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Class 10 Science - Biology Chapter 2 Control and Coordination

Chapter 2 discusses control and coordination in living organisms, focusing on the nervous system in animals and movement responses in plants. It details the structure and function of neurons, the human nervous system, reflex actions, and types of plant movements, including tropisms and nastic movements. Additionally, it covers the role of hormones in both plants and animals, highlighting various endocrine glands and their functions.

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Sudhar Ghar Amritsar
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2K views3 pages

Class 10 Science - Biology Chapter 2 Control and Coordination

Chapter 2 discusses control and coordination in living organisms, focusing on the nervous system in animals and movement responses in plants. It details the structure and function of neurons, the human nervous system, reflex actions, and types of plant movements, including tropisms and nastic movements. Additionally, it covers the role of hormones in both plants and animals, highlighting various endocrine glands and their functions.

Uploaded by

Sudhar Ghar Amritsar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

� Chapter 2 – Control and Coordination

(Biology)

� 1. Introduction
Living organisms respond to various stimuli (like light, heat, sound, smell, taste, etc.). These
responses are controlled and coordinated by specific systems.

� 2. Control and Coordination in Animals


� A. Nervous System

 The system that controls and coordinates body activities.


 Composed of:
i. Brain
ii. Spinal Cord
iii. Nerves

� B. Neuron (Nerve Cell)

 Structural and functional unit of the nervous system.


 Parts of a neuron:
o Dendrite: Receives signals
o Cell body (cyton): Processes signals
o Axon: Sends signals to other neurons
o Axon terminal: Passes message to next neuron/muscle

� C. Synapse

 The junction between two neurons.


 Transfers message using neurotransmitters.

� D. Human Nervous System


1. Central Nervous System (CNS):
o Brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
o All nerves from brain and spinal cord
3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
o Controls involuntary actions (e.g., heartbeat, digestion)

� E. Human Brain

Part of Brain Function


Cerebrum Thinking, memory, reasoning, voluntary actions
Cerebellum Balance and coordination of movement
Medulla oblongata Involuntary actions (breathing, heartbeat)
Midbrain & Pons Relay information between cerebrum and spinal cord

� F. Reflex Action

 Sudden, involuntary response to a stimulus.


 Reflex arc: Pathway of reflex action involving receptor → sensory neuron → spinal cord
→ motor neuron → effector.

� 3. Control and Coordination in Plants


� A. Tropic Movements

 Directional movement in response to stimuli.

Type of Tropism Stimulus Example


Phototropism Light Stem bends towards light
Geotropism Gravity Roots grow downward
Hydrotropism Water Roots grow toward water
Thigmotropism Touch Tendrils coil around support
Chemotropism Chemicals Pollen tube growth toward ovule

� B. Nastic Movements

 Non-directional movements (e.g., touch-me-not plant folding leaves).


� C. Plant Hormones (Phytohormones)

Hormone Function
Auxin Cell elongation, phototropism
Gibberellin Growth of stem
Cytokinin Cell division
Abscisic Acid Inhibits growth, closes stomata
Ethylene Ripening of fruits

� 4. Hormones in Animals (Endocrine System)


� Endocrine Glands and Hormones

Gland Hormone Function


Pituitary Growth hormone Controls growth
Thyroid Thyroxine Controls metabolism
Pancreas Insulin Regulates blood sugar
Adrenal Adrenaline Fight or flight response
Testes Testosterone Male reproductive hormone
Ovaries Estrogen, Progesterone Female reproductive hormones

✍� Important Terms
 Stimulus: Any change in the environment to which the organism responds.
 Coordination: Working together of various organs and systems.
 Receptor: Specialized structure to receive stimulus.
 Effector: Organ that shows response (muscle or gland).

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