UPPSC

MAINS CAPSULE SERIES-I

(GS-I, GS-II & GS-V)

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 Contents
UPPSC MAINS GS-I
1. History and Culture of India...........................................................................................................................3-41

2. World History....................................................................................................................................................42-52

3. Indian Society & Social Issues................................................................................................................53-102

4. Geography................................................................................................................................................... 103-136

UPPSC MAINS GS-II

5. Indian Constitution & Polity.................................................................................................................. 139-198

6. Governance & Social Justice................................................................................................................. 199-240

7. International Relations........................................................................................................................... 241-278

UPPSC MAINS GS-V

8. General Studies-V (Uttar Pradesh Specific)................................................................................... 281-348
UPPSC Mains GS-I
 1 History and
Culture of India
Question 1. Give an account of the Vedic literature. (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Vedic literature, encompassing the Vedas, Brahman texts, Aranyakas, and Upanishads, stands as a
monumental repository of ancient wisdom. It serves as the primary source illuminating the oldest facets of Hindu
religion, representing the world’s oldest extant literary heritage.

Types of Vedic Literature

„ Shruti Literature
 The term 'Shruti Sahitya' refers to the sacred texts, namely the Vedas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, and
Upanishads.
 'Shruti,' meaning 'hearing,' signifies the canonical nature of these texts, considered revelations of indisputable
truth. They are regarded as eternal.
„ Smriti Literature
 'Smriti,' meaning 'to be remembered,' constitutes the post-Vedic classical Sanskrit literature. It includes
Vedanga, Shad Darshan, Purana, Upveda, Tantra, Agama, and Upanga.
 Unlike Shruti, Smriti is complementary and subject to change over time.

Categories of Vedic Literature

„ Vedas: It comprises four Vedas – Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva – each with its own Samhitas.
„ Brahmanas
 Prose texts embedded within each Veda, explaining hymns and incorporating myths and legends.
 Apart from elucidating the symbolism and meaning of Samhitas, Brahmana literature delves into the scientific
knowledge of the Vedic period, including astronomy and geometry.
 Some Brahmanas contain mystical and philosophical content, forming the basis for Aranyakas and
Upanishads.
„ Aranyakas: It is known as 'forest books,' Aranyakas interpret Yajna rituals in a symbolic and philosophical
manner.
„ Upanishads
 A collection of 108 Upanishads, with 13 considered major.
 Prominently explaining concepts of ‘Atman’ and ‘Brahman,’ Upanishads delve into philosophical ideas related
to sacrifice, body, and the universe.
„ Vedangas
 The Vedangas, known as the appendages of the Veda, comprise six supplementary branches crucial for
comprehending and elucidating the Vedas.
 As highlighted in the Mundaka Upanishad, these Vedangas encompass: Shiksha (pronunciation), Kalpa
(rituals), Vyakarana (grammar), Nirukta (etymology), Chhanda (meter) and Jyotisha (astrophysics).
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 2 World History

Question 1. Evaluate the role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany.

 (UPPSC 2023, 200 words, 12 marks)

Answer: The establishment of Germany as a unified nation-state stands as a pivotal moment in world history.
The seeds of German nationalism were initially sown by Napoleon Bonaparte, but it was Otto Von Bismarck and
his strategic diplomacy that ultimately led to the unification of Germany.

Role of Bismarck in Unification of Germany

„ Military Reforms: Bismarck initiated military reforms in Prussia during the 1850s, aimed at preparing the army
for potential conflicts. These reforms included extending army conscription from two to three years, introducing
new battle tactics, and incorporating advanced weapons such as the needle gun. These military enhancements
proved essential in the later successful wars.
„ Nationalistic Speeches: Bismarck actively engaged in public speeches to cultivate a sense of nationalism among
the German people. By appealing to their shared identity, he aimed to unify the diverse German states under
a common cause.
„ Isolation of Countries: Bismarck skillfully isolated potential adversaries by framing them as aggressors. His
diplomatic efforts included intervening in the Schleswig-Holstein issue, leading to the First War of Unification
in 1864. Bismarck successfully thwarted Austria’s attempts to strengthen its position within the German
Federation through popular elections to the Diet.
„ Second War of Unification (Austro-Prussian War, 1866): Recognizing Austria as a major obstacle to German
unification, Bismarck declared war in 1866. The Austro-Prussian War resulted in the defeat of Austria and its allied
states. To isolate Austria diplomatically, Bismarck formed alliances with major powers like Russia, France, and Italy.
„ Treaty of Prague and Formation of Germany: The Treaty of Prague (1866) expelled Austria from Germany,
marking a crucial step towards German unification. With Austria weakened, Bismarck turned his attention to
France, initiating the Franco-Prussian War. The defeat of France and the subsequent support of southern German
states led to the formation of a unified Germany.
„ Annexation and Unification: Bismarck orchestrated the annexation of states like Schleswig, Holstein, Hanover,
Nassau, and Frankfurt to Prussia. The North German Confederation was formed, and as a result of the Franco-
Prussian War, the southern confederate German states voluntarily joined, culminating in the unification of Germany.
The unification of Germany was a phased and intricate process shaped significantly by Bismarck’s astute policies,
military reforms, eloquent speeches, and effective isolation strategies. Bismarck’s diplomatic prowess and leadership
played a central role in transforming a collection of independent states into a cohesive and unified German nation.

Question 2. ‘‘The industrial Revolution was not only a technological revolution but also socio-economic
revolution that changes the way people lived.” Comment. (UPPSC 2021, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, was
indeed a transformative period that marked not only a technological revolution but also a profound socio-economic
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 3 Indian Society
&
Social Issues
Question 1. What kind of hindrances do regionalism create in the development of India?
 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Regionalism, defined as a narrow sense of loyalty to a specific region or state, can significantly impact
the process of nation-building. When people feel that their social, cultural, economic, or constitutional rights are
being neglected, it often leads to demands for privileges and opportunities for regional development.
Regions in India are often divided on grounds such as geography, economic development, linguistic integration,
caste, or tribe. The reorganization of states in 1956, mainly based on linguistic considerations, reflects the
complexities of regional identity.

Hinderances Created by Regionalism in India

„ Unequal Economic Development: Regionalism can lead to uneven economic growth, with some states
progressing faster than others. Southern states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu have experienced
rapid industrialization and economic growth, while some northern states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh have
lagged, leading to economic disparities.
„ Inter-State Water Disputes: Disputes over water resources between neighboring states can arise, affecting
agricultural practices and livelihoods. The Cauvery River water dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu has
been a longstanding issue, causing tensions and hindering collaborative efforts for sustainable water management.
„ Infrastructure Imbalances: Regional biases can result in uneven development of infrastructure, such as
transportation, education, and healthcare facilities. Mumbai, as the financial capital, often receives more
attention and resources compared to other regions in Maharashtra, leading to disparities in infrastructure
development within the state.
„ Political Fragmentation: Regional political parties may prioritize local issues over national concerns, leading to
a fragmented political landscape. The emergence of regional parties in states like Tamil Nadu (e.g., DMK, AIADMK)
and West Bengal (e.g., TMC) has at times led to a focus on regional interests, impacting national policy decisions.
„ Cultural Differences and Social Tensions: Cultural and linguistic differences can result in social tensions, hindering
national integration. Linguistic movements, such as the demand for a separate Gorkhaland in West Bengal or
the agitation for a separate Telangana state in Andhra Pradesh, have highlighted cultural differences and created
social tensions.
„ Resource Allocation Challenges: Allocation of resources may be influenced by regional considerations, leading
to neglect of certain areas. Some northeastern states face challenges in terms of resource allocation and
development, contributing to economic and infrastructural disparities compared to other regions.
„ Policy Challenge: Crafting and implementing national policies become challenging when regional interests
diverge. Different states may have varied priorities in areas such as education, health, and industrial development,
making it difficult to implement uniform policies that address the diverse needs of the entire country.
„ Secessionist Movements: Extreme forms of regionalism may fuel secessionist movements, threatening the
integrity of the nation. The demand for autonomy or secession in regions like Jammu and Kashmir has historically
been rooted in regional aspirations, contributing to political instability and security challenges.
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 4 Geography

Question 1. Oceans are the store-house of resources. Write a short note.

 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Oceans, covering about 71% of the Earth’s surface, stand as vast and dynamic storehouses of invaluable
resources. The assertion that ‘Oceans are the storehouse of resources’ holds profound significance in the context
of global sustainability and economic development.
„ Fisheries: Oceans are a primary source of sustenance for millions, providing a rich tapestry of marine life.
Fisheries, both traditional and industrial, constitute a significant resource derived from oceans. They contribute
to global food security, livelihoods, and the economic prosperity of many nations. However, sustainable
management is crucial to prevent overfishing and preserve the delicate balance of marine ecosystems.
„ Mineral Resources: Beyond marine life, the ocean floor is a treasure of mineral resources. Deep-sea mining
can extract valuable minerals such as polymetallic nodules, ferromanganese crusts, and hydrothermal vents.
While these resources hold promise for meeting growing global demands, ethical and environmental concerns
necessitate careful regulation to prevent irreversible damage to the marine environment.
„ Energy Resources: Oceans offer immense potential as a renewable energy source. Tapping into the power of
tides, waves, and ocean currents can generate clean and sustainable energy. Technologies like tidal and wave
energy converters are being developed to harness the vast energy reserves of the oceans, contributing to the
global shift towards cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives.
„ Biodiversity: Oceans are home to an astonishing variety of life forms, many of which are yet to be discovered.
This biodiversity extends beyond fish to include microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. The genetic diversity
of marine organisms holds promise for medical and biotechnological advancements. However, the threats
posed by climate change, pollution, and habitat destruction necessitate robust conservation efforts to safeguard
this rich biodiversity.
Oceans are the storehouse of resources encapsulating the multifaceted contributions of oceans to human
well-being and the global economy. From providing sustenance through fisheries to offering minerals, energy, and
a rich tapestry of biodiversity, oceans are indispensable to the sustenance of life on Earth. Nevertheless, responsible
and sustainable management is imperative to ensure the longevity of these resources and to navigate the delicate
balance between human needs and environmental preservation.

Question 2. Soil profile plays an important role in agriculture. Do you agree?

 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: The soil profile, characterized by its stratified layers or horizons, is a fundamental component influencing
agricultural practices. Its significance lies in the wealth of information it provides about soil attributes, fertility, and
suitability for diverse crops.
„ Nutrient Distribution and Fertility: The soil profile serves as a dynamic repository of information on nutrient
distribution across its horizons. This knowledge is instrumental in formulating judicious fertilization strategies.
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UPPSC Mains GS-II
 5 Indian Constitution & Polity

Question 1. Why is the Preamble called the Philosophy of the Indian Constitution? 
 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is often referred to as the 'Philosophy of the Indian Constitution'
because it succinctly encapsulates the fundamental values, principles, and objectives that guide the governance
of the country. It serves as a preface or introduction to the Constitution, outlining the vision and aspirations of the
framers of the Constitution.

Preamble's Philosophical Foundation

„ Specifies Nature of the Indian State: The Preamble begins with the phrase 'We, the people of India' and goes
on to declare the nature of the Indian State. It declares India to be a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic
Republic, highlighting the core values that the Constitution seeks to uphold.
„ Source of Authority: The Preamble establishes the ultimate source of authority for the Constitution–the people
of India. It emphasizes that the Constitution derives its power from the citizens, reflecting the democratic ethos
of the nation.
„ Declaration of Objectives: The Preamble specifies justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity as the objectives of
the Constitution of India. These objectives are considered the bedrock of the Indian constitutional framework,
influencing the interpretation and application of laws.
„ Unity in Diversity: The Preamble reflects the commitment to maintaining the unity and integrity of the nation.
It acknowledges the diversity of the country and promotes the idea of a harmonious coexistence of different
cultures, religions, languages, and traditions.
„ Reflects the Constituent Assembly’s Intent: The Preamble mirrors the intent of the Constituent Assembly,
which meticulously debated and drafted the Constitution of India. It serves as a mirror reflecting the collective
vision and goals of the framers, who represented the diversity of India.
„ Basis for Interpretation: Courts often rely on the Preamble as a guide to interpret the provisions of the
Constitution. It acts as a touchstone for understanding the spirit and purpose behind various constitutional
provisions.
„ Enduring Constitutional Foundation: Despite several amendments to the Constitution, the Preamble has
remained largely unchanged, indicating the enduring nature of the fundamental principles it embodies.
In essence, the Preamble encapsulates the foundational philosophy of the Indian Constitution, outlining the
nation’s commitment to democracy, social justice, equality, and fraternity. Its significance lies in serving as a concise
expression of the ideals and values that the Constitution seeks to promote, making it an apt descriptor as the
'Philosophy of the Indian Constitution.'

Question 2. Why the 42nd Amendment is called a revision of the Indian Constitution? 
 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: The 42nd Amendment Act of the Indian Constitution, enacted in 1976, is often referred to as a 'revision'
due to the extensive changes it made to several key aspects of the Constitution. This amendment, brought about
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 6 Governance
&
Social Justice
Question 1. “Transparency and Accountability are complementary to each other.” Comment.
 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Transparency and accountability are two fundamental pillars of good governance, and they are
intricately linked, forming a symbiotic relationship that is crucial for the functioning of any democratic system. The
complementarity of transparency and accountability lies in their ability to reinforce each other, creating a system
that fosters trust, efficiency, and ethical behaviour.

Transparency and Accountability are Interdependent Concepts

„ Enhance Trust and Credibility: Transparency involves openness, disclosure, and the availability of information
to the public. When institutions and governments are transparent, it builds trust among citizens, as they are
informed about decision-making processes, policies, and actions.
 Accountability, on the other hand, ensures that those in authority are held responsible for their actions.
When there is transparency, it becomes easier to trace decisions back to their sources, making accountability
more feasible. This accountability, in turn, reinforces trust as citizens see that those in power are answerable
for their actions.
„ Encourage Ethical Behaviour: Transparency acts as a deterrent to unethical practices. When decision-making
processes are open to scrutiny, the likelihood of corruption and malfeasance decreases.
 Accountability ensures that individuals responsible for any wrongdoing can be identified and held
accountable. This accountability is only possible when there is transparency in the actions and decisions
of those in authority.
„ Citizen Empowerment: Transparency empowers citizens by providing them with the information they need to
make informed decisions. In a transparent system, citizens can hold their representatives accountable by
understanding the rationale behind policies and actions.
 Accountability ensures that citizens have mechanisms through which they can seek redress if they believe
that those in power are not acting in their best interests. This empowerment of citizens strengthens the
democratic fabric of a society.
„ Effective Governance: Transparency is essential for effective governance as it allows for the efficient flow of
information both within the government and to the public. This transparency enables better coordination,
collaboration, and decision-making.
 Accountability ensures that those entrusted with power are motivated to perform their duties diligently.
The prospect of being answerable for their actions encourages responsible governance.
In conclusion, transparency and accountability are interdependent concepts that work hand in hand to promote
good governance. A transparent system not only allows for greater accountability but also serves as a foundation
for citizen participation and trust. Conversely, accountability mechanisms are most effective in a transparent
environment where actions and decisions are open to scrutiny. Together, transparency and accountability form
the cornerstone of a democratic and accountable government that serves the best interests of its citizens.
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 7 International Relations

Question 1. The failure of ‘SAARC’ forced India to strengthen ‘BIMSTEC’. Explain.

 (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for
Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) are regional organizations that aim to foster
cooperation and development in the South Asian and Bay of Bengal regions, respectively. The failure of SAARC to
achieve meaningful progress due to persistent regional tensions, particularly between India and Pakistan, prompted
India to shift its focus towards strengthening BIMSTEC as an alternative platform for regional collaboration.

Reasons Behind India Shifting its Focus Towards Strengthening BIMSTEC

„ SAARC’s Persistent Stalemate
 India-Pakistan Bilateral Issues: The longstanding and deep-rooted issues between India and Pakistan have
consistently impeded progress within SAARC.
 Ineffectiveness: SAARC has faced challenges in realizing its objectives due to the inability to overcome
regional differences and move beyond historical animosities.
„ Strategic Importance of BIMSTEC
 Geographic Alignment: BIMSTEC comprises nations surrounding the Bay of Bengal, including India,
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan, and Nepal. This strategic alignment offers an alternative
regional forum that excludes some of the contentious relationships present in SAARC.
 Economic Potential: BIMSTEC countries represent a diverse and dynamic economic landscape, offering
significant potential for cooperation in trade, investment, and economic development.
„ Focus on Connectivity and Trade
 Infrastructure Development: BIMSTEC emphasizes the development of connectivity infrastructure, including
road, rail, and maritime links, to enhance regional integration.
 Trade Facilitation: India recognizes BIMSTEC as a platform for promoting trade and economic linkages,
fostering economic growth and development in the member countries.
„ Security Cooperation
 Counter-terrorism Collaboration: BIMSTEC provides a platform for member countries to collaborate on
counterterrorism efforts and ensure regional security.
 Maritime Security: Given the maritime nature of the organization, BIMSTEC focuses on enhancing maritime
security cooperation among member nations.
„ Inclusive Regionalism
 Exclusion of Pakistan: The exclusion of Pakistan from BIMSTEC eliminates the hurdles posed by the India-
Pakistan rivalry, allowing for a more inclusive and cooperative regional framework.
 Greater Regional Harmony: BIMSTEC promotes regional harmony by focusing on common goals and shared
interests, minimizing the impact of historical disputes on regional cooperation.
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UPPSC Mains GS-V
 8 General Studies-V
(Uttar Pradesh Specific)
Question 1. Critically examine the process of appointment of the Advocate General and his functions in
Uttar Pradesh. (UPPSC 2023, 125 words, 8 marks)

Answer: Advocate General is appointed by the Governor under Article 165 of the Indian Constitution to defend
the interest of the State Government. He advises the Government of the concerned State on such legal matters
and performs other legal duties as he may be assigned.

Appointment Process of Advocate General in Uttar Pradesh

„ Eligibility Criteria: The Advocate General must be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court. This
ensures that the individual possesses a high level of legal expertise and experience.
„ Nomination or Recommendation: The Governor, who has the authority to appoint the Advocate General, may
nominate or recommend a suitable candidate. This nomination could be based on the advice of the Chief
Minister or the Council of Ministers.
„ Governor’s Discretion: The Governor exercises discretion in the appointment of the Advocate General. Unlike
some other constitutional posts.
„ Appointment by the Governor: After considering the qualifications and suitability of the nominee, the Governor
formally appoints the Advocate General. The appointment is made by issuing a notification.
„ Tenure and Pleasure of the Governor: The Advocate General holds office during the pleasure of the Governor.
This means that the Governor can remove the Advocate General from office at any time without specifying a
reason.
„ Oath or Affirmation: After the appointment, the Advocate General usually takes an oath or affirmation of office,
pledging to uphold the Constitution and discharge the duties of the office faithfully.

Functions of the Advocate General

„ Legal Representation: The primary function of the Advocate General is to represent the state government in
legal proceedings. This involves appearing in courts on behalf of the government and presenting its case in
matters of legal significance.
„ Legal Advice: Another crucial role is to provide legal advice to the state government. This involves offering
opinions on legal matters, explaining legal implications of decisions, and ensuring that the government’s actions
align with legal norms.
„ Defender of the Constitution: The Advocate General is tasked with upholding the Constitution. This includes
safeguarding the legal interests of the state and ensuring that government actions adhere to constitutional
principles.
„ Advisory Role: The Advocate General acts as a legal advisor to various state departments, offering guidance
on legal issues that may arise in the course of administrative functions.
„ Continuous Legal Research and Updates: To effectively discharge their duties, the Advocate General must stay
abreast of legal developments, precedents, and emerging jurisprudence at both state and national levels. This
necessitates continuous legal research and updates to provide informed legal counsel.
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