Reviewer in Intprog
Reviewer in Intprog
MODULE 01:
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING
Prepared by:
MARY GRACE D. SILVANO
Table of Contents
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COURSE DESCRIPTION
DCIT 21 – INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Major Examinations
2. Student Portfolio / Activities / Project
3. Class Participation
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Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacoor City Campus
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor
PRE-TEST:
1. It is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
2. Other term for Central Processing Unit (CPU) which acts as the "brain" of the
computer.
3. Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.
4. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
5. These are personal computers intended for business or professional use which
are faster and more capable than personal computers.
COMPUTER
• An electronic device that takes data, process the data according to a series of
instruction called program and produces information.
• An electronic device capable of performing mathematical and logical operations.
• An electronic system designed to manipulate data.
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PROGRAM
• Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER
• The computer functions only when input and the necessary instructions to process
the information have been provided by a human being.
• It can detect but generally cannot correct inaccurate entry by itself.
• It is subject to occasional breakdown or computer malfunction because of power
failures, computer failure, humidity, temperature, and maintenance time.
PARTS OF COMPUTERS
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SYSTEM UNIT
Storage
• Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a
metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer
is turned off.
• Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or
stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive
amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of
storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is
normally located inside the system unit.
• Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located
on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a
CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a
recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also
use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.
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Floppy disk drive
• Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or
diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount
of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage.
For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be,
although some computers still include them. Floppy disk * Why are floppy disks
"floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve.
The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.
FLOPPY DISK
Mouse
• A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer
screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like
an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire
that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.
MOUSE
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Keyboard
• A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on
a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
• The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on
where they are used.
• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to
enter numbers quickly.
• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within
a document or webpage.
KEYBOARD
Monitor
• A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion
of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television
screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.
• There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD
(liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD
monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors,
however, are generally more affordable.
CRT MONITOR 7
LCD MONITOR
Printer
• A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use
your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations,
announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their
own photos at home.
• The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers
are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in
full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper.
Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.
Speakers
Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your
computer.
SPEAKERS
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Modem
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that
sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable.
Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually
separate components.
MODEM
The benefits of computers are possible because computers have the advantages of
speed, reliability, consistency, storage and communications.
Speed - Computer operations occur through electronic circuit. When data, instructions,
and information flow along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Many
computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second.
Consistency - Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same
results – consistently. Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is
correct and the instructions work.
Storage - Computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available
for processing anytime it is needed.
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DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS
Some disadvantages of computers relate to the violation of privacy, the impact on the
labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.
Impact on Labor Force - Although computers have improved productivity and created
an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
employees have been replaced by computers.
Health Risks - Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to health injuries or
disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper
work place design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work
breaks.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
Abacus
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rectangular frame. Each bead represents a quantity and can be manipulated to
perform arithmetic operations.
Charles Babbage
First generation of computers was designed for a specific task that’s why a complex form
of human machine communication commonly known as machine language was used.
Machine language involved the manipulation of bits (1’s or 0’s) to tell the computer to
operate.
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Than that of electro-mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with general-
purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike.
Focused on the development of the “transistor”. The major difference and advancement of
thetransistor from hot vacuum is its smaller size and increased reliability. With this, it resulted
to smaller and smaller computers, which were faster and more energy efficient than their
predecessors. Moreover, it has used a more specialized language with easier abbreviated
THIRD GENERATION
The third generation is all about “Integration”. It is a process in which numerous electronic
components are bought together to compose a system unit (An integrated circuit) that
combines them in a dynamic, coordinated manner. The first integrated circuit (IC) was
invented independently by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
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An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that
can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.
The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.
Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As
a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing,
real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like
C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.
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• Computers became easily available
• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
The fifth generation of computers can understand human speech, and can be recognize
patterns like faces and other complex images. The terms broadly used include artificial
intelligence, expert systems, and natural language processing. However, this generations
have not come to its full realization because there’s still no computer that can be fully
compared to human capabilities
• Artificial Intelligence
• Expert Systems
• Natural language processing
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Business Applications – are used to store information provide easy interface with
customer,and facilitate processing and presentation of data. Businesses use computers
in various purposes such as storing information in databases, providing an easy interface
with customer,cutting costs, and facilitating the processing and presentation of data.
Mathematics and science – Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of the DNA.
Computers have also taken part on the advancement of various fields of scientific and
mathematical endeavors. Moreover, computer systems played a major role in new
headwaysand discoveries in virtually every science in the modern age.
Engineering – the field of engineering gave us amazing devices, particularly in the area
of computer engineering wherein the degrees of miniaturization and integration have
multiplied simultaneously. Today, processor is created with circuit pathways that are less
than ten microns wide. In aeronautical engineering, the design and manufacturing of
spacecrafts, satellites, space stations, and the equipment used by astronauts in space.
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include the design of other programslike the liver, kidney, and limbs.
Education - In the area of education, computers have been and are still indispensable. It
has allowed us to create presentation materials and documents easily. In addition,
research became easier with the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
Along with businesses, education has also gone online. Earning a degree or other
academic designationwith the use of distance learning through videoconferencing is now
emerging. This allows us to apply for and obtain an academic degree in a foreign
university and the like. Some of the accreditation exams are also given online like the
certification of Sun Microsystems for their solutions technologies like Java.
Entertainment - Computer systems played a major role for the entertainment industry.
The use of computers in the entertainment industry has revolutionized from music to
visual arts to interactive games and virtual simulations. The audio files use rich
compression technologies which has the most popular format – MPEG Layer 3, or MP3.
With this, audio files now have sizes that are tenth of their previous, more conventional
versions allowing a single CD to contain more than a hundred songs and conveniently
store songs in a computer.
COMPUTER
A computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data and produces
output according to a series of stored instructions. It is a powerful electronic device that
performs theinstructions in a program.
With this, four functions of the computer were identified. These functions are collectively
called the Information Processing Cycle: accepts data – input, processes data –
processing, produces output – output and stores results – storage.
BASIC TERMS
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TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Workstations - are personal computers intended for business or professional use which are
faster and more capable than personal computers, Applications used in workstations are
designed for engineering companies, architects, graphic designers, and any organization,
department, or individual that requires a faster microprocessor, and a large amount of random-
access memory.
Palmtop/Handheld - These are small types of personal computers which are very easy to
carry anywhere. Palmtops are mobile computers that fit enough in a user’s hand. These are
intended as personal organizers, having an address book, an appointment calendar, an
internet access capability and a calculator. A handheld computer is a Microsoft term for a
computer built around a form factor which is smaller than any standard notebook PC or laptop.
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Table PC - A tablet pc is a computer in a notebook or a slate form that accepts input through
the use of digitizing tablet technology or a touch screen. This type of computer can be operated
by a user with the use of a stylus instead of a keyboard and a mouse.
Mainframe - e is an industry term for large computers that are typically used for commercial
applications of business and large-scale computing purposes. They are generally associated
with centralized rather than distributed computing. They also centrally process all data input
by several hundred users.
POST-TEST:
1. It is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
2. Other term for Central Processing Unit (CPU) which acts as the "brain" of the
computer.
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3. Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.
4. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
5. These are personal computers intended for business or professional use which
are faster and more capable than personal computers.
PRE-TEST POST-TEST
1. Mouse 1. Mouse
2. Microprocessor 2. Microprocessor
3. Program 3. Program
4. System Unit 4. System Unit
5. Workstations 5. Workstations
REFERENCES
• https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/sec229new/Lesson1.pdf
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_concepts/computer_concepts_introduct
ion_to_computer.htm
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