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Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes, regulating body temperature, and fighting diseases. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, with blood comprising red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The heart has four chambers and valves that prevent backflow, while arteries, veins, and capillaries facilitate blood flow throughout the body in a double circulation system.

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9 views36 pages

Circulatory system

The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, and wastes, regulating body temperature, and fighting diseases. It consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels, with blood comprising red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The heart has four chambers and valves that prevent backflow, while arteries, veins, and capillaries facilitate blood flow throughout the body in a double circulation system.

Uploaded by

tarouvip21
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Circulatory System

• The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system
Functions
• To transport nutrients, gases, hormones and wastes,
• Regulate body temperature
• Fight diseases
• The cardiovascular system comprises the blood, heart, and blood vessels.
• Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that
is circulated by the heart
Blood cell
Red blood cells (Erythrocyte)
Produced about 2.5 million per
second
Structure
• biconcave disk-shaped with a
diameter of approximately 6.2-
8.2 µm.
• Lack nuclei, contained
hemoglobin.
• 40-45% of total blood volume
• Produced in bone marrow
• Lifespan 100-120 days
Function- transport gases
White blood cells (Leucocyte)

Contain nucleus, 1% of total blood volume


• Life span 13- 20 days
• Functions: Producing antibodies that provide us protection and immunity against foreign
infectious agents
• Lymphocytes – Has full or round nucleus
• Function – Produce antibodies to destroy the pathogens
• Phagocytes – Has lobed nucleus.
• Function – Phagocytosis
• Phagocytosis – Extend the cell membrane and engulf the pathogens. Breakdown the
pathogen using digestive enzymes in the lysosome.
Platelets (Thrombocyte)

Structure: Tiny, irregular shaped cells with a diameter of 2–3 µm.


• Abundance: Present in less than 1% of the total blood cell count.
• Lacks nucleus and contains dense granules in the cytoplasm.
• Lifespan: 5 to 9 days
• Helping in blood clotting
Plasma
• 90% water
• About 55% of total blood volume
• blood cells, nutrients and wastes float in this liquid.
Blood Clotting

• When the skin is broken, platelets release chemicals that


cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into
insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the
wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a
clot.
Heart
• Bird and mammal hearts have four
chambers (two atria and two ventricles).
• A frog, which is an amphibian, has a
heart with three chambers (one ventricle
and two atria), and fish hearts have two
chambers (one atrium and one ventricle).
• Function: Generating blood pressure
Heart

• Hollow muscular organ


approximately the size of your
fist
• 4 chambers (2 atriums and 2
ventricles)
• 4 valves
• Heart is surrounded membrane
called pericardium.
Heart Chambers
• Four chambers
-Two atria ( Right and Left)
-Two ventricles ( Right and Left)
Heart Valves
• Tricuspid valve
• Mitral valve
• Pulmonary valve
• Aortic valve
• Two major types- Atrioventricular valve (Tricuspid
valve, Mitral valve)
- Semilunar valve (Pulmonary valve, Aortic valve)
Valve prevent the back flow of the blood.
Septum separate the two sides of heart and prevent the
mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Heart Structure

• The ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria as they are
pumping blood out of the heart and so need to generate a higher
pressure

• The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle as it
has to pump blood at high pressure around the entire body, whereas the
right ventricle is pumping blood at lower pressure to the lungs
Types of blood vessels

• Arteries- carry blood away from the


heart.
• Veins- Carry blood to the heart
• Capillaries - connect the arteries to the
veins.
Blood Vessels
Superior Vena Cava is a large but short vein that carries de- oxygenated blood from
the upper half of the body to the right atrium.

Inferior Vena Cava is the large vein that carries de-oxygenated blood from the lower
half of the body into the heart.

Pulmonary Artery receives de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle and moves it
into the lungs to pick up oxygen. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

Pulmonary Veins Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart. They are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood.

Aorta is the largest artery in the human body, it receives oxygenated blood from the left
ventricle of the heart and moves it to all parts of the body.
Artery Vein Capillary
Function Transport blood away Transport blood toward Connect arteries and
from the heart the heart veins

Wall Thick Thin One cell thick


Lumen Narrow Wide Size of red blood
cell

Pressure Highest lowest lower


Valves No Yes No
Adaptive features of artery and its function
• Have thick wall to withstand the high blood pressure
• Thick muscular tissue to vasodilation and vasoconstriction
• Thick elastic tissue to smooth out of blood flow
• Narrow lumen to maintain the high blood pressure
•
Single and double circulation

Single circulation Double circulation

Blood flows through the Blood flows through the


heart only once to heart twice to complete
complete the circuit the full circuit.
It has pulmonary and
systemic circulation.
Systemic circulation (heart to body to heart)
• Aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle of
the heart to the body and Vena carries deoxygenated blood
from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
Pulmonary circulation (heart to lung to heart)
• Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenate blood from the right
ventricle of the heart to the lung and pulmonary vein carries
oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the
heart.
Advantages of double circulation
• It has septum which prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

• Low pressure in pulmonary circulation and high pressure in systemic


circulation.

• Efficient supply of oxygen and glucose.

• Efficient removal of carbon dioxide and lactic acids.

• Maintain high metabolic rate.


What is a heart
attack?
• A heart attack, also called a
myocardial infarction, happens when
a part of the heart muscle doesn’t get
enough blood.
Causes of coronary heart
diseases

• Eat a lot of saturated fat and cholesterol


• Smoking
• Lack of exercise
• Genetics
• High blood pressure
• Obesity
• Diabetes
• Stress
Coronary artery disease (Bypass surgery)
Cardiac cycle
• A single cycle of cardiac activity can be divided into two
basic phases - diastole and systole.
• Diastole→ relax, systole→ contract
Stages of cardiac cycle

Cardiac cycle

Diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole


Cardiac Cycle

Stage Atrioventricular Valve Semilunar Valve


Diastole Open Closed
Atrial Systole Open Closed
Ventricle Systole Closed Open
Heart Sound
• The sound of the heart beat is the Lub-
dub.
• The first sound Lub is fairly loud is due
to the closure of atrioventricular valves
( Ventricular systole).
• Duration of this sound is 0.10-0.17s.
• The 2nd sound Dub is soft and is due to
the closure of the Semilunar valve
( Atrial systole).
• Duration of this sound is 0.10-0.14s.

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