Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-023-00524-w

REVIEW

Green drilling fluid additives for a sustainable hole‑cleaning

performance: a comprehensive review
Husameldin Mahmoud1 · Arafat A. A. Mohammed1 · Mustafa.S. Nasser1,2 · Ibnelwaleed A. Hussein1,2 ·
Muftah H. El‑Naas1

Received: 25 March 2023 / Accepted: 9 June 2023 / Published online: 20 July 2023
© The Author(s) 2023

Abstract
Drilling fluids are the core of drilling operations, and they are responsible for many roles, such as lubricating drill string,
cooling down drilling equipment, maintaining wellbore integrity, and transporting cuttings to the surface. High-energy
demands have caused the oil and gas production rates to increase by orders of magnitude, which is accompanied by increased
usage of different drilling fluids, including oil-based muds (OBM) and water-based muds (WBM). Large amounts of fluids
used without caution can cause severe consequences to the environment if not well monitored. Therefore, the field has been
exploring the utilization of biodegradable and environmentally friendly additives (green). These green formulations can
promote a safer alternative to the currently available commercial additives, meet sophisticated drilling requirements, and
ensure resource sustainability. A comprehensive overview of the literature has been conducted in this review, starting with
a background on oil and gas reservoir types and cuttings transportation mechanisms, followed by a discussion on various
recent green fluids or additives emerging in the field. In addition, an economic comparison has been conducted to assess the
feasibility of the reviewed green formulations. Finally, the review ends with a summary and future prospective on the topic.
In conclusion, this review suggests the development of multifunctional drilling fluids with good hole-cleaning properties,
utilizing additives studied for different functions (e.g., filtration). Enhancement of rheological properties achieved through
the addition of these additives indicates their suitability for hole-cleaning applications, which must be confirmed through
additional studies. Consequently, filling the existing gap in the literature is by triggering research topics in this area.

Keywords Drilling fluids · Green additives · Rheology · Hole cleaning · Cuttings transportation

1 Introduction to experts’ projections for 2040; half of the international

energy demands will be met by fossil fuels [3]. Following
1.1 Background a sharp decline in the number of crude oil and gas wells
drilled worldwide in 2020 to 39,000 wells, drilling activity
Worldwide, fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal is predicted to pick up significantly in 2022, reaching 49,600
are the primary sources of energy. Central energy supply wells, before sharply increasing to roughly 60,000 wells in
shares from oil and gas are 51, coal, and nuclear 4.8%, 2026 [4].
while renewable energies account for 10.6% [1]. The global Drilling is the second stage of the wellbore life cycle,
demand for oil and gas is steadily rising [2], according and drilling fluids play the most crucial role in the drill-
ing process. Cleaning the wellbore, cuttings transportation,
* Mustafa.S. Nasser lubricating and cooling of a drill bit, wellbore pressure con-
[email protected] trol, counteract inflow of reservoir fluids, and formation of
* Muftah H. El‑Naas impermeable filter cake are among the main functions of
[email protected] drilling fluids [5–7]. Drilling fluids can be classified into
three primary categories based on their composition or con-
1
Gas Processing Center, College of Engineering, Qatar tinuous phase: water-based muds (WBMs), oil-based muds
University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
(OBMs), and emerging foam-based [8]. Oil-based fluids
2
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, comprise diesel or mineral oil with polymer suspension are
Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

13
Vol.:(0123456789)
388 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

used in 15% of drilled wells worldwide, while around 80% out of the reservoir due to pressure within the wellbore. On
of the wells are currently being drilled using WBM [9]. the other hand, conventional reservoirs require sophisti-
OBMs have been extensively used in many drilling opera- cated techniques to withdraw the oil/gas from the ground
tions; characteristics such as good thermal stability, effective since the flow pressure in these formations is inadequate.
cuttings transportation, good lubricity, salt-resistance, and Hydraulic fracturing, among many unconventional reser-
stability in shale formation nominate them as the superior voir techniques, utilizes water to propagate pre-made cracks
option [10–13]. Nowadays, global communities prioritize throughout the wellbore, enabling oil or natural gas to flow
sustainability and protection of the environment over oil/ [29, 30]. Major unconventional resources include coal bed
gas exploration and production [14]. Many studies in the methane (CBM), tight gas, shale gas, and natural gas hydrate
literature have addressed the toxicity and severe effects of (NGH) [31, 32].
OBMs on the environment and human health [10, 15]–[20]; Porosity and permeability are among many important
thus, the use of OBMs is restricted and faces many govern- properties of oil and gas reservoirs. Rock porosity is defined
mental and non-governmental regulations and challenges. as the ratio of pore volume to bulk rock volume (Eq. (1)),
These concerns have redirected the drilling industry toward and permeability refers to rock formation ability to transfer
the utilization and exploration of eco-friendly drilling flu- fluid (gas or oil); the connection of pores within the forma-
ids. WBMs are considered inexpensive and environmentally tion increases the reservoir permeability [29, 30]. Figure 1
friendly drilling fluids [16, 21, 22]. Nevertheless, WBMs illustrates the geological properties of various types of oil
encounter instability issues in shale formation or under and gas reservoirs. Formations such as sandstone are of high
extreme wellbore conditions, and they lack suspension permeability as they are formed of huge-well-connected
properties that facilitate cuttings transportation. Therefore, pores. Shale and siltstones are of lower permeability, with a
improvement of WBM characteristics is crucial to replace reduced and lesser number of interconnected pores.
the toxic OBM with a viable alternative and consequently
Vpore
achieving environmental sustainability. Incongruous drill- ∅= (1)
ing fluid usage can jeopardize the whole drilling process, Vbulk
reducing the penetration rate, increasing fluid filtration,
higher risk of stuck pipe, or even catastrophic downhole
blowout [23, 24]. Therefore, the development and enhance- 1.3 Types of drilling muds (WB‑emulsions‑OB)
ment of environmentally friendly drilling fluids are crucial
for sustainable oil and gas exploration and production. A Drilling fluids come in a variety of varieties and are used
review article was published addressing nanoparticle addi- frequently. Certain wells call for the use of various types
tives used in WBM [25]; moreover, some reviews focused at various depths in the hole or the combination of various
on bio-lubricants or biodegradable synthetic drilling fluid types. The different kinds of fluid can be broadly divided
[26, 27]. Those reviews either focus on fluid filtration or into a few groups. Drilling fluids is classified into three types
lubrication, and none addresses fluid properties from a hole according to their base material: water-based, oil-based, and
cleaning prospective. To the best of our knowledge, there is water–oil-based (emulsions). Of all the mud systems, water-
no comprehensive review on green WBM/OBM additives based drilling fluids are the most often used. They are typi-
reported in the literature. Consequently, the ultimate goal cally less expensive, easier to maintain, and, in some unique
of this review is to provide a background and highlight the types of systems, almost as shale inhibitive as oil muds. The
current green drilling muds or additives used in both OBM most fundamental water-based mud systems start with water,
and WBM in the literature up to year 2023. which is then combined with clays and other chemicals to
produce a homogeneous mixture that resembles a cross
1.2 Types of reservoirs between chocolate milk and malt (depending on viscosity).
Water is the continuous phase of the fluid, which is mud.
Natural gas and oil reservoirs have many classifications Oil-based mud is mud that uses petroleum products, like
and categorizations. The Petroleum Resources Manage- diesel fuel, as the basis fluid. Oil-based muds are helpful
ment System (PRMS) classification splits reservoirs into for numerous reasons, including boosting lubricity, improv-
two main types, conventional and unconventional [28]. The ing shale inhibition, having superior cleaning powers with
conventional reservoirs are defined as easy to reach and do less viscosity, and withstanding higher temperatures without
not require advanced technologies to recover their storage. degrading. Oil-based muds come in two varieties: pseudo-
The unconventional terms account for reservoirs of distinct oil-based muds and invert emulsion oil muds. If the water
storage locations, extraction methods, origin, and properties. content is greater than 5%, it will transform into an inverted
The conventional oil drilling processes are less expensive or water-in-oil emulsion. A mud that has synthetic oil as its
than unconventional methods; since the oil/gas fluid flows base fluid is known as synthetic-based fluid. Because it has

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 389

Fig. 1  Sources of unconven-

tional gas [33]

the same qualities as an oil-based mud but is less harmful accordingly, the bed moves either in moving bed dunes or
than an oil-based fluid; this is most frequently utilized in separate dunes. Higher flow velocities will cause further
offshore rigs. Oil-based fluid and synthetic-based fluid both deformation of the dunes into smaller bodies and suspended
provide environmental and analytical challenges. particles, which move or creep in the flow direction [34,
37, 38].
1.4 Cuttings transportation patterns Fluid flow velocity is a detrimental factor for cuttings
transportation in a specific pattern. Minimum transport
Drill bit interaction with formation generates solid parti- velocity (MTV) is the minimum velocity required to move
cles (cuttings). The generated cuttings blend into the fluid cuttings particles; reducing the fluid velocity below the
medium resulting in a two-phase flow system. The distribu- MTV causes cuttings deposition (bed formation) on the
tion of cuttings in the annulus depends on the hydrodynamic low side of the wellbore. Alternatively, increasing the fluid
interaction of cuttings and drilling fluid. Also, cuttings trans- velocity above the MTV — in the presence of a stationary
portation is contingent upon fluid (e.g., flow rate) and cut- bed — applies non-uniform shear and pressure on the cutting
tings (e.g., size and density) properties. Experimental inves- surface. These uneven forces cause particle re-suspension
tigations have shown that cuttings flow in pipes is grouped into the fluid medium [40, 41]. The complexity of field con-
into suspended symmetric, suspended asymmetric, moving ditions usually leads the cuttings transportation to follow the
bed, and stationary bed [34, 35]. Other reports have further three layers model: stationary bottom bed, middle moving
sub-classified the flow patterns to include suspension/salta- bed, and suspend moving particles [40].
tion and cutting clusters [36]. Small particles present in the
slurry (solid/liquid) mixture have slow settling velocities
in the horizontal configuration. In such cases, the turbulent 2 Environmentally friendly additives
mixing is higher, causing the particles to be well mixed in
the solution (homogenous). Particle diameter larger than 2.1 Green fluids and global standards
10 μm has various settling rates, and a vertical concentra-
tion gradient is observed (heterogeneous). In cases where the In the light of the global recognition of drilling fluids’
particle settling rate is higher than fluid washing, a packed impacts on the environment, in 2000, the United States
bed is formed (Fig. 2). (US) has spent $7.8 billion on environmental protection
The fluid flow velocity has four classifications in packed [42]. Nevertheless, terms such as “green” or “environ-
bed flow: low, moderate, moderate-high, or high flow. The ment friendly” are not well defined or standardized, and
low-velocity flow leads to bed accumulation, which will start the criteria for the evaluation of green fluid are diverted.
pressure build-up within the pipe. Moderate and moderate- Subsequently, the absence of a clear definition makes
high flow rates will cause deformation to the packed bed; these terms very subjective and further complicates

13
390 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

Fig. 2  Cutting flow patterns

schematic [39]

drilling fluids’ environmental evaluation and classification 2.2 WBM additives

[43, 44]. Notwithstanding, many attempts were made to
develop scoring systems that enable a standardized evalu- Strict regulations imposed on the drilling industries lead to
ation of drilling fluids [44–46]. This system assessment various formulation developments to replace toxic oil-based
method is based on physical hazards due to flammability, muds. These formulations are designed to meet sophisti-
explosion, and corrosion; human health impacts such as cated drilling requirements while being environmentally
irritation, carcinogenicity, and toxicity; and environmental friendly. Despite the extensive utilization of water-based
biodegradation and aquatic toxicity. Some environmental mud to replace oil-based muds [56], yet; their properties
systems were established in various countries or regions; are considered poor, compared to oil-based muds, and
these systems are summarized in Table 1. require improvement [57]. Numerous articles were recently
Typical oil/gas well generates around 31–44 ­m3 of cut- published to enhance water-based mud properties by uti-
tings waste [52]. The ultimate target of all drilling oper- lizing environmentally friendly additives (Table 3). These
ations is to have zero produced water and cuttings dis- additives were aimed to replace chemical additives such as
charge. However, the standards and regulations for waste polypropylene, polyethylene, and partially hydrolyzed poly-
discharge are not integrated globally (Table 2). Countries acrylamide [58–60].
such as Argentina, Australia, and Nigeria allow certain Researches tend to valorize food waste as additives to
cuttings qualities disposal after ascertaining the minimum minimize drilling cost. Al-Hameedi et al. [61] proposed
impacts. Conversely, countries such as Canada, Brazil, and the use of organic mandarin peel powder (MPP) as an
China completely prohibit drilling-waste discharge into alternative to polyanionic cellulose. Tests have shown
the sea and require waste treatment or land storage [53]. the applicability of using MPP for drilling operations to
Therefore, several treaties — such as OSPAR, MEMAC, control filtrate loss. Another study by Al-Hameedi et al.
Barcelona conventions — were held to unify standards [62] examined the possibility of using potato peel powder
and regulations for drilling waste discharge. For example, (PPP) as a multifunctional bio-enhancer. The PPP addi-
OSPAR standards permit the use of WBM and allow the tives showed good mud resistivity and filtration control
discharge of the WBM-cutting waste. While synthetic fluid properties. The addition of PPP has successfully reduced
use is acceptable, their waste discharge is restricted with the solution yield point and gel strength; therefore, it was
impact assessment submitted to authorities in advance. proposed to replace Resinex high-temperature chemi-
Finally, OSPAR regulations forbid OBM usage to avoid cal thinner. Wajheeuddin and Hossain [14] investigated
any OBM cuttings waste [54]. date seed (DS) wastes; the rheological tests revealed an

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 391

Table 1  Example of some standards

System
Country Relevant Standards Symbol Ref.
(year)
85% of oil formulation must be from renewable
sources
Nordiac Oil degradability (70%) should compile with
Nordic [47],
Swan OECDb 301 B or F or other equivalent methods.
Countriesa [48]
(1989) Aquatic toxicity must be measured in
accordance with OECD 201 and 202 or
equivalent methods.
90% minimum biodegradability of vegetable oil-
based, or 60% biodegradability if tested by
Ecomark OECD test methods. [47],
India
(1991) Must be free from halogens compounds (PCTs, [49]
and PCBs)c and nitrates.
Must be non-toxic to marine life.
Biodegradability must be 60% within 28 days if
Ecomark tested following OECD test Guidelines or
Japan [50]
(1989) ASTMd methods.

50% of oil formulation must be from renewable

sources
Free of halogenated, some metallic, and nitrite
European Eco Label compounds
[51]
Union (1992) 90% biodegradability for vegetable-based oils
60% biodegradability must be attained following
OECD tests methods

a
Geographical region in Northern Europe and the North Atlantic; it consists of Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland. OECD Organi-
zation for Economic Co-operation and Development, PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls, PCTs polychlorinated terphenyls, ASTM American Soci-
ety for Testing and Materials.

Table 2  Drilling fluid discharge RegionStandards North America South America Asia–Pacific Europe Africa Middle East
[55]
Prohibited USA Brazil Thailand Russia Angola Saudi Arabia
Canada Venezuela China Norway Oman
Not prohibited Argentina Australia UK Nigeria Kuwait
Egypt

increase in apparent viscosity and gel strength with date In addition to food waste, plant-based additives are also
seed concentration. Although MPP, PPP, and DS studies utilized in the formulation of eco-fluids. Ghaderi et al. [63]
have shown their ability to improve the rheological proper- conducted a comprehensive study on saffron purple petals
ties of WBM, they failed to address additives’ feasibility (SPP). SEM images showed SPP powder structure is shape-
from an economic aspect. In addition, no pilot-scale or less with a wide variety of size distributions. Major ele-
field tests were performed. Some additives were used in ments identified by EDX analysis were carbon (60.8 wt%),
simple mud mixtures that exhibit no chemical interactions oxygen (35.5 wt%), and trace mineral elements, including
with other commonly used additives, overlooking physi- Zn, P, Ca, and S. The addition of 1–3 wt% of SPP to base
cal and chemical interactions that are essential for fluid mud significantly increased shear stress by 26–151%. SPP
properties. muds had an excellent fitting to rheological models, and they

13
392 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

Table 3  Review of environmentally friendly WBM additives

Additive Type Findings Reference

Mandarin peel powder (MPP) 1–4 wt% Food waste • MPP had a slight effect on mud weight due [61]
to foam formation
• Addition of 3–4% MPP increased the YP
and PV of mud
• MPP addition increased filtration proper-
ties
Potato peel powder (PPP) 1–4 wt% Food waste PPP can be used as a multifunctional bio- [62]
enhancer additive
• PPP additions reduced gel strength, YP,
and pH
• Further increase of PPP concentration
(1–4%) had an insignificant impact on mud
weight, YP, pH, or gel strength
• Filtration volume decreased by 30%
Date seeds 0.25–2 ppb Food waste • PV and YP rheological properties were [14]
improved following the addition of date
seeds
• Filtration decreased by 20%
Pistachio shell powder (PSP) 1.4–2.57 wt% Food waste Formulations were tested at ambient and [72]
extreme field conditions at lab and field-
scale
• Improved the rheological properties
• It reduced fluid loss (30%) and filter cake
thickness
Saffron purple petals 1–3 wt% Flower petals • 3% of SPP improved filtration performance [63]
by 45%
• SPP increased PV and rheological proper-
ties
• SPP presence decreased the corrosion rates
of mild steel
Henna 4.5 wt% Plant leaf • Henna leaf enhanced the fluid thermal [64]
aging resistivity for most rheological
properties
Tree trunk fibers 10 and 30 ppb Deceased tree • Organic fibers have outperformed the com- [65]
mercial LCM fibers
Grass 0.25–1 ppb Horticultural waste Grass powder of different sizes [67]
• Increased the PV and AV values of drilling
fluid
• The grass was able to reduce filtrate vol-
ume by 25%
• Finally, grass containing solutions had
lower pH values
Grass 0.5–1.5 wt% Horticultural waste • At LTLP and HTHP conditions, grass [68]
decreased the filtration by 48% and 26%,
respectively
Averrhoa carambola L. (Kian) 0.5–3 ppb Fruit • Kian fruit showed similar rheological prop- [69]
erties to PAC-R additive at 25 and 65 °C
Carrageenans 0.1–2 wt% Extracted from red seaweeds • Carageenan solutions treated with NaOH [71]
solution were able to reduce the filtration
properties by 37%
• Different concentrations had different
rheological behaviors. High concentration
exhibited shear thinning behavior, while
low concentration revealed shear thicken-
ing behavior
• • Nevertheless, 1.2% concentration and
beyond demonstrated Newtonian flow
behavior

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 393

Table 3  (continued)
Additive Type Findings Reference

Tamarind gum 0.05–0.25 wt% Seed extracts • Rheological properties such as PV and [70, 73]
YP slightly increased, and filtration was
reduced to some extent
Okra mucilage 10–20 wt% Vegetable • Shale swelling inhibitor [74, 75]
• Reduce the bentonite swelling
• Rheological properties such as PV and YP
were improved, and filtration and friction
coefficient were reduced to some extent
Novel starch 2 wt% Modified natural polymer • High-performance fluid loss additives [76]
• Improve the filtration capacity of the fluid
• Salt resistance
• Excellent high temperature resistance
Wild Jujube pit powder (WJPP) Seed extracts • Increase the viscosity and yield point [77]
• Reduce the filtration rate and the lubrica-
tion coefficient
• Enhance the shear thinning and thixotropy
• Decreasing the particle size or increasing
the density of WJPP lead to significant
enhancement in WJPP effects
Acorn shell powder Seed extract • Rheological properties such as PV and [78]
YP slightly increased, and filtration was
reduced to some extent
• Displayed filtration controlling efficiency
comparable to that of the traditional addi-
tives
Lignin nanoparticles Extracted from plant • Increase the rheological properties such as [79]
PV and AV by 500% and 600%, respec-
tively for SSBM
Basil seed powder (BSP) Seed extract • Combination of BSP into bentonite suspen- [80]
sion improves the rheological and filtration
properties effectively after 120 °C thermal
aging
• Hydrate the surface to reduce friction
• Superior to bentonite particles and able to
reduce filtering on their own
• Inhibiting shale dispersion, BSP is more
effective than XC and KCl and is compara-
ble to PHPAh
• Drop in lubricity coefficient of about 60%
is after the addition of 1% BSP
Aloe vera Plant leaf • Rheological properties such as PV and [81]
YP slightly increased, and filtration was
reduced to some extent
Peanut shell powder (PSP) Food waste • Use large quantities without harming the [82]
density of the drilling fluid
• Utilized to minimize the problems of bit
nozzles plugging due to its fine size
• Can withstand up to 79 °C and 30 h of
aged time
Low-rank coals (leonardite and lignite) Fossil fuel • Run the Herschel-Buckley model in all [83]
shear rate and temperature ranges
• The injection of both low-rank coals
increases the yield stress and yield point
build-up with temperature increase and
keeps them within acceptable ranges
African oil bean husk (AOBH) 63, 125, and Seed husk • Filter cake thickness (2.1–2.28 mm) [84]
250 µm • Filtrate loss (2.0–3.4 ml)
• pH (8.5–8.69)
• Marsh funnel test (44.35–45.57 s)

13
394 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

Table 3  (continued)
Additive Type Findings Reference
Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) 3 Ascorbic acid and glycerine (AA:Gly) • Improve (YP/PV) ratio [85]
wt% • 77.77% shale inhibition and 87% shale
recovery

YP yield point, PV plastic viscosity, AV apparent viscosity, LPLT, low-pressure and low-temperature, HPHT, high-pressure and high-tempera-
ture, SSBM, saturated salt-based mud, XC xanthan gum, PHPA partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide

displayed non-Newtonian shear thinning behavior. Hydroxyl point), and Kian resilience to temperature was similar to
and other functional groups found in SPP-containing muds polyanionic cellulose (PAC); consequently, it is promoted as
have the ability to form H-bonds (high water uptake). These an organic-economical substitute. Similarly, tamarind gum
bonds form structured physical 3D bulk networks that influ- (TG) is extracted from the tamarind tree seeds as a thickener
ence solution shear viscosity. Moreover, SPP powder dem- [70]. TG is widely used in the drilling field for its cheapness.
onstrated robust inhibition to mild steel corrosion with 96% Carrageenan is a linear sulfated polysaccharide additive; it
efficiency and a 0.004 mm ­year−1 corrosion rate. Morpho- can be extracted from red seaweeds [71] Solution with a
logical results displayed the formation of SPP inhibitive lay- high concentration of carrageenan exhibited shear thinning
ers on mild steel surface, hindering the anodic and cathodic behavior, while low concentration revealed shear thickening
reactions. Powdered henna leaf [64] has also shown consid- behavior. The presence of sulfate groups in the carrageenan
erable results in improving WBM rheological and hydraulic structure promotes its viscoelastic and filtration properties.
characteristics. Flow loop hole-cleaning experiments were Moreover, carrageenan additives have shown good resistiv-
carried on using henna (4 wt%) containing fluids. Cuttings ity to salt contamination; thus, it is suggested for high salin-
transport efficiency test showed the dominance of henna ity drilling regions.
fluids at all hole-angles, compared to bentonite and pure
water fluids. Henna-WBM, on average, had higher transpor- 2.3 OBM additives
tation efficiency by 5.43 and 9.94% than bentonite-WBM
and pure WBM, respectively, at all angles. Furthermore, the High-pressure and high-temperature wellbore conditions
thermal heating of henna-WBM has slightly decreased the are very challenging for the drilling industry. Such condi-
mud plastic viscosity by 1.5%. Lawsone presence — identi- tions cause drilling fluids to destabilize, resulting in well-
fied by FTIR analysis conduct on henna leaf powder — in bore instability, severe control problems, and well loss [86].
henna makes it resilient to temperature changes. Ramasamy Despite the current advancement of WBMs, OBMs are still
and Amanullah [65] assessed the efficacy of fibers gener- the preferable choice for harsh HPHT drilling conditions,
ated from deceased trees as loss circulation materials. Pore and WBM does not entirely replace them [87]. Therefore,
plugging tests were performed on tree fibers and compared the development of less environmentally harmful OBMs are
to commercial fibers. Results revealed the superior perfor- necessary [86] Vegetable-based oils, including palm oil, corn
mance of organic tree-fibers used as loss circulation material oil, and rice bran oil were classified as non-toxic to aquatic
(LCM). Nevertheless, the study has ignored formation-fluid life with 80% biodegradability in less than 30 days [88–90].
interaction, which is very detrimental in field applications Oseh et al. [91] were able to utilize non-edible almond seeds.
[66]. Almond-based mud was found to have comparable rheologi-
Some researchers have driven the development of horti- cal, filtration, and swelling properties to commercial diesel
cultural waste as organic additives [67, 68]. Formulations’ oils. Moreover, the mud thermal and electrical stabilities
high-pressure and high-temperature filtration loss was were similar to diesel oils, while the biodegradation was sig-
reduced by 22% on average. In contrast, low-pressure and nificantly higher. The high biodegradability is attributed to
low-temperature conditions had a 42% reduction in filtration the absence of aromatic compounds and the low branching
loss. Noticeable increases in rheological properties such as degree of the almond oil. According to Jinsheng et al. [92],
viscosity and gel strength were observed. Grass elemental OBM fluids can be used without the addition of organo-
analysis displayed high calcium content (54%), followed by clays. The organoclay-free OBM can be modified with: (1) a
potassium (19.83) and chlorine (16%). Therefore, it can be rheological modifier to replace the organoclay (treated with
used as a pH controller to fluid alkalinity that peaks during amide solution), (2) primary emulsifier produced from fatty
operations. According to Ekeinde et al. [69], Kian fruit in acid and maleic anhydride reaction, (3) fatty acid amide as
its powdered form can be used as fluid viscosifiers. Kian a secondary emulsifier, (4) and a waterborne acrylic acting
containing fluids tested at 25 and 65 °C has enhanced the as filtrate reducer. The selection of #5 white oil as a base
fluid rheological properties (e.g., plastic viscosity and yield for the mud was very detrimental to the fluid environmental

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 395

Table 4  Review of environmentally friendly OBM additives

Additive/base oil Type/source Findings Reference

­ WRa)
Palm methyl ester (85:15 O Palm oil-biofuel derivative Palm methyl ester (PME) fluids can be used as a [89]
bio alternative to synthetic oil or diesel oils
• 2022In terms of rheological and filtration
properties, PME fluids outperformed commercial
mineral oil (S147)
Modified rectorite (1.2 wt.%) in biodiesel (70:30 Biodiesel additive Modified rectorite containing fluid compared to [93]
OWR) commercial bentonite
• had similar viscosity readings and higher yield
point measurements
• The rectorite fluids showed high-temperature
resistivity
Biodiesel (80:20 OWR) Waste cooking oil con- Compared to conventional OBM, biodiesel has [90]
verted into biodiesel • Similar rheological properties
• Acceptable filtration properties
Biodiesel (80:20 OWR) Sweet almond seed • Almond-based biodiesel had excellent rheo- [91]
logical properties and can be utilized for HTHP
conditions
• The filtration properties of the biodiesel were
very similar to commercial OBM (type #2)
Organoclay-free OBM (85:15 OWR) Industrial oil (#5) • Organoclay-free OBM was developed with four [92]
key additives
• A fatty acid modifier was able to replace the
organoclay with good rheological, filtration, and
temp. resistivity properties
Jatropha oil Jatropha plant Comparison with diesel oil has shown that Jat- [94]
(10:90–30:70 OWR) ropha oil has:
• Similar rheological properties
• Better filtration, lubrication, and emulsion in
water properties
Pharmaceutical waste Pharmaceutical waste • The rheology and filtration characteristics are [95]
comparable to or superior to those of all the
examined oil/water ratios (80/20, 75/25, and
70/30)
• After hot rolling (16 h at 250 °F and 300 pres-
sure), the mud has the requisite compatibility and
thermal stability
• Excellent control over HPHT fluid loss
Graphene oxide (GO) Polymer-grafted graphene • Increase in yield point (YP) [96]
• Low Shear yield point (LSYP)
• Enhance particulate suspension capabilities
African oil bean husk (AOBH) 63, 125, and Seed husk • Filter cake thickness (2.3–2.9 mm) [84]
250 µm • Filtrate loss (2.3–3.3 ml)
• pH (8.5–8.69)
• Marsh Funnel test (44.35–45.57 s)
a
OWR oil–water ratio

suitability. Table 4 summarizes the reviewed green OBM and drilling fluid comprise the second-largest volume of left-
and some additives which can enhance their properties. overs made by the E&P industry [97]. Oil-based fluids (OBF)
and water-based drilling fluids (WBF) are both employed in
2.4 (WBM and OBM) environmental aspects drilling operations [98]. Drilling fluids carries out several
crucial tasks in the drilling of wells. While drilling an oil
The oil exploration and production (E&P) sector provides well, they are repeatedly circulated between the well and the
an essential energy source for the entire world. However, the platform. Spent drilling fluid contaminated with oil returns to
environmental effects of E&P activities are a source of con- the surface when drilling reaches the reservoir phase [99]. If
cern for people worldwide. One of the drilling wastes the oil improperly disposed of, the resulting residue can pose risks
and gas sector produces used drilling fluids. Drill cuttings to terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial environments by decreasing

13
396 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

Table 5  Comparison between WBM and OBM considering environ- total cost; consequently, any change in the drilling fluid
mental aspects [97, 102–106] additives cost strongly impacts the total cost. Therefore,
WBM OBM there is a great motive for utilizing eco-friendly drilling
fluid additives. The unit cost of each material per kilogram
• Environmentally friendly • Environmentally non-friendly
is obtained for the literature and represented in the US dol-
• Low initial cost • High initial cost
• Easy discharge • Difficult discharge lar ($). Table 6 shows the cost of raw additives; it compares
• No fire hazard • Potential fire hazard the cost of the most extensively used additives with new
• No critical health risk • Posing health risk to workers emerging additives, which can be utilized for hole cleaning.
• No damaging to rubber parts • Damaging to rubber parts of the
Costs are ranked from highest to lowest, with xanthan gum
of the circulation system circulation system
• Easy cutting separation • Difficult cuttings separation having the greatest cost and pistachio shell having the least
reported cost. Few additives were reported as having almost
zero cost, yet it was not precisely specified.
Evaluation of green additives based only on cost per kg
soil fertility, harming flora and fauna, and posing health risks can be misleading without accounting for a performance fac-
due to the volatilization of hazardous oil components like tor. An additive of a very low-cost ($) could have very poor
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene into the atmos- performance (filtration loss reduction); thus, large quanti-
phere. In this regard, officials have decided that drilling fluids ties of this cheap additive are needed to attain an adequate
made of non-water and water that contains free oil may not performance. On the contrary, a relatively higher-cost addi-
be disposed of in quantities greater than 1% [100]. Therefore, tive could perform better, revealing the need for small addi-
treating oily waste produced during E&P activities is a cru- tive quantities. Figure 3 compares each additive’s cost and
cial challenge. Drilling waste management solutions include relates this cost to a performance factor (e.g., reduction in
discharge, down-hole injection, and on-land disposal. Certain fluid filtration loss per gram). Data extracted from different
drilling fluids and drill cuttings may be dumped into the sea sources [62, 67, 72, 108, 109, 111–115] with average cost
in various parts of the world, if they adhere to specified envi- data (Table 6) are used to construct Fig. 3.
ronmental standards. Regulations prohibiting hydrocarbon Based on the previous analogy, pistachio shell powder has
losses and site closure following drilling without treatment the lowest cost (0.11 $/kg), with a 5% reduction in filtration
have existed since the early 1990s [101]. Dewatering, distil- per gram. Resinex has a higher price (2.9 $/kg) and 17% fil-
lation, solvent extraction, cuttings reinjection, fixation, land tration reduction per gram. Assuming that the fluid filtration
farming, and (bio) remediation are examples of remediation reduces linearly with additive addition (g), it would cost 3 kg
technologies. All impact how acceptable drilling activities of pistachio powder to reach 17% filtration reduction, equiva-
are on the economy and the environment [99]. Table 5 sum- lent to $ 0.374. This cost-performance comparison promotes
marizes the comparison between WBM and OBM, consider- pistachio powder against Resinex for filtration loss reduction
ing the most important environmental aspects. as an eco-green additive. Consequently, the selection of addi-
tives must be based on the cost-performance analysis. Never-
2.5 Economic comparison theless, the assumption of linearity between additive amount
and performance is never valid, and a plateau is always faced
Drilling operation cost varies from 5.4 to 11 million dol- at very early concentrations. Therefore, extensive experimen-
lars [61]. On average, drilling fluid cost weighs 20% of the tal work is required for fair and complete economic analysis.

Table 6  Green additive cost Additive Type Average References

compared to conventional cost ($/kg)
additives
Polyanionic cellulose (PAC) Conventional additive 4.3 [107]
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) Conventional additive 3 [107]
Resinex Common additive 2.9 [107]
Kian Green additive 1.43 [108]
Henna leaves Green additive 1 [109]
Corn cob Green additive 0.469 [110]
Rice husk Green additive 0.21 [110]
Pistachio shell powder Green additive 0.11 [72]
Potato peel powder Green additive Approx. 0 (by-product) [62]
Grass Green additive Approx. 0 (by-product) [67]

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 397

an increased rate of penetration (ROP) and subsequently

decreased drilling cost.
According to a study conducted by researchers, the plastic
viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and the thickening ratio (YP/
PV) are crucial factors in achieving optimal hole cleaning
during drilling and completion operations, particularly in
relation to the applied flow rate (Q) [119]. Alkinani et al. [120]
conducted a study examining the relationships between various
parameters to determine the optimal hole cleaning for different
formulations. According to their report, YP exhibited the
strongest direct correlation with Q, whereas PV demonstrated
the weakest association. An increase in YP necessitates the
provision of an adequate Q to initiate and sustain the mud
cycle. To ensure that significant solid particles do not settle
because of slip velocity, it is necessary to attain adequate
annular and particle velocities. Upon commencement of the
Fig. 3  Qualitative comparison of green fluids cost/kg (left axis) and flow, any augmentation in the flow rate aimed at surmounting
filtration loss reduction percent/gram (right axis)
resistance caused by PV shall not be deemed substantial. Thus,
it can be inferred that YP exerts a more significant impact on
3 Rheology Q than PV. To enhance hole cleaning efficiency, augmenting
the thickening ratio (YP/PV) is recommended. To attain the
Numerous indexes were developed to address hole cleaning necessary Q for any elevation in YP/PV, it is imperative to
efficiency, including but not limited to cuttings transport enhance the flow rate, as determined by the sensitivity analysis.
ratio, cuttings concentration in the annulus, transport The figures, namely Figs. 4, 5, and 6, provide a comprehensive
ratio, and hole cleaning ratio. In flow loop testing, cuttings overview of the green additives that can be employed in the
transport ratio (CTR) is used to measure the amount of development of hole cleaning fluids that are environmentally
cuttings retrained by the fluid, relatively to the added sustainable and based on parameters such as (PV), (YP), and
amounts [116]. Fluids of good hole-cleaning properties (YP)/(PV). Figures depict the average values of PV, YP, and
have high CTR values. In addition, cutting concentration in YP/PV for conventional fluids through a dashed line, which
annulus (CCA) is usually used as an effective tool to indicate has been included to facilitate a rough comparison and enhance
cuttings concentrations generated during penetration [117]. reader convenience.
CCA values of good hole-cleaning performance are less than Most developed hole-cleaning fluids contain harmful
8%. Transport ratio (TR) is a velocity ratio of the cuttings additives; limited studies incorporated environmentally
to the annular velocities; higher TR values reflect good friendly additives to develop efficient hole-cleaning fluids
cleaning efficiency. Hole cleaning ratio (HCR) is used to [64, 121]. The literature is abundant in articles that address
indicate the risk of a stuck pipe; it is estimated as the ratio the improvement of various drilling fluid properties (e.g.,
of the free annual height to critical cuttings’ bed height. filtration and cake thickness) utilizing environmentally
HCR value above 0.5 can lead to pipe stuck [118]. All these friendly additives. These additives alter and modify the drill-
indexes can reflect fluid cuttings carrying capacity. ing fluid rheological properties, which are responsible for
Several resistive forces exist in oil/gas wells; they are hole-cleaning effectiveness. Data used in both figures were
caused by drilling mud mechanical friction originating extracted from various sources [61, 72, 114, 122–126]. The
from cuttings, liquid, and fluid deformation. Flow resistive reader can refer to the supplementary datasheet for details.
force is defined as plastic viscosity (PV). The yield point
(YP) is defined as the initial flow resistance, after which
the fluid starts to flow. Higher viscosity and yield point 4 Summary and prospects
values are usually preferred as they reflect adequate
hole-cleaning capacity. From a practical aspect, plastic This review provides an insight into various green water-based
viscosity, and yield point should not be too high. They (WBM) and oil-based (OBM) formulations. Furthermore, a
must be high enough for effective cutting transportation to brief economic comparison of different green additives used
the surface and clean the wellbore. Correspondingly, they in WBM was established, which indicated the economic ben-
must not exceed certain maximum limits (pre-determined efits of utilizing these formulations, compared to commercial
by drilling engineers) to circumvent pumping and annual ones. The review has shown that numerous green formulations
hydraulic problems [63]. Good hole-cleaning mud leads to were tested for filtration or lubricity enhancement, with very

13
398 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

60 18

16
50
14

Y P/PV (Ib/100 ft2.cP)

40 12
Y P (Ib/100 ft2)

10
30
8

20 6

4
10
2

0 0
5) 4) 5) 1) 5) 2) 6) 6) 7) 6) 5) 4) ) 5) 2) ) 1) (6) ) 6)
(0. eel ( (1. b( (1. PP ( sse ( hull ( 0.5 ust ( (0. eel ( 1.5 (1. PP ( (0.
57 b( t (6 ll (
sk p ves pp SP M a t b( d sk p P ( ves b pp sse wdus ut hu
Hu tato a
Le BPP
1 P a g n u c o a w Hu to P S a M c o 1 g a
sa an
um Po ree
b
Pe
a rn s
um ta eL
e rn P ba
y lli Co y lli Po Co BP Pe
Ps lm
T
Ps Tre
P a alm
P
Additives (%) Additives %

Fig. 4  Various additives used in WBM effect on the yield point; the Fig. 6  Different additives affect the thickening ratio; the dashed line
dashed line represents a conventional fluid yield point represents a conventional thickening ratio

60 developing green formulations, which stresses the

need to establish global standards for all researchers
50 to follow.
b) Most of the research associated with green formulations is
40 carried out at a lab-scale with promising results; however,
those formulations were not assessed at a pilot-scale
PV (cP)

30 mimicking real field complex conditions.

c) API provides guidelines for base drilling fluid
20 composition; nevertheless, the composition used in
various research works was different. This variance
10 indicates that these guidelines do not fit well with the
current testing methods, and they need to be updated.
0 d) Most of the green formulations are either sourced
)
ll (
6) (6) (6) b (1) (0.5) (1.5 el (4) (1.5) P (2) 0.57)
ut
hu se
as awdu
st
1p
p k
us eave
s pe P MP c ob
( from wastes or plants, which are usually inexpensive.
an b a g s P H tato PS
Pe BP y llium ree L Po C orn Development of such formulations would not only
Ps T
lm
Pa contribute to sustainability, but it will also reduce the
Additives % total drilling costs, resulting in lower oil/gas product
prices.
Fig. 5  Different additives affect the plastic viscosity; the dashed line e) Identification of functional groups present in proposed
represents a conventional fluid plastic viscosity
additives and their effect on fluid properties is crucial.
As a result, multifunctional drilling fluids can be
few focusing on cutting transportation performance. Never- developed based on functional groups.
theless, rheological properties, such as plastic viscosity and
yield point reflect the possibility of utilizing these fluids for Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary
hole-cleaning applications. material available at https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s42247-​023-​00524-w.
In the light of the findings made through this review, the
following future prospects and challenges were proposed: Acknowledgements Open Access funding is provided by the Qatar
National Library.

a) The inconsistency in the definition of terms such as Declarations

“green” or “environmentally friendly” is among many
challenges researchers encounter while working on Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests.

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 399

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- 14. M. Wajheeuddin, M.E. Hossain, Development of an environmen-
bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- tally-friendly water-based mud system using natural materials.
tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 43(5), 2501–2513 (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, 1007/​s13369-​017-​2583-2
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes 15. S.M. Almudhhi, Environmental impact of disposal of oil-based
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are mud waste in Kuwait. Pet. Sci. Technol. (2016). https://​doi.​org/​
included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated 10.​1080/​10916​466.​2015.​11226​30
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in 16. C. Christiansen, From oil-based mud to water-based mud, in SPE
the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not health, safety and environment in oil and gas exploration and
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will production conference. Soc. Petrol. Engineers (1991). https://​
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a doi.​org/​10.​2118/​23359-​MS
copy of this licence, visit http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/. 17. F.P. Jerry et al., “Oil-Based Drilling Fluids: Are they an
Environmental Risk?,” Fate and Effects of Oil in Marine
Ecosystems, pp. 279–289 (1987). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​978-​
94-​009-​3573-0_​28
18. E. E. Okoro, C. Ochonma, S. E. Sanni, O. M., K. C. Igwilo,
References and O. C. Olawole, Risk assessment of human exposure to
radionuclides and heavy metals in oil-based mud samples used
1. IEA (2014) Energy Efficiency Indicators Fundamentals on Statis- for drilling operation, Int J Environ Health Res, pp. 1–12, Aug.
tics. International Energy Agency, Paris. - References - Scientific 2020, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1080/​09603​123.​2020.​18118​43.
Research Publishing. https://​www.​scirp.​org/​(S(351jm​bntvn​sjt1a​ 19. J. Seyedmohammadi, The effects of drilling fluids and envi-
adkozj​ e))/r​ efere​ nce/r​ efere​ ncesp​ apers.a​ spx?r​ efere​ nceid=2​ 24003​ 2 ronment protection from pollutants using some models.
2. BP: Statistical Review of World Energy - 2020 edi- Model. Earth. Syst. Environ. (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​
tion (pdf, xlsx, ppt). https:// ​ n angs. ​ o rg/ ​ a naly ​ t ics/ ​ b p- ​ s tati​ s40808-​017-​0299-7
stical-​review-​of-​world-​energy 20. S. Pilgun and A. Aramelev, Environmentally compatible drill-
3. U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Sta- ing fluids, in Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE arctic and
tistics and Analysis. https://​www.​eia.​gov/​today​inene​rgy/​detail.​ extreme environments conference and exhibition, AEE, 2013.
php?​id=​26212 https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​166847-​ms.
4. Onshore drilling rig use to increase over the next five years| Rigzone. 21. A. Aftab et al., Environmental friendliness and high performance
https://​www.​rigzo​ne.​com/​news/​onsho​re_​drill​ing_​rig_​use_​to_​incre​ of multifunctional Tween 80/ZnO-nanoparticles-added water-
ase_​over_​the_​next_​five_​years-​25-​aug-​2022-​170099-​artic​le/ based drilling fluid: an experimental approach. ACS. Sustain.
5. L.V. Baltoiu, B.K. Warren, T.A. Natras, State-of-the-art in coal- Chem. Eng. 8(30), 11224–11243 (2020). https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 021/​
bed methane drilling fluids. SPE Drill. Complet. (2008). https://​ acssu​schem​eng.​0c026​61
doi.​org/​10.​2118/​101231-​pa 22. A. Tehrani, S. Young, D. Gerrard, J. Fernandez, Environmentally
6. K. Sehly, H.L. Chiew, H. Li, A. Song, Y.K. Leong, W. Huang, friendly water based fluid for HT/HP drilling, in SPE interna-
Stability and ageing behaviour and the formulation of potassium- tional symposium on oilfield chemistry. Soc. Petrol. Engineers
based drilling muds. Appl. Clay. Sci (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ (2009). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​121783-​MS
1016/j.​clay.​2014.​12.​013 23. L. Wei, X. Yang, C. Xi, C. Hong, L. Yumin, L. Xueqing,
7. C. Gatlin, Petroleum engineering: drilling and well completions. Research and application of downhole blowout prevention sys-
J. Franklin. Inst. 269(5), 427 (1960). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​ tem while drilling: a review. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 188, 106882 (2020).
0016-​0032(60)​90185-X https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2019.​106882
8. R. Caenn, H.C.H. Darley, G.R. Gray, Composition and Properties 24. E. U. Akpan, G. C. Enyi, G. Nasr, A. A. Yahaya, A. A. Ahmadu,
of Drilling and Completion Fluids: Seventh Edition. Elsevier Inc., and B. Saidu, Water-based drilling fluids for high-temperature
(2016). http://​www.​scien​cedir​ect.​com:​5070/​book/​97801​28047​ applications and water-sensitive and dispersible shale formations,
514/​compo​sition-​and-​prope​rties-​of-​drill​ing-​and-​compl​etion-​fluids J Pet Sci Eng, 175 2018, 1028–1038. 2019, https://​doi.​org/​10.​
9. R. Caenn, H.C.H. Darley, G.R. Gray, Composition and properties 1016/j.​petrol.​2019.​01.​002.
of drilling and completion fluids. (2011). https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 016/​ 25. A. Aftab, A.R. Ismail, Z.H. Ibupoto, H. Akeiber, M.G.K. Mal-
C2009-0-​64504-9 ghani, Nanoparticles based drilling muds a solution to drill ele-
10. F.C. Fornasier, M. Campo, A. Djuric, D.M. Obando, Design- vated temperature wells: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.
ing environmentally conforming drilling fluids: challenges and (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​rser.​2017.​03.​050
considerations in Latin America. SPE Latin Am. Carib. Petrol. 26. D. Kania, R. Yunus, R. Omar, S. Abdul Rashid, and B. Mohamad
Engineering Conference Proceed. (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ Jan, A review of biolubricants in drilling fluids: recent research,
2118/​185492-​ms performance, and applications, J. Petrol. Sci. Engineering. 2015.
11. J. Hermoso, F. Martínez-Boza, C. Gallegos, Combined effect https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2015.​09.​021.
of pressure and temperature on the viscous behaviour of all-oil 27. S. Z. Razali, R. Yunus, S. Abdul Rashid, H. N. Lim, and B.
drilling fluids. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 69(7), 1283–1296 (2014). Mohamed Jan, Review of biodegradable synthetic-based drilling
https://​doi.​org/​10.​2516/​ogst/​20140​03 fluid: progression, performance and future prospect, Renewable
12. J. Hermoso, F. Martinez-Boza, C. Gallegos, Influence of viscos- and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 016/j.​
ity modifier nature and concentration on the viscous flow behav- rser.​2018.​03.​014.
iour of oil-based drilling fluids at high pressure. Appl. Clay. Sci. 28. SPE et al., Petroleum resources management system, OnePetro, 2018
(2014). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​clay.​2013.​10.​011 29. B. Guo, Properties of petroleum reservoirs, in Well productivity
13. M. Choudhary et al., “Data integration helps in identifying new handbook, Elsevier, 45–62. 2008. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​B978-
waterflood opportunities in western desert, onshore field,” Soci- 1-​933762-​32-6.​50010-7.
ety of Petroleum Engineers - SPE Oil and Gas India Conference 30. B. Guo, Petroleum reservoir properties, in Well productivity
and Exhibition 2017, pp. 1–15 (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​ handbook, Elsevier, 17–51. 2019. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​B978-
185387-​MS 0-​12-​818264-​2.​00002-6.

13
400 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

31. N. Vedachalam, S. Srinivasalu, G. Rajendran, G.A. Ramadass, M.A. Innovation. Systems and Technologies (2015). https://​doi.​org/​
Atmanand, Review of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in 10.​1007/​978-​81-​322-​2229-3_​11
major energy consuming countries and efforts in realizing natural gas 48. EC, COMMISSION DECISION (EU) 2018/1702 of 8 November
hydrates as a future source of energy. J. Natural Gas Sci. Engineering. 2018 establishing the EU Ecolabel criteria for lubricants, Official
(2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​jngse.​2015.​06.​008 J. Europ. Union, 2018.
32. Y. Li, D.-H. Zhou, W.-H. Wang, T.-X. Jiang, Z.-J. Xue, Develop- 49. Eco-mark Scheme (1996) https://c​ pcb.n​ ic.i​ n/d​ ispla​ ypdf.p​ hp?i​ d=​
ment of unconventional gas and technologies adopted in China. ZW52aX ​ Jvbm1​ lbnQt​ cGxhb​ m5pbm ​ cvZWN ​ vLWxh​ YmVsL ​ 2x1Y​
Energy Geoscience 1(1–2), 55–68 (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ nJpY2​F0aW5​nX29p​bHMuc​GRm
1016/j.​engeos.​2020.​04.​004 50. JEA, Certification Criteria. https://w ​ ww.e​ comar​ k.j​ p/n​ intei/i​ ndex_​
33. S. Rajput and N. K. Thakur, The road ahead and other thoughts, en.​html
in Geological controls for gas hydrate formations and uncon- 51. E. Commission, Documents. https://​ec.​europa.​eu/​envir​onment/​
ventionals, Elsevier,. 327–357. 2016. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​ ecola​bel/​docum​ents.​html
B978-0-​12-​802020-​3.​00010-2. 52. S.R. Shadizadeh, S. Majidaie, M. Zoveidavianpoor, Investiga-
34. V.C. Kelessidis, G.E. Mpandelis, Flow patterns and minimum tion of drill cuttings reinjection: environmental management in
suspension velocity for efficient cuttings transport in horizontal Iranian Ahwaz oilfield. Pet. Sci. Technol. (2011). https://​doi.​org/​
and deviated wells in coiled-tubing drilling, in SPE/ICoTA coiled 10.​1080/​10916​46090​35304​73
tubing conference and exhibition, 8–9 April, Houston. Texas. 53. E. Esosa Imarhiagbe and N. Omoregbe Obayagbona, Environmental
(2003). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​81746-​MS evaluation and biodegradability of drilling waste: a case study of
35. J. An et al., Transient cutting transport model for horizontal drill cuttings from Ologbo Oilfield Wells at Edo State, Nigeria, in
wells with a slim hole. Energy. Sci. Eng. 11(2), 796–810 (2023). Oil and gas wells, 2020. https://​doi.​org/​10.​5772/​intec​hopen.​88612.
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​ESE3.​1363 54. A.R. Ismail, A.H. Alias, W.R.W. Sulaiman, M.Z. Jaafar, I. Ismail,
36. N.B. Egenti, Understanding drill-cuttings transportation in devi- Drilling fluid waste management in drilling for oil and gas wells.
ated and horizontal wells, in SPE Nigeria annual international Chem. Eng. Trans. 56, 1351–1356 (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​
conference and exhibition. Soc. Petrol. Engineers. (2014). https://​ 3303/​CET17​56226
doi.​org/​10.​2118/​172835-​MS 55. “Waste Disposal Regulations for Drilling Mud & Cuttings
37. Christopher E. Brennen, Flow patterns, in Fundamentals of Technology, Cost Trends, Environmental Impact and Regional
multiphase flow, Cambridge University Press, 127–154. 2005. | MarketsandMarkets.” https://​www.​marke​tsand​marke​ts.​com/​
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1017/​CBO97​80511​807169.​008. Market-​Repor​ts/​waste-​dispo​sal-​regul​ations-​drill​ing-​mud-​cutti​
38. S. M. Iqbal et al., Experimental evaluation of different influenc- ngs-​11982​4692.​html
ing parameters on cutting transport performance (CTP) in devi- 56. O. Siddig, A.A. Mahmoud, S. Elkatatny, A review of different approaches
ated wells, Geosystems and Geoenvironment, 2(1):100110. 2023, for water-based drilling fluid filter cake removal. J Pet Sci Eng 192,
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/J.​GEOGEO.​2022.​100110. 107346 (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2020.​107346
39. M.M. Huque, M.A. Rahman, S. Zendehboudi, S. Butt, S. Imtiaz, 57. A.H. Kamel, A novel mud formulation for drilling operations in
Investigation of cuttings transport in a horizontal well with high- the permafrost. SPE Western Region. Meeting Proceed. (2013).
speed visualization and electrical resistance tomography tech- https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​165335-​ms
nique. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 92, 103968 (2021). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ 58. H. Hakim, A. Katende, F. Sagala, I. Ismail, H. Nsamba,
1016/J.​JNGSE.​2021.​103968 Performance of polyethylene and polypropylene beads towards
40 L. Xiao, H. Zhang, X. Wang, F. Zhang, Dimensionless regime drill cuttings transportation in horizontal wellbore. J Pet Sci Eng
mapping and modeling for particle suspension flows. Int. J. 165, 962–969 (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2018.​01.​075
Petrol. Petrochem. Engineering. 5, 2 (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ 59. N.V. Boyou, I. Ismail, M.H. Hamzah, O.M.D. Uche, Polypro-
20431/​2454-​7980.​05020​02 pylene beads in water-based mud for cuttings transportation
41. Y. NiNo, F. Lopez, M. Garcia, Threshold for particle entrainment improvement. Chem. Eng. Trans. 63, 787–792 (2018). https://​
into suspension. Sedimentology 50(2), 247–263 (2003). https://​ doi.​org/​10.​3303/​CET18​63132
doi.​org/​10.​1046/j.​1365-​3091.​2003.​00551.x 60. R.R. Shettigar, N.M. Misra, K. Patel, CTAB grafted PAM gel
42. H. Arafa, U.S. petroleum industry’s environmental expenditures and its application in drilling fluid. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 160, 129–135
(1992–2001) API, 2003. (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2017.​10.​040
43. H. Zhou, K.I. Dismuke, N.L. Lett, G.S. Penny, Development of 61. A.T.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Experimental investigation of envi-
more environmentally friendly demulsifiers, in SPE international ronmentally friendly drilling fluid additives (mandarin peels
symposium and exhibition on formation damage control. Soc. powder) to substitute the conventional chemicals used in water-
Petrol. Engineers (2012). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​151852-​MS based drilling fluid. J Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 10(2), 407–417
44. A.K. Jordan, D.J. Daulton, J.A. Cobb, T.G. Grumbles, Quantita- (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s13202-​019-​0725-7
tive rankings measure oilfield chemicals environmental impacts, 62. A.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Proposing a new biodegradable thinner
in SPE annual technical conference and exhibition. Soc. Petrol. and fluid loss control agent for water-based drilling fluid appli-
Engineers (2010). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​135517-​MS cations. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(8), 3621–3632 (2020).
45. J. Sanders, D.A. Tuck, R.J. Sherman, Are your chemical prod- https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s13762-​020-​02650-y
ucts green? - a chemical hazard scoring system, in SPE interna- 63. S. Ghaderi, S.A. Haddadi, S. Davoodi, M. Arjmand, Application
tional conference on health, safety and environment in oil and of sustainable saffron purple petals as an eco-friendly green addi-
gas exploration and production. Soc. Petrol. Engineers (2010). tive for drilling fluids: a rheological, filtration, morphological,
https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​126451-​MS and corrosion inhibition study. JN Mol Liq. 315, 113707 (2020).
46. A. Wilcox, R. Haut, and T. Williams, Environmentally friendly https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​molliq.​2020.​113707
drilling systems scorecard, Society of Petroleum Engineers - SPE 64. J.O. Oseh et al., Experimental investigation of the effect of henna
E and P Health, Safety, Security and Environmental Conference leaf extracts on cuttings transportation in highly deviated and
– Americas. 685–692, 2015, https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.2​ 118/1​ 73572-m
​ s. horizontal wells. J. Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 9(3), 2387–2404
47. J. Thomsen, T.C. McAloone, Does the Ecomark label promote (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s13202-​019-​0631-z
environmentally improved products in India and what expe- 65. J. Ramasamy, M. Amanullah, Novel fibrous lost circulation mate-
riences can be drawn from the Nordic Ecolabel?, in Smart rials derived from deceased date tree waste, Society of Petroleum

13
Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402 401

Engineers - SPE Kingdom of Saudi Arabia annual technical sym- 81. M. Bagum, J. M. Ahammad, T. Husain, and M. E. Hossain, An
posium and exhibition 2017, no. Economides 1998, 1503–1510 experimental study to develop an environmental friendly mud
(2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​187989-​ms additive of drilling fluid using Aloe vera, J Pet Sci Eng, 211.
66. J. Cai, M.E. Chenevert, M.M. Sharma, J. Friedheim, Decreas- 2022, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2022.​110135.
ing water invasion into Atoka shale using nonmodified silica 82. A.T. Al-Hameedi, H.H. Alkinani, S. Dunn-Norman, Develop-
nanoparticles. SPE Drill. Complet. (2012). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ ment of high-performance water-based drilling fluid using bio-
2118/​146979-​PA degradable eco-friendly additive (peanut shells). Int. J. Environ.
67. M.E. Hossain, M. Wajheeuddin, The use of grass as an Sci. Technol. 19(6), 4959–4970 (2022). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​
environmentally friendly additive in water-based drilling s13762-​021-​03472-2
fluids. Pet. Sci. 13(2), 292–303 (2016). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​ 83. C. Apostolidou, E. Sarris, and A. Georgakopoulos, Dynamic ther-
s12182-​016-​0083-8 mal aging of water-based drilling fluids with different types of low-
68. A.T.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Insights into the application of new rank coals as environmental friendly shear thinning additives, J Pet
eco-friendly drilling fluid additive to improve the fluid properties Sci Eng. 208. 2022, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2021.​109758.
in water-based drilling fluid systems. J Pet Sci Eng 183, 106424 84. Ifeanyi, Ikpeseni, M. C. Ogbue, Ekpu M, Edomwonyi-Otu, “Pre-
(2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2019.​106424 liminary Investigation of African Oil Bean Husk as a Feasible
69. E.B. Ekeinde, E.E. Okoro, A. Dosunmu, S. Iyuke, Optimizing Fluid-Loss Control Agent in Drilling Muds,” J. Sci. Technol Res.
aqueous drilling mud system viscosity with green additives. J. 5(1), 2023–218 (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​5281/​zenodo.​77441​56
Pet. Explor. Prod. Technol. 9(1), 315–318 (2019). https://​doi.​ 85. M.H. Rasool, M. Ahmad, M. Ayoub, M.A. Abbas, A novel ascor-
org/​10.​1007/​s13202-​018-​0481-0 bic acid based natural deep eutectic solvent as a drilling mud
70. V. Mahto, V.P. Sharma, Rheological study of a water based oil additive for shale stabilization. Processes. 11 1135:11, 4, 1135
well drilling fluid. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 45(1–2), 123–128 (2004). (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​PR110​41135
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2004.​03.​008 86. R.G. Bland, G.A. Mullen, Y.N. Gonzalez, F.E. Harvey, M.L.
71. V.A.V. de Oliveira, K. dos Santos Alves, A.A. da Silva-Junior, Pless, HPHT drilling fluid challenges, in IADC/SPE Asia Pacific
R.M. Araújo, R.C. Balaban, L. Hilliou, Testing carrageenans drilling technology conference and exhibition. Soc. Petrol. Engi-
with different chemical structures for water-based drilling fluid neers (2006). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​103731-​MS
application. J Mol Liq 299, 112139 (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​ 87. M. Amani, M. Al-Jubouri, A. Shadravan, Comparative study of
1016/j.​molliq.​2019.​112139 using oil-based mud versus water-based mud in HPHT fields.
72. S. Davoodi, A. Ramazani S.A., S. Jamshidi, and A. Fellah Jah- Adv. Petrol. Explor. Develop. (2012). https://​doi.​org/​10.​3968/j.​
romi, A novel field applicable mud formula with enhanced aped.​19255​43820​120402.​987
fluid loss properties in high pressure-high temperature well 88. “(PDF) The Application of Biodiesel as an Environmental
condition containing pistachio shell powder, J Pet Sci Eng, Friendly Drilling Fluid to Drill Oil and Gas Wells.” https://w ​ ww.​
2018, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2017.​12.​059. resea​rchga​te.​net/​publi​cation/​31655​5416_​The_​Appli​cation_​of_​
73. P.K. Jha, V. Mahto, V.K. Saxena, Effects of carboxymethyl cel- Biodi​esel_​as_​an_​Envir​onmen​tal_​Frien​dly_​Drill​ing_​Fluid_​to_​
lulose and tragacanth gum on the properties of emulsion-based Drill_​Oil_​and_​Gas_​Wells
drilling fluids. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 93(9), 1577–1587 (2015). 89. A.A. Sulaimon, B.J. Adeyemi, M. Rahimi, Performance enhancement
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1002/​cjce.​22259 of selected vegetable oil as base fluid for drilling HPHT formation.
74. M. Murtaza, H. M. Ahmad, X. Zhou, D. Al-Shehri, M. Mahmoud, J Pet Sci Eng (2017). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2017.​02.​006
and M. Shahzad Kamal, Okra mucilage as environment friendly 90. W. Li et al., An investigation on environmentally friendly
and non-toxic shale swelling inhibitor in water based drilling fluids, biodiesel-based invert emulsion drilling f luid. J. Pet.
Fuel, 320. 2022, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​fuel.​2022.​123868. Explor. Prod. Technol.K (2016). https:// ​ d oi. ​ o rg/ ​ 1 0. ​ 1 007/​
75. M. Murtaza, Z. Tariq, X. Zhou, D. Al-Shehri, M. Mahmoud, s13202-​015-​0205-7
and M. S. Kamal, Okra as an environment-friendly fluid loss 91. J.O. Oseh et al., Investigating almond seed oil as potential bio-
control additive for drilling fluids: experimental & modeling diesel-based drilling mud. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. (2019). https://​doi.​
studies, J Pet Sci Eng, 204. 2021, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​ org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2019.​106201
petrol.​2021.​108743. 92. S. Jinsheng, H. Xianbin, J. Guancheng, L. Kaihe, L. Jingping,
76. X. Li, G. Jiang, Y. He, G. Chen, Novel starch composite D. Zhiwen, Development of key additives for organoclay-free
fluid loss additives and their applications in environmentally oil-based drilling mud and system performance evaluation. Pet.
friendly water-based drilling fluids. Energy Fuels 35(3), 2506– Explor. Dev. 45(4), 764–769 (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​
2513 (2021). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​acs.​energ​yfuels.​0c032​58 S1876-​3804(18)​30079-X
77. G. Zhou, Z. Qiu, H. Zhong, X. Zhao, X. Kong, Study of Envi- 93. W. Li et al., Novel modified rectorite provides reliable rheol-
ronmentally friendly wild Jujube pit powder as a water-based ogy and suspendability for biodiesel based drilling fluid, in SPE/
drilling fluid additive. ACS. Omega. 6(2), 1436–1444 (2021). IADC Middle East drilling technology conference and exhibi-
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​acsom​ega.​0c051​08 tion. Soc. Petrol. Engineers. (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​
78. S. Davoodi, A. Ramazani, V. Rukavishnikov, K. Minaev, 189310-​MS
Insights into application of acorn shell powder in drilling fluid 94. B.K. Paswan, R. Jain, S.K. Sharma, V. Mahto, V.P. Sharma,
as environmentally friendly additive: filtration and rheology. Development of Jatropha oil-in-water emulsion drilling mud sys-
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18(4), 835–848 (2021). https://​ tem. J Pet Sci Eng 144, 10–18 (2016). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​
doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s13762-​020-​02880-0 petrol.​2016.​03.​002
79. J. Sun et al., Environmentally friendly and salt-responsive poly- 95. M. Khodja, H. Debih, H. Lebtahi, M.B. Amish, New HTHP fluid
mer brush based on lignin nanoparticle as fluid-loss additive in loss control agent for oil-based drilling fluid from pharmaceutical
water-based drilling fluids, Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng waste. Clean. Eng. Technol. 8, 100476 (2022). https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.​
Asp, 621. 2021, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​colsu​rfa.​2021.​126482. 1016/J.​CLET.​2022.​100476
80. X. Gao, H. Y. Zhong, X. Bin Zhang, A. L. Chen, Z. S. Qiu, and W. 96. L. Rong, A. Santra, G. Ross, and R. C. Advincula, Polymer grafted
A. Huang, Application of sustainable basil seed as an eco-friendly graphene via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP): a rhe-
multifunctional additive for water-based drilling fluids, Pet Sci, ology improver in oil-based drilling fluids, MRS Commun, 1–6,
18(4):1163–1181, 2021, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petsci.​2021.​05.​005. 2023, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1557/​S43579-​023-​00354-1/​FIGUR​ES/4.

13
402 Emergent Materials (2024) 7:387–402

97. L. B. Pereira, C. M. S. Sad, E. V. R. Castro, P. R. Filguei- 113. H. Zhong et al., Formulation and evaluation of β-cyclodextrin
ras, and V. Lacerda, Environmental impacts related to drilling polymer microspheres for improved HTHP filtration control in
fluid waste and treatment methods: a critical review, Fuel, 310. water-based drilling fluids. J. Mol. Liq. (2020). https://​doi.​org/​
2022, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/J.​FUEL.​2021.​122301. 10.​1016/j.​molliq.​2020.​113549
98. J. Seyedmohammadi, The effects of drilling fluids and environ- 114. C. Godwin Jacob and B. Bari-Agara, Evaluation of corn cob
ment protection from pollutants using some models. Model. cellulose and its suitability for drilling mud formulation. J. Engi-
Earth. Syst. Environ. 3(1), 1–14 (2017). https://​d oi.​o rg/​1 0.​ neering Res. App. 4(5):112-117, 2014
1007/​S40808-​017-​0299-7/​TABLES/1 115. A.N. Okon, F.D. Udoh, P.G. Bassey, Evaluation of rice husk as
99. X. Zhao, D. Li, H. Zhu, J. Ma, Y. An, Advanced developments fluid loss control additive in water-based drilling mud, in SPE
in environmentally friendly lubricants for water-based drilling Nigeria annual international conference and exhibition. Soc. Pet-
fluid: a review. RSC Adv 12(35), 22853–22868 (2022). https://​ rol. Engineers (2014). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​172379-​MS
doi.​org/​10.​1039/​D2RA0​3888A 116. A.O. Gbadamosi, R. Junin, Y. Abdalla, A. Agi, J.O. Oseh,
100. B. Borah, B.M. Das, A review on applications of bio-products Experimental investigation of the effects of silica nanoparticle
employed in drilling fluids to minimize environmental foot- on hole cleaning efficiency of water-based drilling mud. J. Pet.
print. Environ. Challenges 6, 100411 (2022). https://​doi.​org/​ Sc.i Eng. 172, 1226–1234 (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​
10.​1016/J.​ENVC.​2021.​100411 petrol.​2018.​09.​097
101. H. R. Melton et al., Environmental aspects of the use and dis- 117. M.M. Al-Rubaii, R.N. Gajbhiye, A. Al-Yami, M. Alshalan, M.B.
posal of non aqueous drilling fluids associated with offshore Al-Awami, Automated evaluation of hole cleaning efficiency
oil & gas operations, SPE international conference on health, while drilling improves rate of penetration, in International
safety and environment in oil and gas exploration and produc- petroleum technology conference, Dhahran. Kingdom of Saudi
tion, 2004, https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​86696-​MS. Arabia: Int. Petrol. Technol. Confer. (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​
102. S. Yang, X. Wang, Y. Pan, Q. Zhan, L.E. Yvan, Environmen- 2523/​IPTC-​19809-​MS
tally friendly drilling fluid lubricant: a review. Ind. Eng. Chem. 118. M. Rasi, Hole cleaning in large, high-angle wellbores, in IADC/
Res. (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​ACS.​IECR.​3C007​67 SPE drilling conference, Dallas, Texas: Society of Petroleum
103. C. Cui et al., Utilization of oil-based drilling cuttings as asphalt Engineers, 1994. https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​27464-​MS.
pavement surface: study on the mechanical characteristics and 119. A. Saasen and G. Løklingholm, The effect of drilling fluid rheo-
long-term environmental impact. Environ. Technol Innov. 30, logical properties on hole cleaning, in ADC/SPE Drilling confer-
103052 (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/J.​ETI.​2023.​103052 ence, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 1–5. 2002. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/​
104. M.A. Hatefi, H.R. Balilehvand, Risk assessment of oil and gas 10.​2118/​74558-​ms.
drilling operation: an empirical case using a hybrid GROC- 120. H. H. Alkinani, A. T. T. Al-Hameedi, S. Dunn-Norman, M. A.
VIMUN-modified FMEA method. Process. Saf. Environ. Prot. Al-Alwani, D. L. Missouri, and W. H. Al-Bazzaz, Application
170, 392–402 (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/J.​PSEP.​2022.​12.​006 of descriptive data analytics: how to properly select the best
105. J. Yang, J. Sun, R. Wang, and Y. Qu, Treatment of drilling fluid ranges of viscosity and flow rate for optimal hole cleaning?,
waste during oil and gas drilling: a review, Environmental sci- SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, 2019, https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​
ence and pollution research 30:8. 30(8). 19662–19682. 2023, 196597-​MS.
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​S11356-​022-​25114-X. 121. H. Movahedi, M. Farahani, and S. (2016) Jamshidi, Application
106. T. Li, J. Li, J. Cao, J. Wang, C. Gong, Y. Deng, Risk mitigation of hydrated basil seeds (HBS) as the herbal fiber on hole clean-
strategy improves drilling performance with geomechanical ing and filtration control, J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 152:212–228. 2017,
modelling in horizontal wells (2023). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2523/​ https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2017.​02.​014.
IPTC-​22855-​MS 122. A.T.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Laboratory study of environmentally
107. A. T. T. Al-Hameedi, H. H. Alkinani, S. Dunn-Norman, H. friendly drilling fluid additives banana peel powder for
W. Albazzaz, and M. M. Alkhamis, Insights into eco-friendly modifying the drilling fluid characteristics in water-based
and conventional drilling additives: applications, cost analysis, muds, in International Petroleum Technology Conference. Int.
health, safety, and environmental considerations, in Society of Petrol. Technol. Conference. (2020). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2523/​
Petroleum Engineers - SPE Symposium: Asia Pacific Health, IPTC-​19964-​MS
safety, security, environment and social responsibility, 2019. 123. A.M. Alsabagh, M.I. Abdou, H.E. Ahmed, A.A. Khalil, A.A.
https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​195398-​ms. Aboulrous, Evaluation of some natural water-insoluble cellulosic
108. F. H. Ballen, E. Evans, J. Crane, and A. Singh, Sample profit- material as lost circulation control additives in water-based drill-
ability and cost estimates of producing sweet flavored Caram- ing fluid. Egypt. J. Pet. 24(4), 461–468 (2015). https://​doi.​org/​
bola (Averrhoa carambola) in South Florida., EDIS, 2020, 10.​1016/j.​ejpe.​2015.​06.​004
https://​doi.​org/​10.​32473/​edis-​fe1079-​2020. 124. A.T.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Environmental friendly drilling fluid
109. A. Moslemizadeh, S.R. Shadizadeh, A natural dye in water- additives: can food waste products be used as thinners and
based drilling fluids: swelling inhibitive characteristic and fluid loss control agents for drilling fluid?, in SPE Symposium:
side effects. Petroleum 3(3), 355–366 (2017). https://​doi.​org/​ Asia Pacific health, safety, security, environment and social
10.​1016/j.​petlm.​2016.​08.​007 responsibility. Soc. Petrol Engineers. (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​
110. O.E. Agwu, J.U. Akpabio, Using agro-waste materials as possible 2118/​195410-​MS
filter loss control agents in drilling muds: a review. J. Petrol. Sci. 125. A.T.T. Al-Hameedi et al., Laboratory study of environmentally
Eng. (2018). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/j.​petrol.​2018.​01.​009 friendly drilling fluid additives to be used a thinner in water-
111. M.C. Li et al., Cellulose Nanocrystals and polyanionic cellulose based muds, in Abu Dhabi International petroleum exhibition &
as additives in bentonite water-based drilling fluids: rheological conference. Soc. Petrol. Engineers (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​2118/​
modeling and filtration mechanisms. Ind Eng Chem Res (2016). 197846-​MS
https://​doi.​org/​10.​1021/​acs.​iecr.​5b035​10 126. A. Salmachi, P. Talemi, Z.Y. Tooski, Psyllium husk in water-
112. R.C.S. Da Luz, F.P. Fagundes, R.D.C. Balaban, Water-based based drilling fluids: an environmentally friendly viscosity and
drilling fluids: the contribution of xanthan gum and carboxym- filtration agent, in Abu Dhabi International petroleum exhibition
ethylcellulose on filtration control. Chem. Pap. (2017). https://​ & conference. Soc. Petrol. Engineers (2016). https://​doi.​org/​10.​
doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s11696-​017-​0231-7 2118/​183308-​MS

13