02: Elementary Programming

Programming Technique I
(SCSJ1013)
 What a Is a Program Made Of?
• Common elements in programming languages:
– Key Words
– Programmer-Defined Identifiers
– Operators
– Punctuation
– Syntax
 Key Words
• Also known as reserved words
• Have a special meaning in C++
• Can not be used for another purpose
• Written using lowercase letters
• Examples in program (shown in green):
using namespace std;
int main()

1-3
 Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
return 0;
}
1-4
 Operators
• Used to perform operations on data
• Many types of operators
– Arithmetic: +, -, *, /
– Assignment: =
• Examples in program (shown in green):
num2 = 12;
sum = num1 + num2;

1-5
 Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double num1 = 5, num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
return 0;
}

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 Punctuation
• Characters that mark the end of a statement,
or that separate items in a list
• Example in program (shown in green):
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

1-7
 Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
return 0;
}
1-8
 The #include Directive

• Inserts the contents of another file into the

program
• Is a preprocessor directive
– Not part of the C++ language
– Not seen by compiler No ; goes
here
• Example:
#include <iostream>

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 Comments

• Are used to document parts of a program

• Are written for persons reading the source
code of the program
– Indicate the purpose of the program
– Describe the use of variables
– Explain complex sections of code
• Are ignored by the compiler

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 Single-Line Comments

• Begin with // through to the end of line

int length = 12; // length in inches
int width = 15; // width in inches
int area; // calculated area

// Calculate rectangle area

area = length * width;

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 Multi-Line Comments

• Begin with /* and end with */

• Can span multiple lines
/*----------------------------
Here's a multi-line comment
----------------------------*/
• Can also be used as single-line comments
int area; /* Calculated area */

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 The Parts of a C++ Program
Statement Purpose
// sample C++ program comment
#include <iostream> preprocessor directive
using namespace std; which namespace to use
int main() beginning of function named main
{ beginning of block for main
cout << "Hello, there!"; output statement
return 0; send 0 back to the operating system
} end of block for main

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 Special Characters
Character Name Description
// Double Slash Begins a comment
# Pound Sign Begins preprocessor directive

< > Open, Close Brackets Encloses filename used in

#include directive
( ) Open, Close Parentheses Used when naming function

{ } Open, Close Braces Encloses a group of statements

" " Open, Close Quote Marks Encloses string of characters

; Semicolon Ends a programming statement

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 Important Details
• C++ is case-sensitive. Uppercase and
lowercase characters are different characters.
‘Main’ is not the same as ‘main’.
• Every { must have a corresponding }, and
vice-versa.

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Variables
 Variables
• A variable is a named location in computer
memory (in RAM)
• It holds a piece of data
• It must be defined before it can be used
• Example variable definition:
double num1;

1-17
 Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
return 0;
}
1-18
 Variables, Constants, and the
Assignment Statement
• Variable
– Has a name and a type of data it can hold

variable
data type name
char letter;

– Is used to reference a location in memory where a value

can be stored
– Must be defined before it can be used
– The value that is stored can be changed, i.e., it can “vary”

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 Variables
– If a new value is stored in the variable, it replaces
the previous value
– The previous value is overwritten and can no
longer be retrieved
int age;
age = 17; // age is 17
cout << age; // Displays 17
age = 18; // Now age is 18
cout << age; // Displays 18

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Variables: Example
Identifiers
 Identifiers
• Programmer-chosen names to represent parts of the
program, such as variables
• Name should indicate the use of the identifier
• Cannot use C++ key words as identifiers
• Must begin with alphabetic character or _, followed by
alphabetic, numeric, or _ . Alpha may be uppercase or
lowercase
• Example in program (shown in green):
double num1
 Example Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

cout << "The sum is " << sum;
return 0;
}
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 Valid and Invalid Identifiers

IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID

totalSales

total_Sales

total.Sales

4thQtrSales

totalSale$

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 Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A line is all of the characters entered before a
carriage return.
Blank lines improve the readability of a program.
Here are four sample lines. Line 3 is blank:
double num1 = 5, num2, sum;
num2 = 12;

sum = num1 + num2;

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 Lines vs. Statements
In a source file,
A statement is an instruction to the computer to
perform an action.
A statement may contain keywords, operators,
programmer-defined identifiers, and punctuation.
A statement may fit on one line, or it may occupy
multiple lines.
Here is a single statement that uses two lines:
double num1 = 5,
num2, sum;

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 Literals
• Literal: a value that is written into a program’s
code.
– "hello, there" (string literal)
– 12 (integer literal)
Literals: Example
Literals: Example
 In-Class Exercise
Examine the following program. List all the variables and literals
that appear in the program.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ int little;
int big;

little = 2;
big = 2000;
cout<<"The little number is " <<little<<endl;
cout<<"The big number is "<<big<<endl;
return 0;
}
 In-Class Exercise
What will the following program display on the
screen?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int num;
num = 712;
cout<< "The value is " << num << endl;
return 0;
}
Input and Output
Input using cin
 The cin Object
• Standard input object
• Like cout, requires iostream file
• Used to read input from keyboard
• Information retrieved from cin with >>
• Input is stored in one or more variables
 The cin Object

• cin converts data to the type that matches

the variable:

int height;
cout << "How tall is the room? ";
cin >> height;
 The cin Object

• Can be used to input more than one value:

cin >> height >> width;

• Multiple values from keyboard must be separated

by spaces

• Order is important: first value entered goes to first

variable, etc.
 Displaying a Prompt
• A prompt is a message that instructs the user
to enter data.
• You should always use cout to display a
prompt before each cin statement.

cout << "How high is the room? ";

cin >> height;
 Reading Strings with cin

• Can be used to read in a string

• Must first declare an array to hold characters in
string:
char myName[21];
• myName is a name of an array, 21 is the number of
characters that can be stored (the size of the array),
including the NULL character at the end
• Can be used with cin to assign a value:
cin >> myName;
 In-Class Exercise
• Solve the problem. Add array of characters to the
output.

Sample of output:
Enter an integer: 7
Enter a decimal number : 2.25
Enter a single character : R
Enter an array of characters: Programming
Output using cout
 The cout Object

• Displays information on computer screen

• Use << to send information to cout
cout << "Hello, there!";
• Can use << to send multiple items to cout
cout << "Hello, " << "there!";
Or
cout << "Hello, ";
cout << "there!";

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 Starting a New Line

• To get multiple lines of output on screen

- Use endl
cout << "Hello, there!" << endl;
- Use \n in an output string
cout << "Hello, there!\n";

Notice that the \n is INSIDE

the string.
 In-Class Exercise
• Rearrange the following program statements
in the correct order.
int main()
}
return 0;
#include <iostream>
cout<<"In 1492 Columbus sailed the ocean
blue.";
{
using namespace std;
• What is the output of the program when it is properly
arranged?
Data type and constant
 Number Systems
• Numbers can be represented in a variety of
ways.
• The representation depends on what is called
the BASE.
• You write these numbers as:
– Number base
 Number Systems
• The following are the four most common
representations.
• Decimal (base 10)
– Commonly used
– Valid digits are from 0 to 9
– Example: 12610 (normally written as just 126)
• Binary (base 2)
– Valid digits are 0 and 1
– Example: 11111102
• The following are the four most common
representations.
• Octal (base 8)
– Valid digits are from 0 to 7
– Example: 1768
• Hexadecimal (base 16)
– Valid digits are from 0 to 9 and A to F (or from a to f)
– Example: 7E16
 Integer Data Types

• Designed to hold whole numbers

• Can be signed or unsigned
12 -6 +3
• Available in different sizes (i.e., number of
bytes): short, int, and long
• Size of short  size of int  size of long

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 Integral Constants
• To store an integer constant in a long memory
location, put ‘L’ at the end of the number:
1234L
• Constants that begin with ‘0’ (zero) are octal,
or base 8: 075
• Constants that begin with ‘0x’ are
hexadecimal, or base 16: 0x75A

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 Defining Variables

• Variables of the same type can be defined

- In separate statements
int length;
int width;
- In the same statement
int length,
width;
• Variables of different types must be defined in
separate statements
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 Floating-Point Data Types
• Designed to hold real numbers
12.45 -3.8
• Stored in a form similar to scientific notation
• Numbers are all signed
• 3 data types to represent floating-point
numbers: float, double, and long
double
• Size of float  size of double
 size of long double

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 Floating-point Constants
• Can be represented in
- Fixed point (decimal) notation:
31.4159 0.0000625
- E notation:
3.14159E1 6.25e-5
• Are double by default
• Can be forced to be float 3.14159F or long
double 0.0000625L

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 Assigning Floating-point Values to
Integer Variables
If a floating-point value is assigned to an
integer variable
– The fractional part will be truncated (i.e.,
“chopped off” and discarded)
– The value is not rounded
int rainfall = 3.88;
cout << rainfall; // Displays 3

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 The bool Data Type

• Represents values that are true or false

• bool values are stored as short integers
• false is represented by 0, true by 1
bool allDone = true; allDone finished
bool finished = false; 1 0

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 The char Data Type

• Used to hold single characters or very small

integer values
• Usually occupies 1 byte of memory
• A numeric code representing the character is
stored in memory
SOURCE CODE MEMORY

char letter = 'C'; letter

67
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 The char Data Type

• Used to hold single characters or very small

integer values
• Usually occupies 1 byte of memory
• A numeric code representing the character is
stored in memory
SOURCE CODE MEMORY

char letter = 'C'; letter

67
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 In-Class Exercise
• What is wrong with the following program?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ char letter;

letter = "Z";
cout<<letter<<endl;
return 0;
}
 Summary of data types
Name Description Size Range
signed: -128 to 127
char Character or small integer. 1byte
unsigned: 0 to 255
short int signed: -32768 to 32767
Short Integer. 2bytes
(short) unsigned: 0 to 65535
signed: -2147483648 to
int Integer. 4bytes 2147483647
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
signed: -2147483648 to
long int
Long integer. 4bytes 2147483647
(long)
unsigned: 0 to 4294967295
Boolean value. It can take
bool one of two values: true or 1byte true or false
false.
float Floating point number. 4bytes +/- 3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
Double precision floating
double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
point number.
Long double precision
long double 8bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
floating point number.
Naming Constant
 Named Constants
• Named constant (constant variable): variable
whose content cannot be changed during
program execution
• Used for representing constant values with
descriptive names:
const double TAX_RATE = 0.0675;
const int NUM_STATES = 50;
• Often named in uppercase letters
 Defining constants
• You can define your own names for constants that you use very
often without having to resort to memory-consuming variables,
simply by using the #define preprocessor directive.
• Its format:
#define identifier value
• Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.14159
#define NEWLINE '\n‘
int main ()
{ double r=5.0;
double circle;
circle = 2 * PI * r;
cout << circle;
cout << NEWLINE; return 0;}
 Declared constants (const)
• With the const prefix you can declare constants with a
specific type in the same way as you would do with a
variable
• Example:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{ double r=5.0,circle;
const double PI = 3.14159;
const char NEWLINE = '\n';
circle = 2 * PI * r;
cout << circle;
cout << NEWLINE; return 0;}
 String Constant

• Can be stored a series of characters in

consecutive memory locations
"Hello"
• Stored with the null terminator, \0, at end
H e l l o \0

• Is comprised of characters between the " "

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 A character or a string constant?
• A character constant is a single character,
enclosed in single quotes:
'C'
• A string constant is a sequence of characters
enclosed in double quotes:
"Hello, there!"
• A single character in double quotes is a string
constant, not a character constant:
"C"
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 The C++ string Class

• Must #include <string> to create and use

string objects
• Can define string variables in programs
string name;
• Can assign values to string variables with the
assignment operator
name = "George";
• Can display them with cout
cout << name;
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 Determining the Size of a Data
Type

The sizeof operator gives the size of any data

type or variable
double amount;
cout << "A float is stored in "
<< sizeof(float) << " bytes\n";
cout << "Variable amount is stored in
"
<< sizeof(amount) << " bytes\n";
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 More on Variable Assignments and
Initialization

• Assigning a value to a variable

– Assigns a value to a previously created variable
– A single variable name must appear on left side of
the = symbol
int size;
size = 5; // legal
5 = size; // not legal

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 Variable Assignment vs.
Initialization

• Initializing a variable
– Gives an initial value to a variable at the time it is
created
– Can initialize some or all variables of definition
int length = 12;
int width = 7, height = 5, area;

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 Scope

• The scope of a variable is that part of the program

where the variable may be used
• A variable cannot be used before it is defined
int a;
cin >> a; // legal
cin >> b; // illegal
int b;

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 In-Class Exercise
• Trace the following program. Can it be
compiled?
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
cout<<value;

int value;
return 0;
}
Arithmetic Expression
Arithmetic Operators and
Expression
 Arithmetic Operators

• Used for performing numeric calculations

• C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators
– unary (1 operand) -5
– binary (2 operands) 13 - 7
– ternary (3 operands) exp1 ? exp2 : exp3

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 Binary Arithmetic Operators

SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE ans

+ addition ans = 7 + 3; 10

- subtraction ans = 7 - 3; 4

* multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21

/ division ans = 7 / 3; 2

% modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1

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 / Operator

• C++ division operator (/)performs integer

division if both operands are integers
cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2
cout << 2 / 4; // displays 0
• If either operand is floating-point, the result is
floating-point
cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6
cout << 2.0 / 4; // displays 0.5

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 % Operator

• C++ modulus operator (%) computes the

remainder resulting from integer division
cout << 9 % 2; // displays 1
• % requires integers for both operands
cout << 9 % 2.0; // error

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 In-Class Exercise
• Identify as many syntax errors as you can in the
following program
*/ what is wrong with this program?/*
#include iostream
using namespace std;

int main();
}
int a, b, c
a=3
b=4
c=a+b
Cout<"The value of c is "<C;
return 0;
{
 Order of Operations
In an expression with more than one
operator, evaluation is in this order:
()
- (unary negation), in order, right to left
* / %, in order, left to right
+ -, in order, left to right
In the expression 2 + 2 * 2 – 2

evaluate evaluate
evaluate third
second first
 Example
int z, y=-5;
z= 8 - 3 + 9 / 2 + 2 * - y;
z= 8 - (3 + 9 / 2) + 2 * - y;// try this

8 - 3 + 9 / 2 + 2 * - y

4: - 5 2: / 4 1: - 5

3: * 10
5: + 9

6: + 19
 Order of Operations
Show prove for the following expression
 Associativity of Operators

• - (unary negation) associates right to left

• *, /, %, +, - associate left to right
• parentheses ( ) can be used to override the
order of operations:
2 + 2 * 2 – 2 = 4
(2 + 2) * 2 – 2 = 6
2 + 2 * (2 – 2) = 2
(2 + 2) * (2 – 2) = 0
Grouping with Parentheses
Type Conversion
 When You Mix Apples and
Oranges: Type Conversion
• Operations are performed between operands
of the same type.
• If not of the same type, C++ will convert one to
be the type of the other
• This can impact the results of calculations.
 Type Conversion

• Type Conversion: automatic conversion of an

operand to another data type
• Promotion: convert to a higher type
• Demotion: convert to a lower type
 Hierarchy of Types

long double
Highest: double
float
unsigned long
long
unsigned int
int

Lowest:
Ranked by largest number they can hold
 Conversion Rules
1) char, short, unsigned short automatically
promoted to int
– For arithmetic operation
char c=‘A’; cout<<6+c; // int

2) When operating on values of different data types, the lower

one is promoted to the type of the higher one.
int i=25; cout<<6.1+i; // float

3) When using the = operator, the type of expression on right

will be converted to type of variable on left
int x, y =25; float z=2.5;
x=y+z; //int
 Algebraic Expressions

• Multiplication requires an operator:

Area=lw is written as Area = l * w;
• There is no exponentiation operator:
Area=s2 is written as Area = pow(s, 2);
• Parentheses may be needed to maintain order
of operations:
y 2  y1 is written as
m
x 2  x1 m = (y2-y1) /(x2-x1);
Algebraic Expressions
Postfix expression
Prefix expression
 In-Class Exercise
• What would be the value of nilai_kedua:
int kira = 5;
int nilai_pertama = 10, nilai_kedua;

nilai_kedua= 5* kira-- + nilai_pertama;

nilai_kedua = 5* --kira +nilai+pertama;
Overflow and Underflow
 Overflow and Underflow
• Occurs when assigning a value that is too large
(overflow) or too small (underflow) to be held
in a variable
• Variable contains value that is ‘wrapped
around’ set of possible values
• Different systems may display a warning/error
message, stop the program, or continue
execution using the incorrect value
Type Casting
 Type Casting

• Used for manual data type conversion

• Useful for floating point division using int:
double m;
m = static_cast<double>(y2-y1)
/(x2-x1);
• Useful to see int value of a char variable:
char ch = 'C';
cout << ch << " is "
<< static_cast<int>(ch);
Example
 C-Style and Prestandard Type Cast
Expressions
• C-Style cast: data type name in ()
cout << ch << " is " << (int)ch;
• Prestandard C++ cast: value in ()
cout << ch << " is " << int(ch);
• Both are still supported in C++, although
static_cast is preferred
Multiple Assignment and Combined
Assignment
 Multiple Assignment and
Combined Assignment
• The = can be used to assign a value to
multiple variables:
x = y = z = 5;
• Value of = is the value that is assigned
• Associates right to left:
x = (y = (z = 5));
value value value
is 5 is 5 is 5
 Combined Assignment

• Look at the following statement:

sum = sum + 1;

This adds 1 to the variable sum.

 Combined Assignment

• The combined assignment operators provide

a shorthand for these types of statements.
• The statement
sum = sum + 1;
is equivalent to
sum += 1;
 Combined Assignment Operators
Operator Example Equivalent to
+= i+=3 i = i+3
i += j +3 i = i + (j+3)
-= i-=3 i = i-3
i -= j +3 i = i - (j+3)
*= i*=3 i = i*3
i *= j +3 i = i * (j+3)
/= i/=3 i = i/3
i /= j +3 i = i / (j+3)
%= i%=3 i = i%3
i %= j +3 i = i % (j+3)
 In-Class Exercise

Assume that int a = 1 and double d = 1.0, and that

each expression is independent. What are the results
of the following expressions?
i) a = 46/9;
ii) a = 46 % 9 + 4 * 4 – 2;
iii) a = 45 + 43 % 5 * (23 * 3 % 2);
iv) a %=3 / a + 3;
v) d += 1.5 * 3 + (++a);
vi) d -= 1.5 * 3 + a++;