QUESTION BANK

CLASS XIITH
SUBJECT - PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER – 7 THINKING

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of thinking?
o a) Goal-directed
o b) Involves reasoning
o c) Immediate physical action
o d) Requires mental manipulation of information
o Answer: c) Immediate physical action
2. What is the process of arriving at a general conclusion from specific examples?
o a) Deductive reasoning
o b) Inductive reasoning
o c) Problem-solving
o d) Decision-making
o Answer: b) Inductive reasoning
3. Which of the following best defines a concept in thinking?
o a) An idea formed by manipulating information
o b) A mental representation of a class of objects or events
o c) A decision-making process
o d) A type of memory
o Answer: b) A mental representation of a class of objects or events
4. Which of these is an example of a heuristic used in problem-solving?
o a) Working through all possible solutions
o b) Applying trial and error
o c) Following a rigid formula
o d) Using a rule of thumb
o Answer: d) Using a rule of thumb
5. What type of problem-solving involves trial and error without a structured plan?
o a) Algorithmic problem-solving
o b) Insight problem-solving
 o c) Heuristic problem-solving
o d) Intuitive problem-solving
o Answer: c) Heuristic problem-solving

Very Short Answer Questions

1. What is thinking?
o Answer: Thinking is the mental process of manipulating information to form
ideas, solve problems, and make decisions.
2. What is an algorithm in problem-solving?
o Answer: An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct
solution to a problem.
3. Define inductive reasoning.
o Answer: Inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from
specific observations or examples.
4. What is a concept?
o Answer: A concept is a mental category used to group objects, events, or
ideas that share similar characteristics.
5. What is a heuristic?
o Answer: A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used to make quick
decisions or solve problems efficiently.

Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning.
o Answer: Deductive reasoning starts with general premises and works toward
a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning starts with specific
observations and makes general conclusions.
2. What is a mental set, and how does it affect problem-solving?
o Answer: A mental set is a tendency to approach problems in a particular way,
often based on past experiences. It can limit creative problem-solving by
restricting the ability to see new solutions.
3. How does insight differ from trial-and-error problem-solving?
o Answer: Insight is a sudden realization of the solution to a problem, while
trial-and-error involves trying different solutions until one works.
4. What is the role of working memory in thinking?
 o Answer: Working memory holds and manipulates information temporarily
during thinking and problem-solving tasks, playing a crucial role in reasoning
and decision-making.
5. What are the common barriers to effective thinking?
o Answer: Common barriers include mental sets, functional fixedness,
confirmation bias, and overconfidence.

Long Answer Questions

1. Discuss the types of problem-solving strategies and how they are used in different
situations.
o Answer: There are several types of problem-solving strategies:
 Algorithms: Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a correct
solution.
 Heuristics: Mental shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that help solve
problems more quickly but without guaranteed accuracy.
 Trial and Error: Trying multiple solutions until one works.
 Insight: A sudden realization or understanding of the solution.
Different situations require different strategies; for example, complex
problems often require algorithms, while simple problems may
benefit from heuristics.
2. Explain the concept of decision-making and the factors that influence it.
o Answer: Decision-making is the process of selecting the best course of action
from several alternatives. It is influenced by various factors, such as cognitive
biases (e.g., confirmation bias), emotional influences, available information,
and individual preferences. People often use heuristics in decision-making to
simplify choices, but these can lead to errors.
3. How do cognitive biases affect reasoning and decision-making?
o Answer: Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm or
rationality in judgment. They influence how people process information and
make decisions. Common biases include confirmation bias (focusing on
information that supports preexisting beliefs) and availability heuristic
(relying on immediate examples that come to mind). These biases can lead
to faulty reasoning and poor decision-making.
 4. What is functional fixedness, and how does it hinder problem-solving?
o Answer: Functional fixedness is the tendency to perceive an object only in
terms of its usual function. This mental block can limit creativity and prevent
individuals from thinking of alternative uses for an object, making it harder
to solve problems that require unconventional thinking.
5. How does the use of concepts help in organizing and simplifying information in
thinking?
o Answer: Concepts are mental categories that help organize information by
grouping similar objects, events, or ideas. They simplify thinking by allowing
individuals to quickly identify and categorize new experiences or information,
making it easier to process and make decisions.

Case Study-Based Questions:

Case Study 1: A student is given a problem where they must figure out how to
assemble a toy without any instruction manual. After trying multiple ways without
success, they suddenly realize the solution. This is an example of which type of
problem-solving?
 Answer: This is an example of insight problem-solving. The student had a sudden
realization of the solution after struggling with the problem for a while.

Case Study 2: A person has been looking for a job for months but continues applying
only to the same types of companies they’ve worked for in the past, even though they
know they are not getting hired. This could be an example of which thinking barrier?
 Answer: This is an example of mental set, where the individual continues to
approach the problem in the same way despite repeated failures, limiting their
ability to find alternative solutions.

Case Study 3: A manager is deciding whether to hire a candidate with extensive

experience in a different industry or one with moderate experience in the same
industry. The manager decides based on the candidate's prior success at a similar role,
which they recently remembered. This decision-making process is influenced by which
heuristic?
 Answer: This decision is influenced by the availability heuristic, where the manager
relies on recent information that is readily available in memory to make a decision.
Case Study 4: A researcher is trying to solve a complex mathematical problem and uses
a step-by-step procedure based on a proven method. However, the researcher always
gets the correct result. What type of problem-solving strategy is being used here?
 Answer: The researcher is using an algorithmic approach to problem-solving, which
guarantees the correct solution by following a set procedure.

Case Study 5: A person has been trying to solve a puzzle by repeatedly trying different
combinations. After several failed attempts, they finally find the correct one by chance.
What type of problem-solving strategy did they use?
 Answer: The person used trial and error as their problem-solving strategy, where
multiple attempts are made until the correct solution is found.
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