Scribd
Upload
10 views20 pages

Inheritence new

The document outlines the principles of inheritance, detailing the roles of chromosomes, genes, and alleles in genetic transmission. It explains key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, and the distinctions between homozygous and heterozygous traits, along with Mendel's contributions to genetics through monohybrid crosses. Additionally, it covers codominance, sex-linked characteristics, and the use of pedigree charts to trace inheritance patterns in families.

Uploaded by

tarouvip21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views20 pages

Inheritence new

The document outlines the principles of inheritance, detailing the roles of chromosomes, genes, and alleles in genetic transmission. It explains key concepts such as genotype, phenotype, and the distinctions between homozygous and heterozygous traits, along with Mendel's contributions to genetics through monohybrid crosses. Additionally, it covers codominance, sex-linked characteristics, and the use of pedigree charts to trace inheritance patterns in families.

Uploaded by

tarouvip21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

• Inheritances is the transmission of genetic information

from one generation to the next generation


• Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of cells.
• They are thread-like structures of DNA, carrying
genetic information in the form of genes
• Genes are short length of DNA that code for specific
protein. e.g. Eye colour gene,
• Alleles are different forms of the same gene e.g. Blue
eye colour, Brown eye colour
• Every body cell contains 2 matching sets of
chromosomes (one set from each parent)
• Every body cell contains 2 alleles for a particular gene
(one allele from each parent)
• Locus – a fixed location on a strand of DNA
where a gene or one of its alleles is located.
Genotype and Phenotype

• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organisms


• Phenotype – the physical appearance of an organism (Genotype +
environment)
• Homozygous – having identical genes (one
from each parent) for a particular
characteristics.
• Heterozygous – having two different genes
for a particular characteristics
• Dominant – the allele that is expressed when
it is present, the trait appears in the heterozygous
condition.
• Recessive – an allele that does not expressed in
the heterozygous condition, only expressed in
homozygous recessive
• Gregor Johann Mendel (Austrian Monk) is known as
the Father of Genetics.
• He carried out hybridization experiments on Garden
Pea (Pisum sativum) for seven years and proposed
the laws of inheritance in living organisms.
• He published his findings in 1866 in the “Annual of
the Natural History society of Brunn.”
• He worked with 7 pairs of characters: Stem height,
Flower position, Flower colour, Pod shape, Pod
colour, Seed shape, Seed colour
Monohybrid cross

• Study of inheritance of one character at a time


• Parents differ by a single trait.
• Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size,
pure breeding one tall with pure breeding one short
T = allele for Tall
t = allele for dwarf
TT = homozygous tall plant
t t = homozygous dwarf plant
Phenotype of Parent: Tall x Dwarf
Genotype of Parent: TT x tt
Gametes T T x t t

Punnett Square
t t

T Tt Tt
T Tt Tt

F1 genotypes: all Tt
F1 Phenotypes: All tall
Monohybrid cross F1 generation
Phenotype of Parent: Heterozygous Tall x Heterozygous Tall
Genotype of Parent: Tt x Tt
Gametes T t x T t
Punnett Square
T t

T TT Tt
t Tt tt
F2 genotypes: 1 TT, 2Tt, 1tt
Genotypic ratio: 1:2:1
F2 Phenotypes: 3 tall, 1 dwarf
Phenotypic ratio: 3:1
Codominance

• When both alleles are dominant and equally


expressed
• Phenotypes for both alleles are exhibited in
the heterozygote
• The hybrid shows neither of the parents’
trait, instead, a third, different phenotype
• Examples of this is blood types; ABO, iAiB.
• R = Red
• W = White
• Parent genotypes: RR x WW
• Parent phenotypes Red x White
• Gamete R R x W W
• Punnett squares
• Offspring genotypes : All RW
• Offspring phenotypes: All pink
• Phenotypic ratio : 100% pink
• 1. In pea plants the allele for tall, T, is dominant to the allele for dwarf, t.
Which cross would produce plants in the proportion of 1 tall : 1 dwarf?
A TT × Tt B Tt × Tt C Tt × tt D tt × tt

2. A pure-breeding plant with smooth stems was crossed with a heterozygous


plant with hairy stems.
What will be the ratio of hairy : smooth stems in the resulting plants?
A 1 hairy : 1 smooth
B 1 hairy : 3 smooth
C 3 hairy : 1 smooth
D all hairy
3. The chart shows the inheritance of fur colour in a small mammal.
If the allele for white fur is dominant, which animal must be heterozygous for the gene
controlling fur colour?
4. Most birds have a coloured pigment in their feathers, but in a few individuals, pigment
is absent and the birds are albinos.

Albinism occurs when a bird is homozygous recessive for the gene which creates the
coloured pigment.

If two albino birds mated, what describes the appearance of their offspring?

A all albino

B all coloured

C 50% coloured, 50% albino

D 75% coloured, 25% albino


5. In the inheritance of ABO blood groups, when two parents have the genotypes
IAIA and IAIO, what is the blood group of their offspring?

• A group A

• B group AB

• C group B

• D group O
Family Pedigrees

• Family pedigree diagrams are usually used to trace the pattern of inheritance of a
specific characteristic (usually a disease) through generations of a family.
The diagram shows the inheritance of ABO blood groups. The blood groups of some
of the individuals are given.

What could be person 2’s genotype?

A IAIO B I BI B C I BI O D IOIO
Sex-Linked Characteristics
• When alleles that control a particular characteristic are found on the sex chromosomes,
and that results as ‘sex linked’.
• males only have one X chromosome, they are much more likely to show sex-linked
recessive conditions (such as red-green colour blindness and haemophilia)
• Normal male XRY
• Disease male XrY
• Normal female XRXR
• Carrier female XRXr
• Disease female XrXr
1. A woman with normal colour vision is a carrier for the colour blindness allele
(XBXb). She has a male child with a man who has normal colour vision (XBY). What
is the chance of the male child being colour-blind?

• A 0% B 25% C 50% D 100%


Colour blindness is a sex-linked characteristic. The gene for colour vision is on the X
chromosome. There are two alleles of this gene:
• B is the allele for normal colour vision
• b is the allele for colour blindness. Fig. 3.2 is a pedigree chart showing the inheritance of
colour blindness in a family. The key shows the sex chromosomes and the alleles of the
gene for colour vision.

You might also like