformindependent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architectureneutral
8. Dynamic

9. Interpreted
10. HighPerformance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Java Comments
The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and
interpreter. The
comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the
variable, method, class or
any statement. It can also be used to hide program code for specific time.
Types of Java Comments
There are 3 types of comments in java.

1. Single LineComment
2. Multi LineComment
3. DocumentationComment

Java Single Line Comment

The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

Syntax:

1. //This is single line comment

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 Example:

public classCommentExample1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=10;//Here, i is a variable
System.out.println(i);
}
}

Output:

10

Java Multi Line Comment

The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.

Syntax:

/*
This
is
multi line
comment
*/

Example:

public classCommentExample2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Let's declare and
print variable in java.*/
inti=10;
System.out.println(i);
}}

Output:

10

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Java Documentation Comment

The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API, you need
to use javadoc tool.

Syntax:

/**
This
is
documentation
comment
*/

Example:

/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers.*/
public class Calculator {
/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/
public static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/
public static int sub(int a, int b){return a-b;}
}

Compile it by javac tool:

javac Calculator.java

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

javadoc Calculator.java

Now, there will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the current directory. Open the HTML
files and see the explanation of Calculator class provided through documentation comment.

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Data Types
Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:

o Primitive datatypes
o Non-primitive datatypes

DataType DefaultValue Default size

boolean False 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

classSimple{
public static void main(String[] args){
inta=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}}
Output:20

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Variables and Data Types in Java
Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance
and static.
There are two types of data types in java: primitive and non-primitive.

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java:

o localvariable
o instancevariable
o
staticvariable

1) LocalVariable

A variable which is declared inside the method is called local variable.

2) Instance Variable
A variable which is declared inside the class but outside the method, is called instance variable . It
is not declared as static.
3) Staticvariable
A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

We will have detailed learning of these variables in next chapters.

Example to understand the types of variables in java

classA{
intdata=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
intn=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Constants in Java

A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses
'final'
the
keyword.

Syntax
modifierfinal dataType variableName = value;
//global constant
modifierstatic finaldataType variableName = value;
//constant within a c

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Scope and Life Time of Variables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible.
As a general rule, variables that are defined within a block are not accessible outside
that block. The lifetime of a variable refers to how long the variable exists before it
isdestroyed. Destroying variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted
to the variables when declaring it. We have written a few classes till now. You might
have observed that not all variables are the same. The ones declared in the body of a
method were different from those that were declared in the class itself. There are
three types of variables: instance variables, formal parameters or local variables and
localvariables.
Instance variables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any
method or constructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because
every instance of the class (object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of
instance variables is determined by the access specifier that is applied to these
variables. We have already seen about it earlier. The lifetime of these variables is
the same as the lifetime of the object to which it belongs. Object once created do
not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage collector of Java when there
are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's automatic garbage
collector later on.
Argument variables

These are the variables that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The
scope of these variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The
lifetime is limited to the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method
finishes execution, these variables aredestroyed.
Local variables

A local variable is the one that is declared within a method or a constructor (not in the
header). The scope and lifetime are limited to the methoditself.
One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access

specifiers can
be applied to instance variables only and not to argument or local variables.
In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are

defined
in bocks life an if block and an else block. The scope and is the same as that of the
block
itself.

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 Operators in java

Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in java which are given below:

o UnaryOperator,
o ArithmeticOperator,
o
shiftOperator,
o
RelationalOperator,
o
o BitwiseOperator,
o LogicalOperator,
o
Ternary Operatorand
AssignmentOperator.

Operators Hierarchy

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Expressions
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a new
value, although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions are
built using values, variables, operators and method calls.
Types of Expressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types of
expressions in Java:

• Those that produce a value, i.e. the result of (1 + 1)

• Those that assign a variable, for example (v =10)
• Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can include
a wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that modify
the state (i.e. memory) of aprogram.

Java Type casting and Type conversion

Widening or Automatic Type Conversion

Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This
happens when:
▪
▪ The two data types arecompatible.
When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger datatype.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no
automatic conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char
and boolean are not
compatible with each other.

Narrowing or Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type
casting or narrowing.
▪ This
Here,istarget-type
useful for incompatible
specifies thedata
types where automatic conversion cannot bedone.
desired type to convert the specified valueto.
▪

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Java Enum

Enum in java is a data type that contains fixed set of constants.

It can be used for days of the week (SUNDAY, MONDAY, TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY,
THURSDAY, FRIDAY and SATURDAY) , directions (NORTH, SOUTH, EAST and WEST)
etc. The java enum constants are static and final implicitly. It is available from JDK 1.5.

Java Enums can be thought of as classes that have fixed set of constants.

Simple example of java enum

classEnumExample1{
public enum Season { WINTER, SPRING, SUMMER, FALL }

public static void main(String[] args) {

for (Season s : Season.values())
System.out.println(s);
}}
Output:
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
FALL

Control Flow Statements

The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when special
conditions are met.

The “if” Statement

The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the
help of “if” you can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined
condition is met. The structure of the “if” statement in Java looks like this:

if(condition) {
// execute this code
}

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The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put a
mathematical equation as condition. Look at this full example:

Creating a Stand-Alone Java Application

1. Write a main method that runs your program. You can write this method anywhere. In this
example, I'll write my main method in a class called Main that has no other methods. For
example:
2. public class Main
3. {
4. public static void main(String[] args)
5. {
6. Game.play();
7. }}
8. Make sure your code is compiled, and that you have tested it thoroughly. 9. If you're
using Windows, you will need to set your path to include Java, if you haven't done so
already. This is a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look inside
C:\ProgramFiles\Java, and you should see some version of the JDK. Open this folder,
and then open the bin folder. Select the complete path from the top of the Explorer
window, and press Ctrl-C to copyit. Next, find the "My Computer" icon (on your Start
menu or desktop), right-click it, and select properties. Click on the Advanced tab, and
then click on the Environment variables button. Look at the variables listed for all
users, and click on the Path variable. Do not delete the contents of this variable!
Instead, edit the contents by moving the cursor to the right end, entering a semicolon
(;), and pressing Ctrl-V to paste the path you copied earlier. Then go ahead and save
your changes. (If you have any Cmd windows open, you will need to close them.) 10. If
you're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type "cmd" to run a program that
brings up a command prompt window. If you're using a Mac or Linux machine, run the
Terminal program to bring up a commandprompt. 11. In Windows, type dir at the
command prompt to list the contents of the current directory. On a Mac or Linux
machine, type ls to dothis.

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 12. Now we want to change to the directory/folder that contains your compiled code. Look at
the listing of sub-directories within this directory, and identify which one contains your code.
Type cd followed by the name of that directory, to change to that directory. For example, to
change to a directory called Desktop, you would type:
cd Desktop

To change to the parent directory, type:

cd ..
Every time you change to a new directory, list the contents of that directory to see where to go
next. Continue listing and changing directories until you reach the directory that contains
your .class files.
13. If you compiled your program using Java 1.6, but plan to run it on a Mac, you'll needto
recompile your code from the command line, bytyping:
javac -target 1.5 *.java

14. Now we'll create a single JAR file containing all of the files needed to run yourprogram.

Arrays
Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of
elements of the same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more
useful to think of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.
Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99,
declare one array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ...,
you
numbers[99] to represent individual variables.

This tutorial introduces how to declare array variables, create arrays, and process arrays using
indexed variables.

Declaring Array Variables:

To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you
must specify the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring
an array variable:

dataType[] arrayRefVar; // preferred way.

or
dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way.
Note: The styledataType[] arrayRefVar is preferred. The style dataType arrayRefVar[]
comes from the C/C++ language and was adopted in Java to accommodate C/C++programmers.

Example:

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The following code snippets are examples of this syntax:

double[] myList; // preferred way.

or
doublemyList[]; // works but not preferred way.
Creating Arrays:
You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax:

arrayRefVar= new dataType[arraySize];

The above statement does two things:

• It creates an array using newdataType[arraySize];

• It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variablearrayRefVar.

Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the array to the
variable can be combined in one statement, as shown below:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

Alternatively you can create arrays as follows:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};

The array elements are accessed through the index. Array indices are 0-based; that is, they start
from 0 to arrayRefVar.length-1.

Example:
Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of 10 elements of
double type and assigns its reference tomyList:

double[] myList = new double[10];

Following picture represents array myList. Here, myList holds ten double values and the indices
are from 0 to 9.

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Processing Arrays:
When processing array elements, we often use either for loop or for each loop because all of the
elements in an array are of the same type and the size of the array is known.

Example:
Here is a complete example of showing how to create, initialize and process arrays:

public class TestArray

{
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements
for (int i = 0; i <myList.length; i++){
System.out.println(myList[i] + " ");
}
// Summing all elements
double total = 0;
for(int i = 0; i <myList.length; i++) {
total += myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Total is " + total);
// Finding the largest element
double max = myList[0];
for(int i = 1; i <myList.length; i++) { if
(myList[i] >max) max = myList[i];
}
System.out.println("Max is " + max);
}
}

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This would produce the following result:

1.9
2.9
3.4
3.5
Total is 11.7
Max is 3.5
public class TestArray {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements
for(double element: myList) {
System.out.println(element);
}}}

Java Console Class

The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts and
passwords.

If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user.

The java.io.Console class is attached with system console internally. The Console class is
introduced since 1.5.

Let's see a simple example to read text from console.

1. Stringtext=System.console().readLine();
2. System.out.println("Text is:"+text);

Java ConsoleExample

importjava.io.Console;
classReadStringTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
Console c=System.console();
System.out.println("Enter your name: ");
String n=c.readLine();
System.out.println("Welcome"+n); } }

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 Output

Enter your name: Nakul Jain

Welcome Nakul Jain

Constructors

Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.

Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data
for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be same as its classname

2. Constructor must have no explicit returntype

Types of java constructors

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default constructor (no-argconstructor)

2. Parameterizedconstructor

Java Default Constructor

A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.

Syntax of default constructor:

1. <class_name>(){}
Example of default constructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked at
the time of object creation.
classBike1{
Bike1(){System.out.println("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike1 b=new Bike1();
}}
Output:Bike is created

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 Example of parameterized constructor
In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. We
can have any number of parameters in the constructor.
classStudent4{
intid;
Stringname;

Student4(int i,String n){

id = i;
name = n;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student4 s1 =new Student4(111,"Karan");
Student4 s2 =new Student4(222,"Aryan");
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111Karan 222Aryan
Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

classStudent5{
intid; String
name;
intage;
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1new Student5(111,"Karan");
= Student5new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
s2 =
s1.display();
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s2.display();
}}

Output:

111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25
Java CopyConstructor

There is no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values of one object to another like
copy constructor inC++.
There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

oBy constructor
oBy assigning the values of one object into another
oBy clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using java
constructor.
classStudent6{
intid;
Stringname;
Student6(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}

Student6(Student6 s){
id = s.id;
name =s.name;
}
voiddisplay(){System.out.println(id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student6 s1 =new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 =new Student6(s1);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:

111Karan
111Karan

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Java -Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an
operation. When you call the System.out.println() method, for example, the system
actually executes several statements in order to display a message on the console.

Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke a
method with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design.

Creating Method
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −
Syntax

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {

// body
}
Here,

• public static −modifier

• int − returntype

• methodName − name of the method

• a, b − formalparameters

• int a, int b − list ofparameters

Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown in the
following syntax −
Syntax

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body
}
The syntax shown above includes −

• modifier− It defines the access type of the method and it is optional touse.

• returnType− Method may return avalue.

• nameOfMethod− This is the method name. The method signature consists of themethod
name and the parameter list.

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 • Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of parameters
of a method. These are optional, method may contain zeroparameters.

• method body − The method body defines what the method does with thestatements.
Call by Value and Call by Reference in Java
There is only call by value in java, not call by reference. If we call a method passing a
value, it is known as call by value. The changes being done in the called method, is not
affected in the calling method.

Example of call by value in java

In case of call by value original value is not changed. Let's take a simple example:
classOperation{
intdata=50;
voidchange(int data){
data=data+100;//changes will be in the local variable only
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Operation op=new Operation();
System.out.println("before change "+op.data);
op.change(500);
System.out.println("after change "+op.data);
}
}
Output:before change 50
after change 50

In Java, parameters are always passed by value. For example, following program prints
i = 10, j = 20.
// Test.java
class Test {
// swap() doesn't swap i and j
public static void swap(Integer i, Integer j) {
Integer temp = new Integer(i);
i = j;
j = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer i = new Integer(10); Integer j =
new Integer(20); swap(i, j);
System.out.println("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);

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 }
}

Static Fields and Methods

The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java
static keyword with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword
belongs to the class than instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. variable (also known as classvariable)

2. method (also known as classmethod)
3. block
4. nestedclass

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique for
each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of studentsetc.

o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of classloading.

Advantage of static variable

It makes your program

memory efficient(i.e it saves memory).

Understanding problem without static variable

1. class Student{
2. int rollno;
3. Stringname;
4. String college="ITS";
5.}

Example of static variable

//Program of static variable
classStudent8{
introllno;

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 String name;
staticString college ="ITS";
Student8(int r,String n){
rollno =r;
name =n;
}
voiddisplay
public (){System.out.println(rollno+"
static "+name+" "+college);}
void Student8 s1main(String args[]){
= new Student8Student8(111,"Karan");
s2 = new Student8(222,"Aryan");

s1.display()
;
s2.display()
; } }Output:111 KaranITS
222 AryanITS

Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than object of aclass.

o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of aclass.
o
static method can access static data member and can change the value ofit.

Example of static method

//Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field).

classStudent9{
int rollno;
String name;
staticString college = "ITS";
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
Student9(int r, String n){
rollno =r;
name =n;

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 25

 }
voiddisplay (){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student9.change(); Student9 s1 = new
Student9 (111,"Karan");
Student9 s2 = new Student9
(222,"Aryan");
Student9 s3 = new Student9
(333,"Sonoo");
s1.display();
s2.display(); s3.display(); } }
Output:111 Karan BBDIT
222 Aryan BBDIT
333 Sonoo BBDIT

Java static block

o Is used to initialize the static datamember.

o It is executed before main method at the time of classloading.

Example of static block

classA2{
static{System.out.println("static block is invoked");}
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello main");
}}
Output: static block is invoked
Hello main

Access Control
Access Modifiers in java

There are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.

The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member, method, constructor
or class.
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 26

 1 private
. default
2 protecte
. d public
3
private
. access modifier
4 private access modifier is accessible only within class.
The
.
Simple example of private access modifier
In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private
data member and private method. We are accessing these private members from
outside the class, so there is compile time error.
classA{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){System.out.println("Hello java");}}
public classSimple{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj=new A();
System.out.println(obj.data);//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error
}}

2) default accessmodifier
If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier
is accessible only withinpackage.

Example of default accessmodifier

In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A
class from outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside
thepackage.
//save by A.java
package pack;
class A{
voidmsg(){System.out.println("Hello");}
}

//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 27

classB{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
obj.msg();//Compile Time Error }}

In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot be
accessed from outside thepackage.

3) protected accessmodifier

The protected access modifieris accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can't
be applied on the class.
Example of protected access modifier

In this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A class of pack
package is public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But msg method of this package
is declared as protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class only throughinheritance.

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
protected void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
classB extendsA{
public static void main(String args[]){
B obj = new B();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

4) public accessmodifier
The public access modifieris accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 28

Example of public access modifier
//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");}}
//save by B.java
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();
obj.msg();
}}
Output:Hello

Understanding all java access modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers by a simple table.

Access within within outsidepackageby outside

Modifier class package subclassonly package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

this keyword in java

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1.this can be used to refer current class instancevariable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method(implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current classconstructor.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 29

 4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call. 5. this can
be passed as argument in the constructorcall. 6. this can be used
to return the current class instance from themethod.

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
this.rollno=rollno;
this.name=name;
this.fee=fee;
}
void display(){System.out.println(rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
Student s2=newStudent(112,"sumit",6000f);
s1.display();
s2.display();
}}

Output:
111 ankit 5000
112 sumit 6000

Difference between constructor and method in java

Java Constructor Java Method

Constructor is used to initialize the state of an object. Method is used to expose behaviour
of anobject.

Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.

Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.

The java compiler provides a default constructor if you Method is not provided by compiler in
don't have any constructor. any case.

Constructor name must be same as the class name. Method name may or may not be

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 30

 same as class name.

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given belo

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter lists.The compiler differentiates these constructors
by taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{
int id; String
name;
intage;
Student5(int i,String n){
id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){System.out.println(id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1new Student5(111,"Karan");
= Student5newStudent5(222,"Aryan",25);
s2 =
s1.display();
}s2.display();
}

Output:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 31

 111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25

Method Overloading in java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is known
as MethodOverloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases the
readability of the program.

Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition of two
numbers and second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for calling
methods.

classAdder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}
}
classTestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11));
System.out.println(Adder.add(11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
33

Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add method
receives two integer arguments and second add method receives two double arguments.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 32

Recursion in Java
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java that
calls itself is called recursive method.

Java Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number

public classRecursionExample3 {
static int factorial(int n){
if (n == 1)
return 1;
else
return (n * factorial(n-1));
}}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Factorial of 5 is: "+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Factorial of 5 is: 120

Java Garbage Collection

In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.

Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In other
words, it is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it is
performed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

Advantage of Garbage Collection

o It makes javamemory efficient because garbage collector removes the unreferenced
objects from heapmemory.
o It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make
extraefforts.

gc() method

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 33

 The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. The
gc() is found in System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in java

public classTestGarbage1{
public finalize(){System.out.println("object
void is garbage collected");}
public static void main(String args[]){
TestGarbage1 s1=
new TestGarbage1()
TestGarbage1 new ;
s2= s1=null; TestGarbage1()
s2=null; ;
System.gc();
}}
object is garbage collected
object is garbage collected
Java String
string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters works
same as java string. For example:
1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2. String s=new String(ch);

ssame as:

1. Strings="javatpoint";
2. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on string such as
compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring()
etc.
3. The java.lang.String class
implements Serializable, Comparable and CharSequenceinterfaces.

CharSequence Interface

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 34

 The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented
by String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by
using these 3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any
string, a new instance is created. For mutable string, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilder
classes.
There are two ways to create String object:
1. By stringliteral
2. By newkeyword

String Literal
Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the string
already exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't exist in
the pool, a new string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example:

1. Strings1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//will not create newinstance
By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non pool) heap memory and the
literal "Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object
in heap (non pool).

Java String Example

public class StringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal
charch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new keyword
System.out.println(s1);
System.out.println(s2);
System.out.println(s3);
}}
java

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 35

strings
example
Immutable String in Java
In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable.

Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created.

Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below:

classTestimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s.concat(" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end
System.out.println(s);//will print Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}}
Output:Sachin
classTestimmutablestring1{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s="Sachin";
s=s.concat(" Tendulkar");
System.out.println(s);
} }Output:Sachin Tendulkar

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 36

 Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors
of parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-
childrelationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
o For CodeReusability.

Syntax of Java Inheritance

1. classSubclass-name extendsSuperclass-name
2. {
3. //methods and
fields4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing
class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

classEmployee{
floatsalary=40000;
}
classProgrammer extends Employee{
intbonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[]){
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}}

Programmer salary is:40000.0

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 37

 Inheritance in Java

Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors
of parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-
childrelationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can be achieved).
o For CodeReusability.

Syntax of Java Inheritance

1. classSubclass-name extendsSuperclass-name
2. {
3. //methods and
fields4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existing
class. The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

classEmployee{
floatsalary=40000;
}
classProgrammer extends Employee{
intbonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[]){
Programmer p=new Programmer();
System.out.println("Programmer salary is:"+p.salary);
System.out.println("Bonus of Programmer is:"+p.bonus);
}}

Programmer salary is:40000.0

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 37

 Bonus of programmeris:10000

Types of inheritance in java

Single Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classTestInheritance{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}
Output:
barking...
eating...

Multilevel Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance2.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classBabyDog extends Dog{
voidweep(){System.out.println("weeping...");}
}
classTestInheritance2{

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 38

public static void main(String args[]){
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
d.weep();
d.bark();
d.eat();
}}

Output:

weeping...
barking...
eating...

Hierarchical Inheritance Example

File: TestInheritance3.java

classAnimal{
voideat(){System.out.println("eating...");}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){System.out.println("barking...");}
}
classCat extends Animal{
voidmeow(){System.out.println("meowing...");}
}
classTestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[]){
Cat c=new Cat();
c.meow();
c.eat();
//c.bark();//C.T.Error
}}

Output:

meowing...
eating...

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 39

Member access and Inheritance

A subclass includes all of the members of its super class but it cannot access those members of
the super class that have been declared as private. Attempt to access a private variable would
cause compilation error as it causes access violation. The variables declared as private, is only
accessible by other members of its own class. Subclass have no access to it.

super keyword in java

The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent class
object.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitly
which is referred by super reference variable.

Usage of java super Keyword

1 super can be used to refer immediate parent class instancevariable.

. super can be used to invoke immediate parent classmethod.

2 super() can be used to invoke immediate parent classconstructor.

.
super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.
3
classAnimal{
. Stringcolor="white"; } classDog extends
Animal{ Stringcolor="black";
voidprintColor(){ System.out.println(color);//prints
color of Dogclass
System.out.println(super.color);//prints color of Animal
class
}
}
classTestSuper1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 40

 d.printColor();
}}

Output:

black
white

Final Keyword in Java

The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many context.
Final can be:

1 variable

. method

2 class

.
The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called
3
blank final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The
. final variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only.
blank
Object class in Java

The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is the
topmost class of java.

The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know. Notice
that parent class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting.

Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of any type
like Employee,Student etc, we can use Object class reference to refer that object. For example:

1. Object obj=getObject();//we don't know what object will be returned from thismethod

The Object class provides some common behaviors to all the objects such as object can be
compared, object can be cloned, object can be notified etc.
Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is known
as method overriding in java.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 41

 Usage of Java Method Overriding
o Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by its superclass.
o Method overriding is used for runtimepolymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1 method must have same name as in the parentclass
. method must have same parameter as in the parentclass.
2 must be IS-A relationship(inheritance).
.
3
.

Example of method overriding

Class Vehicle{
voidrun(){System.out.println("Vehicle is running");}
}
classBike2 extendsVehicle{
voidrun(){System.out.println("Bike is running safely");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike2 obj =new Bike2();
obj.run();
}

Output:Bike is running safely

1. classBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
classSBI extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}
classICICI extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
classAXIS extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}
classTest2{
public static void main(String args[]){
SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS a=new AXIS();
System.out.println("SBI Rate of Interest: "+s.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+i.getRateOfInterest());
System.out.println("AXIS Rate of Interest: "+a.getRateOfInterest());
}}

Output:
SBI Rate of Interest: 8
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 42
 ICICI Rate of Interest:
7 AXIS Rate of
Interest: 9
Abstract class in Java

A class that is declared with abstract keyword is known as abstract class in java. It can
have abstract and non-abstract methods (method with body). It needs to be extended
and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

Example abstract class

1. abstract classA{}

abstractmethod
1. abstract void printStatus();//no body and abstract

Example of abstract class that has abstract method

abstract classBike{
abstract void run();
}
classHonda4 extends Bike{
voidrun(){System.out.println("running safely..");}
public static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();
obj.run();
}
1. }
runningsafely..
Interface in Java
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract

methods
in the java in
interface not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple
inheritance
Java.

Java Interface also represents IS-A relationship.

It cannot be instantiated just like abstract class.

o It is used to achieveabstraction.
There
o are mainly three
By interface, we reasons to use
can support theinterface. Theyofare
functionality given below.
multipleinheritance.
o
It can be used to achieve loosecoupling.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 43

 Internal addition by compiler

Understanding relationship between classes and interfaces

//Interface declaration: by first user

interfaceDrawable{
voiddraw();
}
//Implementation: by second user
classRectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing rectangle");}
}
classCircle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){System.out.println("drawing circle");}
}
//Using interface: by third user
classTestInterface1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.g. getDrawable()
d.draw();
}}

Output:drawing circle

Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

interfacePrintable{

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 44

voidprint();
}
interfaceShowable{
voidshow();
}
classA7 implements Printable,Showable{
public void print(){System.out.println("Hello");}
public void show(){System.out.println("Welcome");}
public static void main(String args[]){
A7 obj = new A7();
obj.print();
obj.show();
}}

Output:Hello
Welcome
Abstract class Interface
1) Abstract class can have abstract Interface can haveonly abstract methods. Since
and non-abstractmethods. Java 8, it can have default and static
methodsalso.
2) Abstract class doesn't support Interfacesupports multiple inheritance.
multipleinheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface hasonly static and final variables.
final, static and non-static variables.
4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the implementation of
implementation ofinterface. abstract class.
5) The abstract keyword is used to Theinterface keyword is used to declare
declare abstract class. interface.
6) Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Java Inner Classes

Java inner class or nested class is a class which is declared inside the class or interface.

We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more
readable and maintainable.
Syntax of Inner class

1. classJava_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. classJava_Inner_class{
4. //code
5. }}

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 45

 Advantage of java inner classes
There are basically three advantages of inner classes in java. They are as follows:

1)Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is access all the members
it can
(data members and methods) of outer class includingprivate.

2)Nested classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable codebecause it
logically group classes and interfaces in one placeonly.
3) Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

Difference between nested class and inner class in Java

Inner class is a part of nested class. Non-static nested classes are known as inner classes.

Types of Nested classes

There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nested classes.The non-static nested
classes are also known as inner classes.

o Non-static nested class (innerclass)

1. Member inner class
2. Anonymous innerclass
3. Local inner class
o Static nestedclass

Java Package
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.

Package in java can be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined package.

There are many built-in packages such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql

etc.Advantage of JavaPackage

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be easily
maintained.
2) Java package provides accessprotection.

3) Java package removes namingcollision.

packagemypack;
public classSimple{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Welcome to package");
}}

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 46

How to compile java package

If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the
syntax given below:

javac -d directory javafilename

How to run java package program

To Compile: javac -d . Simple.java

To Run: java mypack.Simple

Using fully qualified name

Example of package by import fully qualified name

//save by A.java
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){System.out.println("Hello");} }
//save by B.java
package mypack;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified name
obj.msg();
}
}
Output:Hello

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 47

 UNIT-3

Exception Handling
The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime
errors so that normal flow of the application can bemaintained.

What is exception

In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which is
thrown at runtime.
Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the
application. Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why
we use exception handling.
Types of Exception

There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered as
unchecked exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:

1. CheckedException
2. UncheckedException
3. Error

Difference between checke

d and unchecked exceptions

1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and Error
are known as checked exceptions e.g.IOException, SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are checked
atcompile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception: The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked
exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time rather they are checked atruntime.

3) Error: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionErroretc.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 48

Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Checked and UnChecked Exceptions

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 49

 Java try block
Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within
the method.
Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of java try-catch

1 try {
. //code that may throwexception
2 } catch(Exception_class_Name
.
3 ref){}Syntax of try-finallyblock
.
1 try {
. //code that may throwexception
2 } finally {}
.
3 Java catch block
.
Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only.

You can use multiple catch block with a single try.

Problem without exception handling

Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch1{

public static void main(String args[]){
int data=50/0;//may throw exception
System.out.println("rest of thecode...");
Output:
}}

Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ byzero

As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the
code... statement is not printed).
There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not be
executed.

Solution by exception handling

Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.

public classTesttrycatch2{

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 50

 public static void main(String args[]){
try{
intdata=50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}}
1. Output:
Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:/ by zero
rest of the code...
Now, as displayed in the above example, rest of the code is executed i.e. rest of the code...
statement is printed.

Java Multi catch block

If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multi
catch block.
Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

1. public classTestMultipleCatchBlock{
2. public static void main(Stringargs[]){
3. try{
4. inta[]=new int[5];
5. a[5]=30/0;
6. }
7. catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println("task1 iscompleted");}
8. catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println("task 2 completed");
9. }
10. catch(Exception e){System.out.println("common taskcompleted");
11. }
12. System.out.println("rest of the code...");
13. } }

Output:task1 completed
rest of the code...

Java nested try example

Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.

classExcep6{
public static void main(String args[]){
tryt{
ry {
System.out.println("going to divide");
intb =39/0;
} catch(ArithmeticException e){System.out.println(e);}
{
try

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 inta[]=new int[5];
a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){System.out.println(e);}
System.out.println("other statement);
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("handeled");}
System.out.println("normal flow..");
}
1. }
Java finally block Java finally block
stream etc.
is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection,
Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or

not.

Java finally block follows try or catch block.

Usage of Java finally

Case 1

Let's see the java finally example where

exception doesn't occur.

classTestFinallyBlock{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
intdata=25/5;
System.out.println(data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){System.out.println(e);}
finally{System.out.println("finally block is always executed");}
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:5
finally block is always executed
rest of the code...

Java throw keyword

The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.
The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throwexception;

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 Java throw keyword example

In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. If
the age is less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message
welcome to vote.

1. public class TestThrow1{

static void validate(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
validate(13);
System.out.println("rest of the code...");
}}

Output:

Exception in thread main java.lang.ArithmeticException:notvalid

Java throws keyword

The
is Java
used to throws
declarekeyword
an exception. It gives an information to the
programmer that there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the
exception handling code so that normal flow can be maintained.
Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any
unchecked exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not
performing check up before the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throwsexception_class_name{
2. //method
code3. }
4.

Java throws example

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be
propagated by throws keyword.
importjava.io.IOException;
classTestthrows1{
voidm()throws IOException{
throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception

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 }
voidn()throws IOException{
m();
}
voidp(){
try{
n();
}catch(Exception e){System.out.println("exception handled");}
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Testthrows1 obj=new Testthrows1();
obj.p();
System.out.println("normal flow..."); } }
Output:
exception handled
normal flow...

Java Custom Exception

If you are creating your own Exception that is known as custom exception or user-defined
exception. Java custom exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need.
By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and message.

Let's see a simple example of java custom exception.

classInvalidAgeException extends Exception{

InvalidAgeException(String s){
super(s);
}}
classTestCustomException1{
static void validate(int age)throws InvalidAgeException{
if(age<18)
throw new InvalidAgeException("not valid");
else
System.out.println("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
validate(13);
}catch(Exception m){System.out.println("Exception occured: "+m);}

System.out.println("rest of the code...");

}}

Output:Exception occured: InvalidAgeException:not valid rest of the code...

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 Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and

multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory area.
They don't allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the
threads takes less time than process.

Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the userbecause threads are independent and you can perform multiple
operations at sametime.

2) You can perform many operations together so it savestime

.

3) Threads areindependentso it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a singlethread.

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread life
cycle in java new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.

But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5 states.

The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable(Blocked)
5. Terminated

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How to create thread
There are two ways to create a thread:
By extending Threadclass
By implementing
1 Runnableinterface.
.
2
Thread
. class:

Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a
thread.Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:

oThread()
oThread(String name)
oThread(Runnable r)
oThread(Runnable r,String name)

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 Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for athread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on thethread.
3. public void sleep(long miliseconds):Causes the currently executing thread to sleep (temporarily
4. cease execution) for the specified number ofmilliseconds.
5. public void join(): waits for a thread todie.
6. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specifiedmiliseconds.
7. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of thethread.
8. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of thethread.
9. public String getName(): returns the name of thethread.
10. public void setName(String name):changes the name of the thread.
11. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executingthread.
12. public int getId(): returns the id of thethread.
13. public Thread.State getState():returns the state of thethread.
14. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread isalive.
causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and allow
15. public void yield():
other threads toexecute.
16.
public void suspend(): is used to suspend thethread(depricated).
17.
public void resume(): is used to resume the suspendedthread(depricated).
18.
public void stop(): is used to stop thethread(depricated).
19.
public boolean isDaemon():tests if the thread is a daemonthread.
20.
public void setDaemon(boolean b):marks the thread as daemon or userthread.
21.
interrupts thethread.
22. public void interrupt():
public boolean isInterrupted():tests if the thread has beeninterrupted.
public static boolean interrupted():tests if the current thread has beeninterrupted.

Runnable interface:

The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to be
executed by a thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run().
1. public void run(): is used to perform action for athread.

Starting a thread:

start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs following
tasks:
oA new thread starts(with new callstack).
oThe thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.
oWhen the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.

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 Java Thread Example by extending Thread class

classMulti extendsThread{
public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi t1=new Multi();
t1.start();
}}
Output:thread isrunning...

Java Thread Example by implementing Runnable interface

classMulti3 implementsRunnable{
public void run(){
System.out.println("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);
t1.start();
}}
Output:thread isrunning...

Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):

Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In most
cases, thread schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptive
scheduling). But it is not guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which
scheduling it chooses.

3 constants defined in Thread class:

1. public static intMIN_PRIORITY

2. public static intNORM_PRIORITY
3. public static intMAX_PRIORITY

Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 and

the value of MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a Thread:

classTestMultiPriority1extends
Thread{public void run(){
System.out.println("running thread name is:"+Thread.currentThread().getName());
System.out.println("running thread priority is:"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
public static void main(String args[]){

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 TestMultiPriority1 m1=new
TestMultiPriority1(); TestMultiPriority1
m2=new TestMultiPriority1();
m1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
m2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
m1.start(); m2.start(); } }

Output:running thread name is:Thread-0

running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1
running thread priority is:1

Java synchronized method

If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized method.
Synchronized method is used to lock an object for any shared resource.
When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that object
and releases it when the thread completes its task.

Example of inter thread communication in java

Let's see the simple example of inter thread communication.

classCustomer{
intamount=10000;
synchronized void withdraw(int amount){
System.out.println("going to withdraw...");
if(this.amount<amount){
System.out.println("Less balance; waiting for deposit...");
try{wait();}catch(Exception e){}
}
this.amount-=amount;
System.out.println("withdraw completed...");
}
synchronized void deposit(int amount){
System.out.println("going to deposit...");
this.amount+=amount;
System.out.println("deposit completed... ");
notify();
}
}
classTest{
public static void main(String args[]){
final Customer c=newCustomer();
new Thread(){
public void run(){c.withdraw(15000);}
}.start();
newThread(){

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public void run(){c.deposit(10000);}
}
start();
}}
Output: going to withdraw...
Less balance; waiting for deposit...
going to deposit...
deposit completed...
withdraw completed
ThreadGroup in Java
Java provides a convenient way to group multiple threads in a single object. In such way, we can
suspend, resume or interrupt group of threads by a single method call.

Note: Now suspend(), resume() and stop() methods are deprecated.

Java thread group is implemented by java.lang.ThreadGroup

class.Constructors of ThreadGroup class

There are only two constructors of ThreadGroup class.

ThreadGroup(String name)
ThreadGroup(ThreadGroup parent, String name)
Let's see a code to group multiple threads.

1. ThreadGroup tg1 = new ThreadGroup("GroupA");

2. Thread t1 = new Thread(tg1,newMyRunnable(),"one");
3. Thread t2 = new Thread(tg1,newMyRunnable(),"two");
4. Thread t3 = new Thread(tg1,newMyRunnable(),"three");

Now all 3 threads belong to one group. Here, tg1 is the thread group name, MyRunnable is the
class that implements Runnable interface and "one", "two" and "three" are the thread names.
Now we can interrupt all threads by a single line of code only.

1. Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup().interrupt();

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