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The document provides a comprehensive overview of integration techniques for algebraic expressions, including standard integrals and methods such as partial fractions. It outlines various cases for integrating rational functions based on the degree of the numerator and denominator. Additionally, it includes example problems and solutions to illustrate the application of these integration methods.
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LECTURE
Integration of
Algebraic Expressions 1
Science And Engineering Tutor
| BASIC CONCEPTS J
© STANDARD INTEGRALS (C.T.M.TO
IMPROVE SPEED WITH ACCURACY) (viii) [=
1 cos(x—a)
: at - :
@ Waa = 2logl Vira+ Vi+B | Sin(a—b) cos(x—b)
C.T-M: commit to memory.
1) |x-a
2a eral hs
2a de —
ix) [= toghe VF +a") or sin Worl
(ix) lS or sin /-'(x/a)
atx
2a "la
. a E }
a; (x) = =logix+Vx?—a"] or cosh i |
Ie a
(©) WORKING RULE TO FIND
or —Jog2=* INTEGRALS OF THE FORM
(a) [f(a )de () [f@ = de
. =
(© [f-ade —@ (Sse
nd: nds:
2 =k
So Taare 7
=f =o Working Rule Substitution
x 2 x"=1) Integral
co - .
(vii) lee Jf@-2)ax x=asin 0 orx=acos@
1 sina) [recsayde =a tan orx=a cold
© sin(a—b) °* sin(x—b) a
fice -ayde x= asec 0 orx=acosee 0 A.30 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
1 e=2)a
or (Sela x=ac0s20
fal
orf f(x aXB—x)dr x= cos? 0+ Bsin? 0
(@ METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
FOR RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Integration by Partial Fractions
Integrals of the type Jeu can be integrated by
resolving the iategrand ato partial funetions, We
proceed as follows:
Check degree of p(x) and g(x).
Ifdegree of p(x) > degree of g(x), then divide p(x)
by g(x) till degree of remainder fix) be comes lower
than degree of denominator g(x)
PO _ 54 LO)
g() a(x)
i.e, degree of ix) log, |1+1|-=x<1
3 oe. lt | +5 log, |1+4|-5 x5 log,
\1+3¢\ +e
de
x(1+4x° +3x°)
= Hog, x" |+20g, (1+ |-F0g,
|143x [+e
dx rs
3. aks Sra is equal to [1IT-1996]
Solution
* Texe"
el 2
Bl 1+ xe" | *°
4. Evaluate: [secx.log(see.x + tan x)de
Solution
Jocex.log(sec.x+ tan x)de
(2x-))
Ay Bia ees
[CBSE (model question paper)]
2. Evaluate lana
[CBSE (model question paper)}
s
Put log(secx + tanx)=1
(seextan.x+
secx+tanx coc? yde= dt,
= seexd = dt
= fog(secx+
tan +e
Janay *
“labia
(a-by
xe
_a+by (a+b),
4
ay
ath
=logl x- +
ool s- 25
3. Evaluate J [MP-2000)
4, Evaluate J———> ae (MP-98]
5. Evaluate is (MP-97]
rea dk
6. Evaluate J sinx(@+2cosx)
x
1. solve J Gope-n”
8. Evaluate Jee
Feare
JAICBSE-1984]
9. Find the value of SEs “
[MP-2000]
1
10, Evaluate J x{6(logx) + 7logx+2}
[PSB-2002]
3.
4.
15.
Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.33
x+l
Evaluate leas
[CBSE-1993]
xe
Evaluate Ja
IMP-99; CBSE-90, 94, 96 (C)]
sin(x+a)
Evaluate leer,
Evaluate {8 2" _
valuate 1 (+sinxy(2+sinx)
ICBSE-2004]
Find the value of s [MP-2007]
x(x" +)
———————
1 1 1
sh =l)-=k 2)+=log(x-3)+1
lout 1-5 logts + 2)+5lon(r—3)+
2. dtanx+2tantx+C
3 3
1 x8
, Tig BE
3 6 ree
1 bool 342%
sk
“2 oo 3)
. log (a +4) — Stan! S40
a
1 1
6. {jloz(—c0sx) —loz(l + e08.x) +
Zoe +2608%)
7. 2 log (x-2)~2 log (1) +(x-1)"
. log!
FHow(s+5)+ Howls
log(x+1)+ Hetog(s—2)+F toss +3)
2logx+1
Blogx +2
3 5
+ gloglx-l|-a5— tgogl a+3ite
. z™{
xw-l
v2 =|
}. x cos (a — b) + sin (a — 5). log, |sin (x + 6)| +c A.34 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
de
1. Evaluate Se ~pveal-
Solution
Put
| tdt
d-Pvi+e
Put Vit? =y
> I+Psy
=> 2Udt=2y dy
dy
2-y
= tog) 2-224
F-2 WE ye v2|*
1 og 1 +F -V2| v2,
W2 \iee +2]
1 gal feet - Vie,
aE 8 Tete vx|
de
2 Semone *
1 |sin(x—a)|
© Sn(a—b) "|sin(x—5)
sin(x-a)
(©) Sin(a—) "sing —B)|
(©) log sin(x—a) sin(x—b) +
)
sin(x—5)|
in(x —a)sin(x—)
1 pine —b)-(x-a)}
sin(a—6)? sin(x—a)sin(x—b)
sin(x—b)eos(x—a)
1 p=cos(x—4)sin(x—a)
© sin(a—b)*. sin(x—a)sin(x—b)
= Smacn leo a)de~ fot(x—b)ds ]
=r lve sinGs—a)— lg sins—b)} +e
. toa(sinix—a)|
sin(a—b) ~ |sin(x—6)|
de
> I azssina
(a) $og(t~cosx) + 1og(1+ 6083) -
Ftog(+2c0s3)
(b) 6log(I -cosx) + 2log(1+cosx) —
Zlog(l+2e0sx)
© 6log(1~cos.) + $log(1 + 2083) +
Zlog+2e05x)
(d) None of these
Solution
de
ia “Simp ten
=f sin.xde
sin’ x(1+2cos x)
=f sinx de
(1-cosx\(1 + cosx)(1+2cos.x) Now differential coefficient of cos x is sin x
which is given in numerator and hence we
make the substitution
=> sinx de = dt
dt
(11+ (1+ 20)
cosx=t
1
We split the integrand into partial fractions
1 1 4 |
J - + lar
60-1 20+) 31+2/
ae 243
bare oe
5 anyel een
fo-n'ceen |-Lia x+A, where A is
any arbitrary constant, then the value of ‘a’ is
[MPPET-1998]
(a) 5/4 (b) 5/3
(©) -S/6 @ 54
Solution
2x43
1
© '-Saen*
Sde
=f ey! .
(By partial fraction)
L
1=Stog(x-1)—Stog(+x°)—htan + 4
1 =log(s— 4.84 Stan A
‘on comparing, a =~ 5/4
vol
5. J oat
[Roorkee-88; MPPET-2001]
(a) x—log x + log (+ 1) tan x +e
(b) x log x+ 1/2 log (2+ 1)—tan“'x+e
(c) x— log x + 1/2 log (° + 1) + tam! x +e
(d) None of these
Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
Solution
(b) Step I:
proper fraction is a polynomial function there-
fore
Improper fractions Im-
Ri
Ped where
oe)
LO)
e@) =Olx)+
R(x) [power of R(x)] < > (x) [power of 6 (x)]
-1
wtx-x-1 x+l
Hence : :
Yer eK Yer
ll
: a = fac
Sep 2s yee
-xtL A Bet
Step 3: a) x ral
(+ 1)=A (+1) +(Bxt+ Ox
x=0=4=1
x=152 =24+B+C
0= B+C>B=-C
by putting
by putting
by putting x=—1
> 0=24+ (C-B)(-1)
=> 24=C-B=>2=C-B
> 2-26 =.=
Step 4: 1=Jdr- [Fier ‘|
=x-logx-tan!x+ x log (2 +1) +
1 dx = f(x)+e, then fix) =
/EAMCET-2007]
(a) 2 log (e+ 1)+C
(b) log (2-1) +
(©) 2log (e+ I)-x+C
(@) log (e+) +C
Solution
2e" 1) ae
evi +1
© sei
=2log (e+ 1)-x+C Now differential coefficient of cos x is sin x
which is given in numerator and hence we
make the substitution
=> sinx de = dt
dt
(11+ (1+ 20)
cosx=t
1
We split the integrand into partial fractions
1 1 4 |
J - + lar
60-1 20+) 31+2/
ae 243
bare oe
5 anyel een
fo-n'ceen |-Lia x+A, where A is
any arbitrary constant, then the value of ‘a’ is
[MPPET-1998]
(a) 5/4 (b) 5/3
(©) -S/6 @ 54
Solution
2x43
1
© '-Saen*
Sde
=f ey! .
(By partial fraction)
L
1=Stog(x-1)—Stog(+x°)—htan + 4
1 =log(s— 4.84 Stan A
‘on comparing, a =~ 5/4
vol
5. J oat
[Roorkee-88; MPPET-2001]
(a) x—log x + log (+ 1) tan x +e
(b) x log x+ 1/2 log (2+ 1)—tan“'x+e
(c) x— log x + 1/2 log (° + 1) + tam! x +e
(d) None of these
Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
Solution
(b) Step I:
proper fraction is a polynomial function there-
fore
Improper fractions Im-
Ri
Ped where
oe)
LO)
e@) =Olx)+
R(x) [power of R(x)] < > (x) [power of 6 (x)]
-1
wtx-x-1 x+l
Hence : :
Yer eK Yer
ll
: a = fac
Sep 2s yee
-xtL A Bet
Step 3: a) x ral
(+ 1)=A (+1) +(Bxt+ Ox
x=0=4=1
x=152 =24+B+C
0= B+C>B=-C
by putting
by putting
by putting x=—1
> 0=24+ (C-B)(-1)
=> 24=C-B=>2=C-B
> 2-26 =.=
Step 4: 1=Jdr- [Fier ‘|
=x-logx-tan!x+ x log (2 +1) +
1 dx = f(x)+e, then fix) =
/EAMCET-2007]
(a) 2 log (e+ 1)+C
(b) log (2-1) +
(©) 2log (e+ I)-x+C
(@) log (e+) +C
Solution
2e" 1) ae
evi +1
© sei
=2log (e+ 1)-x+C A.36 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
He is equal to
[Orissa JEE-2007]
[Karnataka CET-2007]
@ wal FS]
0) oo ire
@ xn{ Sse
(d) log (x*= 1) +C
Solution
2
P= fdes [rae
1ox42f— Lode
¥-P
fext2.2) oe
+e
x4
xi +3x+2
. ls
Saayesn*
[UT-1999}
Solution
pa fEt242040,, (+3) +2004) 9,
(P+ td
“lee es epee tite
=? dian tx+t_*
2 2x41
by putting x =—1 and x*=—1 ete.
x4 1
1
a= fSet Ax+l)
= sf pee $1)+ tan“! x—log(x+ »|
1=1,+21,
Flogt? +1)
or :
xl
10. Je atl [IIT-1996]
x+xey) al
Solution
Put 1+xe Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.37
* de equals to
tanx
(a w(t z}rc
ay va EE |
tan
etn (BEE ec
L ie a [RPET-2001]
T¥tanx
Li tan
) 3 Tans JC
2, p-snet_e [Karnataka CET-2000]
344008" x
(a) log 3 +4 cos*x) + C
() ee (Sere
2cosx
© ae (rhe
2cosx
+c
0 sa F]
dy i
3. Jaa [Bihar CEE-76; MNR-74]
ere
(a) tan (e~") (b) tan” (e*)
(c) log (ee) (d) log (e+e)
4. aban [MPPET-1991]
Lx?
(a) Vier +tamtxte
(b) Viex? -log {x +Vi+x pte
© View +log fx+ Vine } te
(d) View + log (seex + tanx) +c
a
S
[Roorkee-82]
(a) log x—log (I-x) +
(b) log (1-22) +e
(c) logx+log (1-x) +e
(d) log (@-x) +e
dx =
+DG+2)—
x+2
log——+e
(a) oat?
(b) log (x + 1) + log (x +2) +e
(d) None of these [MPPET-1987]
2 tant
ee
14
(a) j ta x +e
(b) Stan's’) +6
© Elta’? +e
(@) ; (tant xt? +e
. Jopade=
2 -i
(a)
(b)
(©)
(d) ‘A.38 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
10.
. J
I
Forx> 1, Jaap at=
* [RPET-1997]
(x*=1)
JEAMCET-02]
| togla* + Vo* -1]+c
log3
amar Ora] +6
3* +¥9* -1|
x ox
a)
(b
ing +C
log?
©
+C
1
——log|3'
@) Tog9'°*
e+x-1
dc= [AISSE-88]
v+x-6
(a) x+ log(x + 3) + log (x-2) +e
(b) x-
(©) x-
log (x +3) + log (x2) +e
log (x +3) - log (r-2) +e
(d) None of these
(b) oe
(©) =
@) ise Ce +e)+e
loge? +e)
I (e+)? _
een - [MPPET-2003]
(a) log = (b) log" +2 tan x
(c) log, x (d) None of these
——_—dr =) =)? +1)"
15. Wh me ep es aD HY)
-ju" +A, where A is any arbitrary con-
stant, then the function j{x) is
{MPPET-1998]
(a) 5/4 (b)- 5/4
(©) 7/4 (@) -7/4
16, [a= Roorkee-1976]
I H
tafe
(@) (5) (b) 3008 (=)
2 2
© “t) @) (3)
2 2
17. If S37 de = 9 In (3) —7 In (2)
+A, am an /MPPET-92]
(a) SIn(x-2)+¢
(b) -4 In(x—3) +e
(c) constant
(d) None of these
18, ;——**__a«= [Roorkee-1979]
(1 +sinx)(2 + sinx)
(a) log [C1 + sin.x) (2 + sinx)] +c
ty log 28 4
©) eT sine
tes I+sinx ke
©) ez ysinx **
(d) None of these
19, What is [seex°dr equal to? — JNDA-2009]
(a) In (sec x° + tan.x®) +c
rintan{ 2+)
—_\4 2)
180
is0tnuan( * +)
42
—_4 4.
(b) +e
(©)
™
180intan{ +
nm, me i),
(d)
4" 360,
™ Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.39
L@ peer =|
I-tan?x
see? xdle
Put ¢=tanx=s dt =
2. (e) Step 1: # = c0s.x. dt =~sinde
-l be
2 = 7
sin scar” as (a)
NOTE
Quicker Method: f— “= aw +e
@ AE 3 ob a
2 0 [ae
Multiplying by e* in numerator and denomina-
¢
— de
lee”
Put ¢' == e'de=de
tor we get
Jte=tr'erre
x41
4. 0 Jee eels
Put l4x° =4=9 dt = 2xde
5p teen ea]
(: is = bogie +4)
i= VIFF + og[ x Fai }re
(= [fone]
axel,
he © lasts" eat
NOTE
By using formula
j (@=aKe=5)
8. (d) Step 1: Given Let 7
Step 2: Put,
avid
“Tet
given integral,
al
We get, /=f T
tan“! x!
Step 3: By using [
r=4 far = +0
4 2x4 A.40 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
#1
+1
|
lyp_dt
alig=p
el
Quicker Method
Putting n=
in formula
Joe adog( =!
x@"-)
}
3
MM. (a) |a——=de
TS
Put 3° =1=3 dt =3' log 3dr
1 dt 2
iol Eyal =i +e
= gal bel +I] re
13. (a) Step 1
Dividing numerator and denominator bye"?
Step 2: Let 1
a= Flee) dr
1=J2dr=210g0) = 2logle”?-e""]J+e
7
rap +f fe
x@ +) /x@ 4)
= log. x+2tan"'x
15. (b) Step
'y partial fraction method
(2x +3)=A(x? +1) +(Bx+C)(x-1)
Now substituting x=1, 0, -1 (because it is
true for all values) A= 3
324+C(-I33=5-cace-t
2 2
1=24+(-B+C)(-2)
1=542B-2x{ 1 \5 29 =-s> a=-5
2 2
= SJto
2 e Quicker Method
[foes 8 +1
_ 2x+3
(x-DGF +1,
re Pn
2) Foc D+ alog,(x* +) tan x4]
Sax)
a! = .
Ax-l) tl 24x)
S(x? +1) +4a(x-1)(x)- (x= 1)
2(x-DO? +1)
(S#4a)x° +
2(x-)(? +1)
Since Numerator of Right hand side does not con-
5
tain term of x*. Therefore 4a +5 =0= a
16. (d) I
Wer
thar t=x)
nla
lord
Integral = sin £ or Lsin~
orange 3
17. (¢) Step 1: Resolving using partial fraction
and then integrating
2x43
dr =
(re V2re')
i ih
(a) log [I +eVi2+e)] +e
) we 325 +e
(©) log [( +e) y2¥e"]+e
(d) None of these
Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.41
2x-+3 = A(x—-3)+ B(x-2)
Put x=2 = 4=~7
Put x=3 > B=9
= ~Tlog(x-2)+9log(x—3) + constant
18, (@ fst __p_a _.
(+sinyQ+sinx) / (+0240
1=sinx
Here integral = f{ 1 -\ ar
+1 142
19, (d) Let 1=Jsecx°dr
= focessia
180°.
Fs
180°
=> d= dt
T
1 =fseonar
ae log tan 7 +2
4 360°
2, (——* _as /MPPET-1995|
Seaera ' uy
@ Juans banZ 4
3
(b) Fiore Ze
© Farts Zon! Z 0
«@) tan'x—2tan’'S +e (a) x+2 log (x1) +e
(b) 2x +2 log (x- 1) +e
(©) x+4 log (1-x) +e
(d) x+4 log (xl) +e
1
—
14, ae a [Roorkee-1984]
(a) Ploeox=1)— Hgts? += Ftan“!x +e
(b) Ploece = + Hosts? +1) Stan" e+e
1 1 ha
(c) qloate 1) Flogts? +1) tan ‘ete
(d) None of these
i Seas JAISSE-1990]
(a) -V2tan s+ J3tan'x +e
(b) Viton! Ft VB tan Fete
(6) V2 tan! + J tan
te
(d) None of these
Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.43
wde
16. JS is equal to
(x +1)
[MPPET-2008]
17. The value of f—3* +2 _
(x= 2-3)
[MPPET-2008]
x-3 8
11 —-—.+k
® ne a a-Z
xt3_ 8
b) Mlog= 23-8 4%
Os ee
x-3, 8
Illog—— + —~ +k
© Neg ma ez
x+3 8
C oy A
dd) Mog 5+ tt
Science And
Engineering Tutor A.44 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
0} e Cl
Important Instructions
1. The answer sheet is immediately below the
worksheet.
2. The test is of 15 minutes,
3. The worksheet consists of 15 questions. The
maximum marks are 45.
4. Use Blue/Black Ball point pen only for writing
particulars/marking responses, Use of pencil is
strictly prohibited.
1, J2sinxcosedr is equal to /SCRA-1996)
(a) cos 2v + (b) sin2.x+¢
(c) costs +e (d) sin? x+e
z sa t(Ge
2 = Ksin"(2"), then K=
\er* en
1
(a) Stog2 (b) =i
(©) -tiog 2 (d) None of these
»
Joos.xjeor(sin.x)}de is equal to
(a) tog [sin (sin x) + €
(b) log {eos (sin x)| +e
(c) log fan (sin x9) + €
(d) None of these
4. What isthe watue of f(/-+.0) ‘ale?
INDA-07]
(a) In(@x+Vx)+e
(by 2In(1 + Vir) +e
(c) 2nd) +e
(d) 2In(r=Vx) +e
ai x»
« eae
(a) log tan! x +c
(b) log tan (tan! x) +6
(©) tog tan (Han) + €
(4) tog cot (4 tan-'x) +6
‘[Roorkee-1982]
(b) Haw! +
(d) None of these
(a) [tar ep +e
(c) 2 [an AP +e
1
% [oeet=
JMPPET-1993, 2002; RPET-99)
(a) x-bgfl+vi-e J+e
(b) x+logl+vi-e™ }+e
(c) logh+Vi-&
(d) None of these
8 Le ee
Teele
Kerala PET-2003; MNR-1983, 87]
@ | ma” “a')te
(b) n'a +e
loga
(ce) 2Va*—a' +e
(d) log (a*— 1) +e
9 Correct evaluation of [—*—av is
(x-2)x-)
IMPPET-1993]
(a) log, — +p
O=1)
10. Solve [ a
xt
(a) 2logive +1) +e
(b) 2tog (Ve- +e
(e) logit +D+e
(@) None of these Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1 A.4S
2 2
1. (ae segue wet &) -log—*— +0
Spat iseaual to (a) og +e (blogs +
@) te (4) None of these
(b) Zane) +e
(c) log (1+) ‘
(d) None of these 21
(a) None o (a) 2log(x?+x—2) ea tte
e x1 .
2. Sayeyeay senate (by 2log (e+ r= 2)- ei
et +2 24 x—2)2 tos 2!
(a) im{ Z sap} (b) in{ SAF Ire (c) Blog (2 +x a} mS +e
(a) None of these
t +o ba tc
© len? @ lea 15. fans +cotxy de=
(a) 2x +tanx—cotx +e
13, The value of JE ode (b) ~tanx+ cot x +e
a=} (c) —tanx-eotx te
[MPPET-1999] (d) tanx-cotx+e
1L.@@QO®O 6@O@O@ 1.@O0OO
2@0O@O 1.@O0O@ 2@®@8O@
3. @0O®O &@OOO B.@GOO
4@0O@ XxX®™OO® 14.®@0@0O@
.O@OO@ 0 ®O0®OO 5.@O0®
HINTS AND EX
2. (b) Step I: Substitution Method: # =2°
Hence dt =2' log 2a
sep 2: [= toatr+ FT
f= bares
log2Vi-P es? moines }«
é
® Step 1: | ———
Wet ea = -[log[}+Vi=e" ]-loge' +e
anya + tose] A.A6 Integration of Algebraic Expressions 1
x x de
. —— tie 2
9. (a) Step 1: Gp fer i=
Here A=2, B=-1 = 2log(x-2)—log(x-1)
Step 2: Resolving using partial fraction and = tog =F a
then integrating
