2024

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
CCAT
ROSARIO CAVITE

MODULE 01:
INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING

Prepared by:
MARY GRACE D. SILVANO
Table of Contents

COURSE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................... 2

MISSION.................................................................................................................................................... 2
VISION ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
COURSE REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................. 2
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES ......................................................................................................... 3
PRE-TEST ............................................................................................................................. 3
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CONCEPTS .................................................................... 3
CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER........................................................................................... 4
LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER............................................................................................. 4
PARTS OF COMPUTERS..................................................................................................... 4
ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS ............................................................................ 9
DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS .................................................................... 10
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ............................................................................................... 10
THE FIRST GENERATION ................................................................................................. 11
THE SECOND GENERATION ............................................................................................ 12
THE THIRD GENERATION ................................................................................................. 12
THE FOURTH GENERATION ............................................................................................. 13
THE FIFTH GENERATION ................................................................................................. 14
TYPES OF COMPUTERS ................................................................................................... 16
POST-TEST ........................................................................................................................ 17
PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST FEEDBACK ......................................................................... 18
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 18

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 COURSE DESCRIPTION
DCIT 21 – INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTING

This course provides an overview of the Computing

Republic of the Philippines
Industry and Computing profession, including
CAVITE STATE Research and Applications in different fields; an
UNIVERSITY Appreciation of Computing in different fields such as
CCAT Biology, Sociology, Environment and Gaming; an
ROSARIO CAVITE Understanding of ACM Requirement; an
Appreciation of the history of computing; and Knowledge of
the Key Components of Computer
Systems, (Organization and Architecture), Malware,
Computer Security, Internet and Internet protocols,
HTML4/5 and CSS..
PROGRAM OUTCOMES ADDRESSED BY THE
MISSION COURSE. AFTER COMPLETING THIS
Cavite State University shall COURSE, THE STUDENTS MUST BE ABLE
provide excellent, equitable TO:
and relevant educational
opportunities in the arts,
science and technology
through quality instruction and
Attain the vision, mission, goals and objectives of
relevant research and
the university, campus and department,
development activities.
It shall produce professional, 1. Deliver a gender fair and gender sensitive
skilled and morally upright instruction to students aligned with
individuals for global University goals and objectives,
competitiveness. 2. Examine and apply the fundamental
techniques of data/information security.
3. Identify and explain potential security
issues.
VISION 4. Compare and contrast the different
encrypting and decrypting techniques for
The premier university in ensuring data security;
historic Cavite recognized for 5. Prepare students for building scripts that
excellence in the development control a sequence of program steps such
of globally competitive and as those used in developing testing and
morally upright individuals. deploying software;
6. Demonstrate and introduce the use of
Python, a modern scripting language to
create scripts for automating system.
7. Demonstrate foundation of knowledge of
data security/assurance within the
organization.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. Major Examinations
2. Student Portfolio / Activities / Project
3. Class Participation

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 Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Bacoor City Campus
SHIV, Molino VI, City of Bacoor

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After the completion of the unit, students will be able to:

1. Understand the history of computer and its generation;

2. Discover about the advantage and disadvantage of using computers;
3. Determine the different parts of a computer; and
4. Demonstrate understanding about computer concepts.

PRE-TEST:

Direction: Identify the terms describe by the following:

1. It is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
2. Other term for Central Processing Unit (CPU) which acts as the "brain" of the
computer.
3. Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.
4. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
5. These are personal computers intended for business or professional use which
are faster and more capable than personal computers.

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER CONCEPTS

COMPUTER

• An electronic device that takes data, process the data according to a series of
instruction called program and produces information.
• An electronic device capable of performing mathematical and logical operations.
• An electronic system designed to manipulate data.

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PROGRAM

• Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.

CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER

• It has the ability to perform mathematical and logical operation.

• It has the ability to store or remember a great amount and variety of information
and retrieve or recall the information needed almost instantly.
• It has the ability to handle large volume of repetitive tasks accurately over long
period of time.
• It can communicate with its operators and other machines.
• It has the ability to control error and check itself.

LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER

• The computer functions only when input and the necessary instructions to process
the information have been provided by a human being.
• It can detect but generally cannot correct inaccurate entry by itself.
• It is subject to occasional breakdown or computer malfunction because of power
failures, computer failure, humidity, temperature, and maintenance time.

PARTS OF COMPUTERS

• The system unit is the core of a computer system.

• Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
• Inside this box are many electronic components that process information.
• The most important of these components is the central processing unit (CPU), or
microprocessor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer.
• Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores
information that the CPU uses while the computer is on.
• The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.
• Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables.
• The cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system
unit.
• Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device.

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SYSTEM UNIT

Storage

• Your computer has one or more disk drives—devices that store information on a
metal or plastic disk. The disk preserves the information even when your computer
is turned off.

Hard Disk Drive

• Your computer's hard disk drive stores information on a hard disk, a rigid platter or
stack of platters with a magnetic surface. Because hard disks can hold massive
amounts of information, they usually serve as your computer's primary means of
storage, holding almost all of your programs and files. The hard disk drive is
normally located inside the system unit.

CD and DVD drives

• Nearly all computers today come equipped with a CD or DVD drive, usually located
on the front of the system unit. CD drives use lasers to read (retrieve) data from a
CD, and many CD drives can also write (record) data onto CDs. If you have a
recordable disk drive, you can store copies of your files on blank CDs. You can also
use a CD drive to play music CDs on your computer.

CD AND DVD DRIVE

HARD DRIVE

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Floppy disk drive

• Floppy disk drives store information on floppy disks, also called floppies or
diskettes. Compared to CDs and DVDs, floppy disks can store only a small amount
of data. They also retrieve information more slowly and are more prone to damage.
For these reasons, floppy disk drives are less popular than they used to be,
although some computers still include them. Floppy disk * Why are floppy disks
"floppy"? Even though the outside is made of hard plastic, that's just the sleeve.
The disk inside is made of a thin, flexible vinyl material.

FLOPPY DISK

Mouse

• A mouse is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer
screen. Although mice come in many shapes, the typical mouse does look a bit like
an actual mouse. It's small, oblong, and connected to the system unit by a long wire
that resembles a tail. Some newer mice are wireless.

MOUSE

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Keyboard

• A keyboard is used mainly for typing text into your computer. Like the keyboard on
a typewriter, it has keys for letters and numbers, but it also has special keys:
• The function keys, found on the top row, perform different functions depending on
where they are used.
• The numeric keypad, located on the right side of most keyboards, allows you to
enter numbers quickly.
• The navigation keys, such as the arrow keys, allow you to move your position within
a document or webpage.

KEYBOARD

Monitor

• A monitor displays information in visual form, using text and graphics. The portion
of the monitor that displays the information is called the screen. Like a television
screen, a computer screen can show still or moving pictures.
• There are two basic types of monitors: CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors and LCD
(liquid crystal display) monitors. Both types produce sharp images, but LCD
monitors have the advantage of being much thinner and lighter. CRT monitors,
however, are generally more affordable.

CRT MONITOR 7
LCD MONITOR
 Printer

• A printer transfers data from a computer onto paper. You don't need a printer to use
your computer, but having one allows you to print e-mail, cards, invitations,
announcements, and other materials. Many people also like being able to print their
own photos at home.
• The two main types of printers are inkjet printers and laser printers. Inkjet printers
are the most popular printers for the home. They can print in black and white or in
full color and can produce high-quality photographs when used with special paper.
Laser printers are faster and generally better able to handle heavy use.

Speakers

Speakers are used to play sound. They may be built into the system unit or connected
with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear sound effects from your
computer.
SPEAKERS

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Modem

To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that
sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable.
Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually
separate components.

MODEM

The difference between

a modem and a router is that
a modem connects to the
internet, and a router connects
devices to Wi-Fi.

ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

The benefits of computers are possible because computers have the advantages of
speed, reliability, consistency, storage and communications.

Speed - Computer operations occur through electronic circuit. When data, instructions,
and information flow along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast speeds. Many
computers process billions or trillions of operations in a single second.

Reliability - The electronic components in modern computers are dependable and

reliable because they rarely break or fail.

Consistency - Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same
results – consistently. Computers generate error-free results, provided the input is
correct and the instructions work.

Storage - Computers store enormous amounts of data and make this data available
for processing anytime it is needed.

Communications - Most computers today can communicate with other computers,

often wirelessly. Computers allow users to communicate with one another.

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DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS

Some disadvantages of computers relate to the violation of privacy, the impact on the
labor force, health risks, and the impact on the environment.

Violation of Privacy - It is crucial that personal and confidential records stored

computer in computers be protected properly. In many instances, where these records
were not properly protected individuals have found their privacy violated and identifies
stolen.

Impact on Labor Force - Although computers have improved productivity and created
an entire industry with hundreds of thousands of new jobs, the skills of millions of
employees have been replaced by computers.

Health Risks - Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to health injuries or
disorders. Computer users can protect themselves from health risks through proper
work place design, good posture while at the computer, and appropriately spaced work
breaks.

Impact on Environment - Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste

are depleting natural resources and polluting the environment.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

Abacus

The abacus (plural abaci or

abacuses), also called a counting
frame, is a calculating tool that was in
use in the ancient Near East, Europe,
China, and Russia, centuries before the
adoption of the written Arabic numeral
system.
Abacus essentially consists of a number
of rows of movable beads or other
objects, which represent digits. One of
two numbers is set up, and the beads
are manipulated to implement an
operation involving a second number
(e.g., addition), or rarely a square or
cubic root.

An abacus is a calculating tool which is consists of beads affix on rods within a

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 rectangular frame. Each bead represents a quantity and can be manipulated to
perform arithmetic operations.

Charles Babbage

Born on December 26, 1791, A mathematician,

philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer,
Babbage originated the concept of a digital
programmable computer.

Considered by some to be "father of the

computer”, Babbage is credited with inventing the
first mechanical computer that eventually led to
more complex electronic designs, though all the
essential ideas of modern computers are to be
found in Babbage's Analytical Engine. His varied
work in other fields has led him to be described as
"pre-eminent" among the many polymaths of his
century.

THE FIRST GENERATION

THE FIRST GENERATION

First generation of computers was designed for a specific task that’s why a complex form
of human machine communication commonly known as machine language was used.
Machine language involved the manipulation of bits (1’s or 0’s) to tell the computer to
operate.

ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER)

First electronic general-purpose digital

computer. It was Turing-complete, and able
to solve "a large class of numerical
problems" through reprogramming.
ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put
to work for practical purposes on December
10, 1945.
ENIAC was formally dedicated at the
University of Pennsylvania on February 15,
1946 and was heralded as a "Giant Brain"
by the press. It had aspeed on the order of
one thousand times faster

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Than that of electro-mechanical machines; this computational power, coupled with general-
purpose programmability, excited scientists and industrialists alike.

THE SECOND GENERATION

THE SECOND GENERATION

Focused on the development of the “transistor”. The major difference and advancement of

thetransistor from hot vacuum is its smaller size and increased reliability. With this, it resulted

to smaller and smaller computers, which were faster and more energy efficient than their

predecessors. Moreover, it has used a more specialized language with easier abbreviated

programming codes called “assembly language”. Assembly language essentially replaced

thecomplicated and difficult binary code of machine language.

A transistor is a device that regulates current

or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate
for electronic signals. Transistors consist of
three layers of a semiconductor material,
each capable of carrying a current.

THE THIRD GENERATION

THIRD GENERATION

The third generation is all about “Integration”. It is a process in which numerous electronic
components are bought together to compose a system unit (An integrated circuit) that
combines them in a dynamic, coordinated manner. The first integrated circuit (IC) was
invented independently by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.

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An integrated circuit, or IC, is small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made of silicon, that
can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.

THE FOURTH GENERATION

THE FOURTH GENERATION

The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers of fourth generation used
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have
microcomputers of fourth generation.

Fourth generation computers became more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As
a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this generation, time sharing,
real time networks, distributed operating system were used. All the high-level languages like
C, C++, DBASE etc., were used in this generation.

The main features of fourth generation are:

• VLSI technology used

• Very cheap
• Portable and reliable
• Use of PCs
• Very small size
• Pipeline processing
• No AC required
• Concept of internet was introduced
• Great developments in the fields of networks

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 • Computers became easily available

Some computers of this generation were:

• DEC 10
• STAR 1000
• PDP 11
• CRAY-1(Super Computer)
• CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)

THE FIFTH GENERATION

THE FIFTH GENERATION

The fifth generation of computers can understand human speech, and can be recognize
patterns like faces and other complex images. The terms broadly used include artificial
intelligence, expert systems, and natural language processing. However, this generations
have not come to its full realization because there’s still no computer that can be fully
compared to human capabilities

• Artificial Intelligence
• Expert Systems
• Natural language processing

COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Business Applications – are used to store information provide easy interface with
customer,and facilitate processing and presentation of data. Businesses use computers
in various purposes such as storing information in databases, providing an easy interface
with customer,cutting costs, and facilitating the processing and presentation of data.
Mathematics and science – Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure of the DNA.
Computers have also taken part on the advancement of various fields of scientific and
mathematical endeavors. Moreover, computer systems played a major role in new
headwaysand discoveries in virtually every science in the modern age.
Engineering – the field of engineering gave us amazing devices, particularly in the area
of computer engineering wherein the degrees of miniaturization and integration have
multiplied simultaneously. Today, processor is created with circuit pathways that are less
than ten microns wide. In aeronautical engineering, the design and manufacturing of
spacecrafts, satellites, space stations, and the equipment used by astronauts in space.

Medicine – A good example of advancement in health care is the artificial hearts

designed and manufactured using computer-aided and computer-guided systems. Many
of those who have heart problems can be offered with this technology. The formulation
of drugs heavily uses computer-rendered simulation of chemical structures and
reactions. Their role is to helpin speeding up the design of drugs to fight for various
diseases such as cancer. Other researches in medicine that has used computer system

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include the design of other programslike the liver, kidney, and limbs.

Education - In the area of education, computers have been and are still indispensable. It
has allowed us to create presentation materials and documents easily. In addition,
research became easier with the emergence of the Internet and the World Wide Web.
Along with businesses, education has also gone online. Earning a degree or other
academic designationwith the use of distance learning through videoconferencing is now
emerging. This allows us to apply for and obtain an academic degree in a foreign
university and the like. Some of the accreditation exams are also given online like the
certification of Sun Microsystems for their solutions technologies like Java.

Entertainment - Computer systems played a major role for the entertainment industry.
The use of computers in the entertainment industry has revolutionized from music to
visual arts to interactive games and virtual simulations. The audio files use rich
compression technologies which has the most popular format – MPEG Layer 3, or MP3.
With this, audio files now have sizes that are tenth of their previous, more conventional
versions allowing a single CD to contain more than a hundred songs and conveniently
store songs in a computer.

COMPUTER

A computer is a device that accepts input, processes data, stores data and produces
output according to a series of stored instructions. It is a powerful electronic device that
performs theinstructions in a program.

Information Processing Cycle

• Accepts data – input

• Processes data – Processing
• Product output – Output
• Stores results – Storage

With this, four functions of the computer were identified. These functions are collectively
called the Information Processing Cycle: accepts data – input, processes data –
processing, produces output – output and stores results – storage.
BASIC TERMS

• Hardware - These are the physical parts of a computer.

• Software - These are the instructions or programs that commands the computer
whatto do.
• Data - Individual facts such as name, price, and quantity ordered.
• Information - These are data that were transformed into a useful form like a
completemailing address.
• Default – Original Settings

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TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Workstations - are personal computers intended for business or professional use which are
faster and more capable than personal computers, Applications used in workstations are
designed for engineering companies, architects, graphic designers, and any organization,
department, or individual that requires a faster microprocessor, and a large amount of random-
access memory.

Palmtop/Handheld - These are small types of personal computers which are very easy to
carry anywhere. Palmtops are mobile computers that fit enough in a user’s hand. These are
intended as personal organizers, having an address book, an appointment calendar, an
internet access capability and a calculator. A handheld computer is a Microsoft term for a
computer built around a form factor which is smaller than any standard notebook PC or laptop.

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Table PC - A tablet pc is a computer in a notebook or a slate form that accepts input through
the use of digitizing tablet technology or a touch screen. This type of computer can be operated
by a user with the use of a stylus instead of a keyboard and a mouse.

Mainframe - e is an industry term for large computers that are typically used for commercial
applications of business and large-scale computing purposes. They are generally associated
with centralized rather than distributed computing. They also centrally process all data input
by several hundred users.

POST-TEST:

Direction: Identify the terms describe by the following:

1. It is a small device used to point to and select items on your computer screen.
2. Other term for Central Processing Unit (CPU) which acts as the "brain" of the
computer.

17
 3. Series of instruction that a computer must follow in order to process data into
information.
4. Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk.
5. These are personal computers intended for business or professional use which
are faster and more capable than personal computers.

PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST FEEDBACK

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

1. Mouse 1. Mouse
2. Microprocessor 2. Microprocessor
3. Program 3. Program
4. System Unit 4. System Unit
5. Workstations 5. Workstations

REFERENCES

• https://www.nios.ac.in/media/documents/sec229new/Lesson1.pdf

• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_concepts/computer_concepts_introduct

ion_to_computer.htm

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