(9883034569/8820696761)

Statistics [1st Semester]: Honours & General [2021-22]

[Module 1]
S. No. Chapters Page Number
1. Syllabus & Expected Question Pattern 01 – 01

2. Formulae 02 – 04

3. Chapter 1: Statistics Theory 05 – 08

4. Chapter 2:Tabulation 09 – 11

5. Chapter 3:Frequency Distribution 12 – 16

6. Chapter 4:Graph & Chart 17 – 38

7. Chapter 5:Central tendency introduction 39 – 40

8. Chapter 6:Mean 41 – 56

9. Chapter 7:Median & mode 57 – 66

10. Chapter 8:Dispersion & Range 67 – 68

11. Chapter 9:Quartile deviation 69 – 78

12. Chapter 10:Mean deviation 79 – 86

13. Chapter 11:Standard deviation 87 – 103

14. Chapter 12:Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis 104 – 124

15. Chapter 13: Interpolation 125 – 138

16. Question Paper 2017 (Honours & Pass) 139 – 143

17. Question Paper 2018 (Honours & Pass) 144 – 146

18. Question Paper 2019 (Honours & Pass) 147 – 148

19. Question Paper 2020 (Honours & Pass) 149 – 151

Book Price: ₹ 150

Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1st Semester
Module II: Statistics (GE: 1.1 Chg)
Internal Assessment: 10 marks
Semester-end Examinations: 40 marks
Total: 50 marks
Unit 1: Fundamentals:
Definition of Statistics, Scope and limitation of Statistics, Attribute and variable, Primary and secondary data,
Method of data collection, Tabulation of data, Graphs and charts, Frequency distribution, Diagrammatic
presentation of frequency distribution. [8Marks]

Unit 2: Measures of Central Tendency:

Meaning of central tendency, Common measures – mean (A.M., G.M., H.M.) median and mode, Partition
values- quartiles, deciles and percentiles, Applications of different measures. [ 8Marks]

Unit 3: Measures of Dispersion:

Meaning of dispersion, Common measure– range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation;
Relative measures of dispersion, Combined standard deviation, Applications of different measures. [ 8Marks]

Unit 4: Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis:

Different types of moments and their relationships, Meaning of skewness and kurtosis, Different measures of
skewness, Measure of kurtosis, Applications of different measures. [ 8Marks]

Unit 5: Interpolation:
Finite differences, Polynomial function, Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formula, Lagrange’s
interpolation formula. [8Marks]

Expected Question Pattern:

Internal Assessment: 10 marks; Semester-end Examinations: 40 marks
Group I: 10 Question of 2 Marks Each
1. Unit 1: Fundamentals:
2. Unit 1: Fundamentals:
3. Unit 2: Measures of Central Tendency:
4. Unit 2: Measures of Central Tendency:
5. Unit 3: Measures of Dispersion:
6. Unit 3: Measures of Dispersion:
7. Unit 4: Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis:
8. Unit 4: Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis:
9. Unit 5: Interpolation:
10. Unit 5: Interpolation:
Group II: 5 Questions of 4 Marks Each
11. Unit 1: Fundamentals:
12. Unit 2: Measures of Central Tendency:
13. Unit 3: Measures of Dispersion:
14. Unit 4: Moments, Skewness and Kurtosis:
15. Unit 5: Interpolation:

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Formulae:
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean:
1. without Frequency: A.M. x = ( ) ∑n x
With Frequency: A.M. x = ( ) ∑Nfx where, N = ∑ f
2. Step deviation method: x = A +
∑d x I where, d =
x− A
N I

3. Combined A.M. x = () n1 x1 + n 2 x 2
n1 + n 2

=
4. ∑
(
f x−x =0)

β
n
5. Without Frequency::HM (H) =
I I I
+ + ... +
x1 x 2 xn
6. For two positive numbers: A.M. ≥ G.M . ≥ H .M .
7. For two positive numbers: A.M. x H.M. = (G.M )
2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Median:
=

N +1
For ungrouped data: Median = The value of th item
2
N
− c. f .
For grouped data: Median = L + 2 ×I
f
Where, L = lower boundary of the median class.
N = total frequency.
c.f = cumulative frequency (less than type) preceding the median class.
I = class width of the median class.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mode:
For a frequency distribution having equal width and only one modal class
f m − f1
Mode = L + ×I
2 f m − f1 − f 2
Where, L = lower class boundary of the modal class
fm = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class next to the modal class
I = common width

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Quartile:
i ( N + 1)
For ungrouped data:-Quartile (Qi ) = The value of th item; (i=1,2,3)
4
iN
− c. f .
For grouped data: Quartile (Qi ) = L + 4 ×I
f
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mixed:
For a moderately skewed frequency distribution: Mean – Mode = 3 (Mean – Median).

If y = a + bx, then
A.M. of y = a+b (A.M. of x)
Median of y = a +b (Median of x)
Mode of y = a + b (Mode of x)

=
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Measures of Dispersion

β
Quartile deviation
Q3 − Q1 Q − Q.1
Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = , Coefficient of Q.D. = 3 × 100
2 Q3 + Q.1
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean Deviation:
1
Without Frequency: Mean deviation (M.D.) = ∑ f x − A
=

n
1
With Frequency : (M.D.) = ∑ f x − A where, A = mean or median
N
M .D.
Coefficient of M.D. = × 100
A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.D: [Using Mean]

Without Frequency: S.D. (σ ) =

1
N
∑ (
x−x
2
)
With Frequency: S.D. (σ ) =
1
N
∑ (
f x−x
2
)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S.D: [Without Using Mean]

Working formulae of S.D. :

2 2

Without Frequency: : (σ ) =
∑x 2

−
∑x
  ; With Frequency: (σ ) =
∑ fx 2  ∑ fx 
− 
n  n  N  N 
   
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
S.D: [When Large values are given]

Step-deviation method :

Without Frequency: : (σ ) =
∑d 2
 ∑d 
−   where d = ( x − A)
n n 
 
2

With Frequency: (σ ) =
∑ fd  ∑ fd 
− 
2
 × I where d = x − A
N 
 N  I
S .D.
Coefficient of variation (C.V.) = × 100
Mean

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

=
Combined S.D & Variance:

β
n1(s.d 12 + d 2 )+n (s.d 2+ d 2 )
Combined S.D. (σ ) = 1 2 2 2

n1 + n2
n1 x1 + n2 x 2
Where, d1 = x1 − x, d 2 = x 2 − x and x=
n1 + n2

8. If y = a + bx, then σ y = b σ x
=

Moment & Skewness

(1). Relation between central and non-central moments:
(a) m1 = 0,
( )
(b) m2 =m 2' − m1' ,
2

m3 = m3′ − 3m2′ m1′ + 2(m1′ )

3
(c)
Mean − Mode
(2).Karl Pearson’s first measure of Skewness =
S .D
3(Mean − Median )
(3).Karl Pearson’s second measure of Skewness =
S .D.
Q + Q1 − 2Q2
(4).Bowley’s measure of Skewness = 3
Q3 − Q1
3rd Central Moment m3
(5). Moments measure of Skewness = = 3,
(S.D )3 σ

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 1: Stats Theory

1. Statistics: Introduction
The word statistics is derived from the Latin word “status” or the Italian word “statista,” and meaning of
these words is “political state” or "government."
A.L. Bowley defines, “Statistics may be called the science of counting”. At another place he
defines, “Statistics may be called the science of averages”. Both these definitions are narrow and throw
light only on one aspect of Statistics.
The best definition was given by Croxton and Cowden – “Statistics is the science which deals with the
collection, analysis and interpretation of numerical data”

2. Limitation of Statistics
(a) Statistics does not study individuals:
(b) Statistics is not suitable for studying qualitative data:
(c) Statistical laws are not exact:
(d) Statistics is liable to be misused:

3. Primary data
Primary data:-
Data that has been generated by the researcher himself/herself, surveys, interviews, experiments, specially
designed for understanding and solving the research problem at hand.
Methods of collecting Primary data:-
The methods of collecting primary data in a statistical investigation are as follows.
(a) Direct personal inquiry
(b) Information from local agents and correspondents
(c) Questionnaires
(d) Interviews, surveys, and fieldwork
(e) Internet communications on email, blogs, listservs, and newsgroups

4. Secondary data
Secondary Data:-
Using existing data generated by large government Institutions, healthcare facilities etc. as part of
organizational record keeping. The data is then extracted from data files.
Sources of Secondary Data
(a) Books, Newspapers, Websites
(b) Government Records
(c) Published/Semi-published Sources & Unpublished Personal Sources

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

5. Distinguish between Primary & Secondary data

BASIS FOR
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA
COMPARISON

Meaning Primary data refers to the first hand Secondary data means data collected by
data gathered by the researcher someone else earlier.

Data Real time data Past data

Process Very involved Quick and easy

Source Surveys, observations, experiments, Government publications, websites,

questionnaire, personal interview, etc. books, journal articles, internal records

Cost effectiveness Expensive Economical

Collection time Long Short

Accuracy More Relatively less

6. Census and Sampling Techniques

There are two important techniques of Data collection, (i) Census enquiry implies complete enumeration
of each unit of the universe, (ii) In a sample survey, only a small part of the group, is considered, which is
taken as representative. For example the population census in India implies the counting of each and
every human being within the country.

7. Distinction between census and sample

Serial Attributes Census Investigation Sample Investigation

no.
1. Type and nature of Enquiry Comprehensive Selective
2. Time required More Less
3. Accuracy & Reliability As high as 100% Less than 100%
4. Types of errors Non sampling Both
5. Suitability For small surveys For large coverage
6. Organisational work Difficult Easier
7. Cost high Low

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

8. Objectives & types of Classification?

The process of arranging data into homogenous groups or classes according to some common
characteristics present in the data is called classification.
For example: During the process of sorting letters in a post office, the letters are classified according to
the cities and further arranged according to streets.
Objectives of Classification:-
(a) To condense the huge raw data
(b) To enable meaningful comparison between two types of numerical data.
(c) To help to understand the data which otherwise would be difficult in case of ungrouped data.
Types of Classification:-
(a) Chronological or Temporal: When the data are classified or arranged by their time of occurrence,
such as years, months, weeks, days, etc
(b) Geographical: When the data are classified by geographical regions or location, like states,
provinces, cities, countries, etc.
(c) Qualitative: When the data are classified according to a quality or attribute such as sex, religion,
literacy, intelligence, etc.
(d) Quantitative: When the data are classified by quantitative characteristics like height, weight, age,
income, etc.

9. Variables and Attributes

An attribute is a quality and the data is collected to see how many objects possess the quality of being
defective and how many elements do not possess this quality. Other famous examples of attributes are
level of education, level of smoking, level of social work, level of income, religion, etc.
There are 4 people and their heights in inches are 55, 56, 72 and 74. Here height is a attribute
(characteristic) and the figures 55, 56, 72 and 74 are the values of a variable.

10. Discrete & Continuous variable

Discrete variable
A discrete variable is a variable that can assume only a finite number of values or if its values can be
placed in one-to-one correspondence with the positive integers. In other words, a discrete variable can
assume only integral values and is capable of exact measurement.
For example, the number of students in a class, the number of children in a family, the number of
accidents on the road, the number of typing errors per page, etc. are some examples of discrete variables.
Note that a discrete variable represent data that can actually be counted.
Continuous variable
A continuous variable is a variable that can assume any value (integral as well as fractional) in some
specified interval or range.
For example, the heights and weights of the students in a class represent continuous variables. Note that a
continuous variable represents data that are measured.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 Marks
1. Which of the following is the source of Secondary Data?
(a) Interview method
(b) Mailed questionnaire method;
(c) Observation method
(d) International sources & Government Sources
2. Which of the following is the source of Primary Data?
(a) Interview method
(b) International sources & Government sources
(c) Private and quasi-government sources
(d) Unpublished sources of various research institutes,
3. When data are arranged at regular interval of time, the classification is called:
(a) Qualitative
(b) Quantitative
(c) Chronological
(d) Geographical
4. Classification of data according to location or areas is called:
(a) Qualitative classification
(b) Quantitative classification
(c) Geographical classification
(d) Chronological classification
5. Classification of data by attributes is called:
(a) Quantitative classification
(b) Chronological classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) Geographical classification
6. The frequency distribution according to individual variate values is called:
(a) Discrete frequency distribution
(b) Cumulative frequency distribution
(c) Percentage frequency distribution
(d) Continuous frequency distribution
7. Qualitative character of statistics is known as [2020]
(A) variable (B) attribute (C) data (D) information.
8. Statistics comes from the Latin word__________
(a) Status
(b) Statista
(c) Statistik
(d) None of these
9. Which of the following is an example of attribute
(a) Age of students
(b) Ranks of students
(c) Merit of students
(d) All of these
10. Drinking habit of a person is
(a) An attribute
(b) A variable
(c) A discrete variable
(d) A continuous variable
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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 2: Tabulation
Tabulation:
Tabulation of Data
The process of placing classified data into tabular form is known as tabulation. A table is a symmetric
arrangement of statistical data in rows and columns. Rows are horizontal arrangements whereas columns
are vertical arrangements. It may be simple, double or complex depending upon the type of classification.

Construction of Statistical table:

The general sketch of table indicating its necessary parts is shown below:
Title:

----Box Head----

----Row Captions---- ------Column Captions-----

---Stub Entries--- -----The Body-----

Foot Notes…
Source Notes…
(1) The Title
The title is the main heading written in capitals shown at the top of the table. It must explain the contents
of the table and throw light on the table.

(2) The Box Head (column captions)

The vertical heading and subheading of the column are called columns captions.

(3) The Stub (row captions)

The horizontal headings and sub heading of the row are called row captions or Stub.

(4) The Body

This is the main part of the table which contains the numerical information

(5) Prefatory Notes

A statement given below the title and enclosed in brackets usually describes the units of measurement and
is called the prefatory notes.

(6) Foot Notes

These appear immediately below the body of the table providing additional explanation.

(7) Source Notes

The source notes are given at the end of the table indicating the source the information has been taken
from. It includes the information about compiling agency, publication, etc.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Draw a Table
In 2020, out of total 1,250 workers in a factory, 775 were members of a trade union. The number of
women workers employed was 125, out of which 70 did not belong to any trade union.
In 2021, the number of union workers was 1,390 of which 825 were men. The number of non-union
workers was 270, among which 110 were women. Present the given information in a suitable tabular
form.
Solution:
Distribution of Workers in a Factory
2020 2021
Category
Male Female Total Male Female Total
Union
720 55 775 825 565 1390
Non-
405 70 475 160 110 270
Union
Total 1125 125 1250 985 675 1660

2. Draw a Table
In a sample study about coffee habit in two towns, the following information was received:
(i) Town A: Females were 40%; Total coffee drinkers were 45% and Males non-coffee drinkers were
20%.
(ii) Town B: Males were 55%; Males non-coffee drinkers were 30% and Females coffee drinkers were
15%. Present the data in a tabular form.
Solution:
Percentage of Coffee Drinkers and Non-Coffee Drinkers in City A and City B
City A City B
Attribute Male Female Total Male Female Total
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Coffee drinkers 40 5 45 25 15 40
Non-coffee drinkers 20 35 55 30 30 60
Total 60 40 100 55 45 100

3. Draw a table
In 2020, out of a total of 3600 workers in a factory 2050 were members of trade union. The number of
women workers employed were 1200 of which 650 did not belong to any union.
In 2021, the number of workers in the union was 2600 of which 1800 were men. The number of non-
union workers was 1900 of which 1200 were women. Present the information in a suitable table.

4. Draw a table
Out of total number of 750 people, who applied for job in Reliance Industries, 150 are females. Out of
total applicants, 420 are graduates and other are post graduate. The number of male applicants who are
post graduate are 250. Tabulate the given information.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 Marks
1. The arrangement of data in rows and columns is called:
(a) Classification
(b) Tabulation
(c) Frequency distribution
(d) Cumulative frequency distribution

2. What are the parts of a statistical table?

(a) Title, caption, stub and columns
(b) Title, body, rows and columns
(c) Caption, body, rows and column
(d) Title, stub, caption and body

3. The_______ is the main heading written in capitals shown at the top of the table.
(a) Title
(b) Caption
(c) Head-notes
(d) Stubs

4. The vertical heading and subheading of the column are called columns _______
(a) Stubs
(b) Title
(c) Caption
(d) Head-notes

5. The headings of the rows given in the first column of a statistical table are called
(a) Stubs
(b) Title
(c) Caption
(d) Head-notes

6. These appear immediately below the body of the table providing additional explanation.
a) Prefatory Notes
b) Foot Notes
c) Source Notes
d) Stub

7. A statement given below the title and enclosed in brackets usually describes the units of
measurement and is called the prefatory notes.
a) Prefatory Notes
b) Foot Notes
c) Source Notes
d) Stub

8. The ________are given at the end of the table indicating the source the information has been taken
from. It includes the information about compiling agency, publication, etc.
a) Source Notes
b) Stub

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 3: Frequency
Distribution
1. Frequency Distribution
A frequency distribution is a convenient way of presenting a large mass of data in tabular form by
grouping the data. These are two types of frequency distributes, viz discrete and continuous

2. Some Useful Definitions:-

Class Interval:-
An interval defining a class is called a class interval (or simply class).

Class Frequency:-
The number of observations that fall in a particular class is called the class frequency and is denoted by
the letter ‘f’.

Class Limits:-
The smallest and largest values that define a given class interval are referred to as its lower class limit &
upper class limit respectively.

Types of Classes:
(1)Inclusive Method (Non-overlapping): Class may be grouped as 0-9, 10-19, 20-29, ….., where the
class interval 0-9 include all values from 0 to 9 (both inclusive).

(2)Exclusive Method (Overlapping): The class interval 0-10 includes all values which are greater than
or equal to 0 but less than 10, the class interval 10-20 includes all values which are greater than or equal
to 10 but less than 20, and so on. Thus if a student has secured 10 marks, he will be included in the class
10-20.

Class Boundaries:-
In Overlapping;Class limits = Class boundaries

In Non- Overlapping;
Lower class boundary = lower class limit – d/2
Upper class boundary = upper class limit + d/2
Here d is the gap between the upper class limit of one class and the lower class limit of next class.

Class Width:-
The difference between the upper and lower class boundaries of a class interval is called the class width
or Length of the class interval. Class width = Upper class boundary - Lower class boundary.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Class Marks:-
The value of the midpoint of the class boundaries or class limits of a class interval is called the class mark
or class midpoint. Thus
Lower class limit+Upper class limit
Class Mark = Mid value =
2

Relative frequency or % Frequency:

Class Frequency
Relative frequency or % Frequency = 𝑥𝑥 100
Total Frequency

A relative frequency distribution presents frequencies in terms of fractions or percentages.

Frequency Density :

Class Frequency
Frequency Density =
Class Width

Open-ended Class Interval:-

A class interval with an unspecified upper or lower class limit is called an open-ended class interval.
For example, classes such as salary less than ₹ 10,000; Age 65 years & above

Cumulative Frequency Distribution:-

The cumulative frequency can be classified into two types: (i) “less than” cumulative frequency, (ii)
“more than” cumulative frequency.

. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Class Interval Class Class Mark Frequency Cum Freq. Cum Freq.
Boundaries (Less than) (More than)
30-34 29.5-34.5 32 3 3 57+3=60
35-39 34.5-39.5 37 5 3+5=8 52+5=57
40-44 39.5-44.5 42 12 8+12=20 40+12=52
45-49 44.5-49.5 47 18 20+18=38 22+18=40
50-54 49.5-54.5 52 14 38+14=52 8+14=22
55-59 54.5-59.5 57 6 52+6=58 2+6=8
60-64 59.5-64.5 62 2 58+2=60 2

To determine the width of each class:-

Highest Value – Lowest value
Class Width = [Rounded off to higher integer]
Number of classes

Range +1
Minimum Class Width =
Number of classes

Range = Highest Value – Lowest value

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Frequency Distribution table

Question:

100 schools decided to plant 100 tree saplings in their gardens on world
environment day. Represent the given data in the form of frequency distribution
and find the number of schools that are able to plant 50% of the plants or more?
95, 67, 28, 32, 65, 65, 69, 33, 98, 96, 76, 42, 32, 38, 42, 40, 40, 69, 95, 92, 75, 83, 76,
83, 85, 62, 37, 65, 63, 42, 89, 65, 73, 81, 49, 52, 64, 76, 83, 92, 93, 68, 52, 79, 81, 83,
59, 82, 75, 82, 86, 90, 44, 62, 31, 36, 38, 42, 39, 83, 87, 56, 58, 23, 35, 76, 83, 85, 30,
68, 69, 83, 86, 43, 45, 39, 83, 75, 66, 83, 92, 75, 89, 66, 91, 27, 88, 89, 93, 42, 53, 69,
90, 55, 66, 49, 52, 83, 34, 36

Solution:

To include all the observations in groups, we will create various groups of equal
intervals. These intervals are called class intervals. In the frequency distribution, the
number of plants survived is showing the class intervals, tally marks are showing
frequency, and the number of schools is the frequency in numbers.

So, according to class intervals starting from 50 – 59 to 90 – 99, the frequency of

schools able to retain 50% or more plants are 8 + 18 + 10 + 23 + 12 = 71 schools. Thus,
71 schools are able to retain 50% or more plants in their garden.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

2. Frequency Distribution table

Ages at death of 50 persons of a town are given below:
36 48 50 45 49 31 50 48 43 42
37 32 40 39 41 47 45 39 43 47
38 39 37 40 32 52 56 31 54 36
51 46 41 55 58 31 42 53 32 44
53 36 60 59 41 53 58 36 38 60
(a) Arrange the data in frequency distribution in 10 class intervals; and
(b) Obtain the percentage frequency in each class interval.
(c) Also find the class boundaries and cumulative frequencies from below and from above.
Solution:
From the given data, we find that the highest age = 60, and the lowest age = 31 and hence, range = 29.
Since we have to arrange the given data in 10 class intervals;
The width of each class = (60 - 31) / 10 = 2.9 = 3 (approximately).
We can take the class intervals as 31-33, 34-36, ..., 58-60.

In the table 1, the gap between any two consecutive classes is 1 and therefore ½ = 0.5 is subtracted from
lower class limit & 0.5 is added in upper class limit.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 Marks
1. The largest value is 60 and the smallest value is 40 and number of classes desired is 5 then the
length of the class interval is:
a) 4

F
b) 20
c) 12
d) 8
2. Cumulative frequency is of [2018]
(a) One type
(b) Two type
(c) Three type
(d) Four type
3. In a frequency distribution, which of the following is sometimes referred to as the class mark?
(a) relative frequency
(b) cumulative frequency
(c) class mid-point
(d) frequency
4. The monthly wages (in Rs.) of 20 workers are given below:
130,62,145,95,116,100,103,71,76,151,142,110,98,85,80,122,132,118,125 & 95
Prepare a frequency distribution with 5 classes of equal widths starting from Rs. 62 and calculate the
respective class frequencies.
=
bp
a) 4,3,6,4,3
b) 3,4,6,4,3
pp

c) 4,6,3,4,3
d) 3,4,4,6,3
5. The monthly salaries of 20 employees are as follows (in ₹).
i

130, 62, 145, 95, 116, 100, 103, 71, 76, 152, 142, 110, 98, 85, 122, 132, 118, 125, 95, 99
What will be the class width of a frequency distribution table with 5 classes of equal intervals.
=

(a) 19
(b) 18
f

(c) 20
(d) 17
il

6. From the following table find the number of workers and express the same in percentage
having wages between ₹ 22 and ₹ 58.
e

Wages (₹): 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of Workers: 20 45 85 160 70 55 35 30
(a) 342, 68.4 %
(b) 340, 68 %
(c) 350, 70 %
(d) None of the above
7. From the following table find the number of workers and express the same in percentage
having wages more than ₹ 44
Wages (₹): 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of Workers: 20 45 85 160 70 55 35 30
(a) 162, 32.4 %
(b) 160, 22%
(c) 150, 30%

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 4: Graph & Charts

1. Presentation of data:-
Textual Presentation: -
In this method the data is presented with the help of a paragraph or paragraphs.
Tabulation Presentation:-
Tabulation may be defined as presentation of data with the help of a statistical table
Diagrammatic and Graphic Presentation.
Diagrammatic and Graphic Presentation. may be defined as presentation of data with the help of a
diagram or Graph.

2. Simple Bar chart:

Simple bar diagram can be drawn either on horizontal or vertical base, but bars on horizontal base more
Common. Bars must be uniform width and intervening space between bars must be equal. While
Constructing a simple bar diagram, the scale is determined on the basis of the highest value in the series.
Example:*
Represent the following data by a bar diagram.
Year Production (in tons)
1991 45
1992 40
1993 42
1994 55
1995 50
Solution:

Simple Bar Chart

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3. Simple Bar Chart

Question:
The cropping pattern in Tamil Nadu in the year 1974-75 was as follows.

Crops Area In 1,000 hectares

Cereals 3940

Oilseeds 1165

Pulses 464

Cotton 249

Others 822
Draw a simple Bar chart.

Solution:

The simple bar diagram for this data is given below.

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4. Multiple bar Chart:

Multiple bar diagram is used for comparing two or more sets of statistical data. Bars are constructed side
By side to represent the set of values for comparison. In order to distinguish bars, they may be either
differently coloured or there should be different types of crossings or dotting, etc. an index is also
Prepared to identify the meaning of different colours or dotting’s.
Example:*
Draw a multiple bar diagram for the following data.
Year Profit before tax (in lakhs of rupees Profit after tax (in lakhsof rupees)
1998 195 80
1999 200 87
2000 165 45
2001 140 32
Solution:

Multiple Bar Chart

 Profit before tax  Profit after tax

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5. Multiple Bar chart

Question:
Draw a multiple bar diagram for the following data
Year Sales (Rs.) Gross Profit (Rs.) Net Profit (Rs.)

1974 100 30 10

1975 120 40 15

1976 130 45 25

1977 150 50 25

Total 500 165 75

Solution:
The Multiple bar diagram for the above data is given below.

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6. Sub-divided Or Component Bar Diagram:

A sub-divided or component bar chart is used to represent data in which the total magnitude is divided
into different or components.
In this diagram, first we make simple bars for each class taking the total magnitude in that class and then
divide these simple bars into parts in the ratio of various components. This type of diagram shows the
variation in different components within each class as well as between different classes. A sub-divided
bar diagram is also known as a component bar chart or stacked chart.
Example:*
Family A Family B

Consumption (Rs.) 250 360

Saving (Rs.) 50 30

Total Income (Rs.) 300 390

Solution:

Sub-Divided or Component Bar Diagram.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

7. Component Bar Chart

Question:
Draw a component bar diagram for the following data
Year Sales (Rs.) Gross Profit (Rs.) Net Profit (Rs.)

1974 100 30 10

1975 120 40 15

1976 130 45 25

1977 150 50 25

Solution:
The Component bar diagram for the above data is given below.

8. Component Bar chart [2017 type]

During the year 2012-13 the Income (in crores) of a railway company of different section is as follows:

Section 2012 2013

Coaching 10 15
Goods 30 25
Other 5 2
Draw The component bar chart for the above data.

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9. Ogives:
For a set of observations, we know how to construct a frequency distribution. In some cases we may
Require the number of observations less than a given value or more than a given value. This is obtained
by a accumulating (adding) the frequencies up to (or above) the give value. This accumulated frequency is
Called cumulative frequency.
Draw the Ogives for the following data.
Class interval Frequency
20-30 4
30-40 6
40-50 13
50-60 25
60-70 32
70-80 19
80-90 8
90-100 3
Solution:
Class limit Less than ogive More than Ogive
20 0 110
30 4 106
40 10 100
50 23 87
60 48 62
70 80 30
80 99 11
90 107 3
100 110 0

OGIVE

(Median & Quartiles can be drawn with the help of Ogives)

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

10. Ogive
Question:
Draw ogives for the following data

Continuou Frequency cumulativeFrequency cumulativefrequency

sInterval (Less than type) (More than type)

0-10 4 4 29

10-20 7 11 25

20-30 6 17 18

30-40 10 27 12

40-50 2 29 2

Solution:

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11. Histogram:
A Histogram as a bar chart or graph showing the frequency of occurrence of each value of the variable
being analysed. In histogram, data are plotted as a series of rectangles. Class intervals are shown on the
‘X-axis’ and the frequencies on the ‘Y-axis’.
The height of each rectangle represents the frequency of the class interval. Each rectangle is formed with
the other so as to give a continuous picture. Such a graph is called staircase or block diagram.

Example 4:****
Draw a histogram for the following data.
Daily Wages Number of Workers
0-50 8
50-100 16
100-150 27
150-200 19
200-250 10
250-300 6
Solutions:

Note:
Mode can be calculated with the help of Histogram.

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12. Histogram
Question:
Draw a histogram for the following data

Seed Yield No. of Plants

2.5-3.5 4

3.5-4.5 6

4.5-5.5 10

5.5-6.5 26

6.5-7.5 24

7.5-8.5 15

8.5-9.5 10

9.5-10.5 5

Solution:

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13. Frequency Polygon:

If we mark the midpoints of the top horizontal sides of the rectangles in a histogram and join them by a
Straight line, the figure so formed is called a frequency polygon. This is done under the assumption that
the frequencies in a class interval are evenly distributed throughout the class. The area of the polygon is
equal to the area of the histogram, because the area left outside is just to the included in it.

14. Line Chart

A line chart is a graphical representation of an asset's historical price action that connects a series of data
points with a continuous line. This is the most basic type of chart used in finance, and it typically only
depicts a security's closing prices over time. Line charts can be used for any timeframe, but they most
often make use of day-to-day price changes
Line chart

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15. Frequency Polygon

Question:
Draw frequency polygon for the following data

Seed Yield Mid Point No. of Plants

2.5-3.5 3 4

3.5-4.5 4 6

4.5-5.5 5 10

5.5-6.5 6 26

6.5-7.5 7 24

7.5-8.5 8 15

8.5-9.5 9 10

9.5-10.5 10 5

Solution:

Frequency Polygon

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

16. Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram:

Another way of preparing a two-dimensional diagram is in the form of circles. In such diagrams, both the
total and the component parts or sectors can be shown.
Example:*
Draw a Pie diagram for the following data of production of sugar in quintals of various
countries.
Country Production of Sugar (in quintals)
Cuba 62
Australia 47
India 35
Japan 16
Egypt 6
Solutions:
The Values are expressed in terms of degree as follows.
Production of Sugar
Country In Quintals In Degrees
Cuba 62 134
Australia 47 102
India 35 76
Japan 16 35
Egypt 6 35
Total 166 360
Pie Diagram:-

Pie-chart

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

17. Pie-chart
Question:
Given the population of 1991 of four southern states of India. Construct a pie diagram forthe following data.

State Population

Andhra Pradesh 663

Karnataka 448

Kerala 290

Tamil Nadu 556

Total 1957

Solution:
Using the formula
Actual value
Angle (in Degree) = x 360o
Total of actual value

State Angle

Andhra Pradesh 121.960

Karnataka 82.410

Kerala 53.350

Tamil Nadu 102.280

Pie-chart

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18. Practical Sum on Pie chart [2017]

Example:*
Expenditure Amount (in Percentage (%) Central Angle (in degree)

F
₹)
Food 36,000 50 % 180o
Rent 9,000 12.5% 45 o
Cloth 27,000 37.5% 135 o
Total 72,000 100 360 o

(A) Amount to Percentage (%)

Amount
Percentage (%) = 𝑥𝑥 100
Total Amount

36,000
% of Food = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 50 %
72,000

9,000
% of Rent = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 12.5 %
72,000
=
bp
27,000
pp

% of Cloth = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 37.5 %

72,000

(B) Amount to Angle (In Degree)

i
=

Amount
Angle (in Degree) = x 360o
Total Amount
f

36,000
Angle of Food = 𝑥𝑥 360 = 180o
72,000
il

9,000
Angle of Rent = 𝑥𝑥 360 = 45 o
72,000
e

27,000
Angle of Cloth = 𝑥𝑥 360 = 135o
72,000

(C) Percentage (%) to Amount

Amount = Total Amount x % Given

Amount of food = 72,000 x 50 % = 36,000

Amount of Rent = 72,000 x 12.5 % = 9,000

Amount of cloth = 72,000 x 37.5 % = 27,000

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
(D) Angle (in degree) to Amount:

Angle Given
Amount = Total Amount x
360

180
Amount of food = 72,000 x = 36,000
360

45
Amount of Rent = 72,000 x = 9,000
360

135
Amount of Cloth = 72,000 x = 27,000
360

(E) Angle (in degree) to Percentage (%):

Angle Given
Percentage (%) = x 100
360

180
% of food = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 50 %
360

45
% of Rent = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 12.5%
360

135
% of cloth = 𝑥𝑥 100 = 37.5%
360

(F) Percentage (%) to Angle (in degree):

Angle (in Degree) = 360o x % Given

Angle of Food = 360o x 50% = 180o

Angle of Rent = 360o x 12.5 % = 45o

Angle of Cloth = 360o x 37.5 % = 135o

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

19. Practical Sum on Pie chart [2017]

The following pie-chart shows the annual agricultural yield of Punjab state for the year 2016:

If the total yield is 8100 tons, how much will be the yield of rice (In ton) and by how much percentage the
yield of Ragi will exceed the yield of rice?
a) 900 and 140%
b) 800 and 120%
c) 700 and 150%
d) 900 and 150%

Solutions:
40
Yield of Rice = 8100 x = 900 tonnes
360

% of Ragi−% of Rice
percentage the yield of Ragi will exceed the yield of rice =
% of Rice
x 100

100 % − 40%
= x 100
40 %

60%
= x 100
40 %

= 150%
Answer (d) 900 & 150 %

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

20. Practical Sum on Pie chart [2018]

The following Pie chart shows the percentage of Literate and Illiterate males and females in a city.

What is the difference between the number of Literate Males and Literate Females, If total number is
2,50,000 ?
a) 3500
b) 4500
c) 5000
d) 6000

Solutions:
% of Literate Males = 35 %,
% of Literate Females = 33 %
Difference = 35 % - 33 % = 2 % of total
= 2% of 2,50,000
= 5,000

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

21. Practical Sum on Pie chart [2019]

The following pie-chart shows the marks obtained by a student in an examination , who scored 540 in
total.

Hindi 60o;
Mathematics 90o,
History 72o,
Science 75o,
English 63o

The subject in which the student scored 108 marks is –

(A) English
(B) History
(C) Mathematics
(D) Science.

Solutions:
Amount
Angle (in Degree) = x 360o
Total Amount

108
= x 360o
540

= 720

The subject History has the Angle of 720.

Hence The subject in which the student scored 108 marks is History

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks

1. Which diagram is represented by a circle
(a) Bar diagram
(b) Line diagram
(c) Pie diagram
(d) Histogram
2. The diagram from which mode can be calculated is [2018]
a) Bar diagram
b) Ogive
c) Histogram
d) Line diagram
3. Cumulative frequency is of [2018]
a) One type
b) Two type
c) Three type
d) Four type
4. Diagramatically median can be ascertained with the help of [2020]
a) histogram
b) ogive
c) frequency polygon
d) none of these.
5. Which of the following can't be calculated diagrammatically?
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Quartile
(d) Mode
6. Cumulative frequency Diagram is also known as________
(a) Ogives
(b) Histogram
(c) Bar chart
(d) Pie-chart
7. Cumulative frequency polygon can be used for the calculation of:
(a) Mean
(b) Median
(c) Mode
(d) Geometric mean
8. When successive mid-points in a histogram are connected by straight lines, the graph is called a:
(a) Historigram
(b) Ogive
(c) Frequency curve
(d) Frequency polygon
9. An Ogive can be drawn in -----------------different ways.
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) Four

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
10. In the pie chart representing the percentages of students having interest in reading various kinds
of books, the central angle of the sector representing students reading novels is 81°. What is the
percentage of students interested in reading novels?
(a) 15 %
(b) 18 %
(c) 22 ¹/₂°
(d) 27 ¹/₂°
11. If in the pie chart representing the number of students opting for different streams of study out of
a total strength of 1650 students, the central angle of the sector representing Arts students is 48°,
what is the number of students who opted for Arts stream?
a) 220
b) 240
c) 275
d) 320
12. Instructions: Study the graph and answer the questions given below. In the following pie graph is
marks obtain by a candidate in five subjects - Math, English, Hindi, Science, Social Science are
given. Full marks of the examination is = 540
[Maths: 900 , Hindi: 700, Social Science: 650, Science: 800, English: 550]

(i)What is the percentage marks in Math of the full marks?

(a) 20 %
(b) 30 %
(c) 35 %
(d) 25 %
(ii) Find from above pie chart: In which subject student get 22.2% marks?
(a) Hindi
(b) Science
(c) Social Science
(d) English
(iii) In which subject student got 105 marks?
(a) Hindi
(b) Science
(c) Maths
(d) English

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
13. The pie chart given below shows the spending of a family on different articles for the year 2000.
Analyse the pie chart and answer the questions which follow.

(i) If the total amount that was spent in the year 2000 was 50000, the amount that was spent
on food was
(a) ₹ 225000
(b) ₹ 22500
(c) ₹ 24000
(d) ₹ 21400
(ii) If the total amount that was spent in the year2000 was Rs. 48000, the amount that was
spent on housing and clothing combined was
(a) ₹ 9600
(b) ₹ 8000
(c) ₹ 10000
(d) ₹ 12000
(iii) The ratio of the amount spent on teaching and education to clothing and food was
(a) 3:2
(b) 2:3
(c) 1:5
(d) 1:2
(iv) According to the graph, the maximum amount that was spent was on which item (if the
expenditure that is given to be Rs. 58256)?
(a) Food
(b) Housing
(c) Clothing
(d) Others
(v) If the amount spent during the year 2000 was Rs. 62000, the amount spent on clothing
during the year was
(a) ₹ 1500
(b) ₹ 15000
(c) ₹ 3100
(d) ₹ 3200

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 5: Central Tendency

Central tendency:
A measure of central tendency is a summary statistic that represents the center point or typical value of a
dataset. These measures indicate where most values in a distribution fall and are also referred to as the
central location of a distribution. You can think of it as the tendency of data to cluster around a middle
value. In statistics, the three most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode.
Each of these measures calculates the location of the central point using a different method.

Mean
The mean is the arithmetic average, and it is probably the measure of central tendency that you are most
familiar. Calculating the mean is very simple. You just add up all of the values and divide by the number
of observations in your dataset.

The calculation of the mean incorporates all values in the data. If you change any value, the mean
changes. However, the mean doesn’t always locate the centre of the data accurately.

Median
The median is the middle value. It is the value that splits the dataset in half. To find the median, order
your data from smallest to largest, and then find the data point that has an equal amount of values above it
and below it.

Mode
The mode is the value that occurs the most frequently in your data set. On a bar chart, the mode is the
highest bar. If the data have multiple values that are tied for occurring the most frequently, you have a
multimodal distribution. If no value repeats, the data do not have a mode.

Quartiles
The quartiles of a data set divide the data into four equal parts, with one-fourth of the data values in each
part. The second quartile position is the median of the data set, which divides the data set in half. We
need 3 quartiles to divide data in 4 parts: Q1, Q2, and Q3,

Deciles:
Deciles and percentiles are usually applied to large data sets. Deciles divide a data set into ten equal parts.
We need 9 Deciles to divide data in 10 parts: D1, D2,…………. and Q9,

Percentiles
Percentiles divide a data set into 100 equal parts. We need 99 percentiles to divide data in 100 parts: P1,
P2,…………. and P99,

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MCQ of 2 Marks Each

1. Which of the following divide a group of data into ten equal subgroups? [2017]
a) Percentiles
b) Median
c) Deciles
d) Quartiles
2. The middle value of an ordered array of statistical data is
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Mid-point
3. The graphical representation by which Median is calculated is called
a) Ogives curve
b) Frequency curve
c) Line diagram
d) Histogram
4. Mode can be obtained from
a) Frequency polygon
b) Histogram
c) Ogive
d) All
5. Number which occurs most frequently in a set of numbers is
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
6. The midpoint of the values after they have been ordered from the smallest to the largest or the
largest to the smallest is called:
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Upper quartile
7. Construction of a cumulative frequency table is useful determining the
a) mean
b) mode
c) median & Quartiles
d) all of the above
8. Cumulative frequency is of [2018]
a) One type
b) Two type
c) Three type
d) Four type
9. The diagram from which mode can be calculated is [2018]
a) Bar diagram
b) Ogive
c) Histogram
d) Line diagram
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CHAPTER 6: Mean
Arithmetic Mean:-
The arithmetic mean or simply the mean is the most popular and commonly used measure of central
tendency. It is what we commonly call the average.
Definition: The arithmetic mean of a set of observations is equal to the sum of all the observations
divided by the total number of observations.

Calculation of Arithmetic Mean- Individual Observations:-

The arithmetic mean (A.M.) of a set of a n observations X1, X2, ….Xn (not necessarily all distinct).
∑X
A.M. =
𝑁𝑁

∑d
A.M. = A +
𝑁𝑁

Calculation of Arithmetic Mean Discrete Series:-

Direct Method: According to this method, the A.M. is given by

∑fX
A.M. =
𝑁𝑁
Where N = ∑f = total frequency.

Short-cut Method: According to this method. Arithmetic mean is given by

∑fd
A.M. = A +
𝑁𝑁
Where A = assumed mean, d = X-A and N =∑f = total frequency.

Calculation of Arithmetic Mean for Continuous Series:-

∑fx
(i) Direct Method: A.M. =
𝑁𝑁
𝑈𝑈.𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿.+𝐿𝐿.𝐶𝐶 𝐿𝐿.
Where N = ∑f = total frequency, x = mid-value = class marks =
2

(ii) Short-cut Method: According to this method, arithmetic mean is given by

∑fd
A.M. = A +
𝑁𝑁
Where A = assumed mean. d = x -A, deviation of mid-value from assumed mean, and N= total
frequency.

(iii) Step-deviation Method:

∑fd
A.M. = A + .I
𝑁𝑁

Where x is the mid-value and i is the common size (or width) of the class intervals.
d = (x-A)/ i

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Properties of A.M.:-
Property 1. The algebraic sum of the deviations of the given set of observations taken from the arithmetic
mean is zero.

Property 2. If each observation of a data is increased or decreased by a constant k, then the arithmetic
mean of the new data also gets increased or decreased by k. That is, if y = x+k

Property 3. If each observation of a data is multiplied by a constant k, then the arithmetic mean of the
data so obtained also gets multiplied by it.

Property 4. If all the observations in the given data set have a value say ‘m’, then their AM, GM & HM
are also ‘m’

Combined Mean:-
����+ 𝑁𝑁2𝑋𝑋2
𝑁𝑁1𝑋𝑋1 ���� +⋯
Combined Mean or 𝑋𝑋� =
𝑁𝑁1+𝑁𝑁2+⋯

Geometric Mean:
G.M. = n
�𝑿𝑿𝟏𝟏 . 𝑿𝑿𝟐𝟐 . 𝑿𝑿𝟑𝟑 … … … . . 𝑿𝑿𝒏𝒏

Harmonic Mean:
𝑵𝑵
H.M. = 𝟏𝟏
∑
𝑿𝑿

Relation between AM, GM & HM :

For any two Positive Numbers:
(a) AM x HM = (GM)2
(b) A.M > G.M > H.M
(c) A.M = G.M = H.M (if both the numbers are equal)
(d) A.M > G.M > H.M (if both the numbers are unequal)
(e) GM is the geometric Mean of AM & HM.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Arithmetic Mean (Individual series)

Question:
Determine the mean from the folowing data: 5, 3,7, 8, 4, 9.

∑ 𝑥𝑥 5+3+7+8+4+9 36
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 6
= 6
=6

2. Arithmetic Mean (Discrete series)

Question:
Find Mean Deviation about Mean:
x 10 11 12 13 14
f 1 2 4 2 1
Solution:

X f fx
10 1 10
11 2 22
12 4 48
13 2 26
14 1 14
∑f=10 ∑fX=120
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 120
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 10
= 12

3. Arithmetic Mean (Continuous series)

Calculate the mean from the following distribution:
Marks obtained 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
No. of students 5 11 18 22 16 8
Solution:
Marks f X fx
(Mid-value)
20-29 5 24.5 122.5
30-39 11 34.5 379.5
40-49 18 44.5 801
50-59 22 54.5 1199
60-69 16 64.5 1032
70-79 8 74.5 596
∑f=80 ∑fX = 4130

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 4130
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 80
= 51.525

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

4. Arithmetic Mean (Continuous series)

Find the mean deviation about mean from the following data:
Production (in tons): 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
No. of factories : 10 16 32 28 14
Solution:

Marks f X fx
(Mid-value)
20-40 10 30 300
40-60 16 50 800
60-80 32 70 2240
80-100 28 90 2520

=
100-120 14 110 1540
∑f=100 ∑fX = 7400
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 7400
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 100
= 74

5. Arithmetic Mean (Individual series)

The A.M. of 7, x – 2, 10, x+3 is 9; find the value of x.

Solution:
=

∑ 𝑥𝑥
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁

7+(𝑥𝑥−2)+10 + (𝑥𝑥+3) 18+2𝑥𝑥 9+𝑥𝑥

9= = =
4 4 2

9 + 𝑥𝑥 = 18, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜, 𝑥𝑥 = 18 − 9 = 9.

6. Combined Mean (A.M)

The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are 54.1 and 50.3.Obtain the mean of
the sample of size 150 obtained by combining the two samples.
Solution:
Here n1 = 50, n2 = 100, x 1 = 54.1, x 2 = 50.3.

∴ Mean (x ) = n 1 x1 + n2 x 2
n1 + n2
=
50 × 54.1 + 100 × 50.3
50 + 100
=
2705 + 5030
150
7735
= 150 = 51.57(𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

7. Geometric Mean
Calculate the Geometric Mean of 3, 6, 24 and 48.
Solution:
G.M. = (3 x 6 x 24 x 48 )1/4
= (3 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 23 x 3 x 24) 1/4
= (3 4 x2 8 ) 1 / 4
= 3 x 2 2 = 12

8. Geometric Mean
The G.M. of x, 9, 12 be 6, find the value of x.
Solution:
By definition, (x . 9 . 12) 1/3 = 6;
or, 108x = 63 = 216 or, x = 2

9. Geometric Mean
The G.M. of a, 4, 8 be 6, find the value of a
Solution:
Since the G.M. of three numbers a, 4, 8 is 6, hence,
(a x 4 x 8)1/3 = 6
or, 32a = 63 (cubing both sides)
Or, a = 216 / 32 = 27/4 = 6.75.

10. Harmonic Mean

Calculate the Harmonic Mean of 3, 6, 24 and 48.
Solution:
𝟒𝟒
H.M. = 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
+ + + 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

𝟒𝟒
H.M =
0.3333+0.1667+0.04167+0.02083

𝟒𝟒
H.M = = 7.11
0.5625

OR

𝟒𝟒
H.M. = 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
+ + + 𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

𝟒𝟒
= 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏+𝟖𝟖+𝟐𝟐 +𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒

48
= 4x
27
= 7.11

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

11. Harmonic Mean

The harmonic mean of 2, a, 8 be 24/7, then the value of a is
Solution:
24 𝟑𝟑
H.M = = 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
7 + +
𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝒂 𝟖𝟖

24 𝟑𝟑
=
7 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 + 𝟖𝟖 + 𝐚𝐚
𝟖𝟖𝒂𝒂
24 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
=
7 5𝑎𝑎+8

168a = 120 a + 192

48 a = 192

a=4

12. AM x HM = (GM)2
The A.M. & G.M between two numbers are 6.5 and 6 respectively; find the H.M.
Solution:
For two numbers we have, A.M. x H.M. = (G.M.)2
or, 6.5 x H. M. = 62 [A.M. = 6.5 and G.M. = 6 (given)]
Or, HM = 36/6.5 = 5.54 [Approx]

13. A.M, G.M Given, find the numbers

If the A.M and G.M of two Numbers are 6.5 and 6 respectively, find the numbers.
Solution:
Let the two numbers be a and b.

a+b = 2 x 6.5 = 13

b = 13-a …(1)

GM2 = ab = 6x 2 = 36 …(2)

a (13-a) = 36

a2–13a+36 = 0

a2–9a – 4a +36 = 0

(a – 9) (a – 4) = 0

Hence a = 9 or 4. b = 4 or 9. Answer = (9, 4) Or (4,9)

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

14. Average Speed:

Ram goes from his house to office on a cycle at a speed of 12 kms/hour and returns at a speed of 14 kms/hour.
Find his average speed.
Solution:
Since the distances of travel at various speeds are equal, the average speed of Ram will be given by the simple
harmonic mean of the given speeds.

𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
Average speed = H.M = 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 = = 12.92/kms/hour
+ 0.1547
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

15. Correct Mean

The mean of 40 numbers was found to be 38. Later on, it was detected that a number 56 was misread as 36.
Find the correct mean of given numbers.
Solution:

Calculated mean of 40 numbers = 38.

Therefore, calculated sum of these numbers = (38 × 40) = 1520.

Correct sum of these numbers

= [1520 - (wrong item) + (correct item)]

= (1520 - 36 + 56)

= 1540.

Therefore, the correct mean = 1540/40 = 38.5.

16. Correct Mean

The mean of 16 items was found to be 30. On rechecking, it was found that two items were wrongly taken as 22
and 18 instead of 32 and 28 respectively. Find the correct mean.
Solution:

Calculated mean of 16 items = 30.

Incorrect sum of these 16 items = (30 × 16) = 480.

Correct sum of these 16 items

= (incorrect sum) - (sum of incorrect items) + (sum of actual items)

= [480 - (22 + 18) + (32 + 28)]

= 500.

Therefore, correct mean = 500/16 = 31.25.

Hence, the correct mean is 31.25.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

17. Correct Mean

The mean weight of a class of 35 students is 45 kg. If the weight of the teacher be included, the mean weight
increases by 500 g. Find the weight of the teacher.
Solution:

Mean weight of 35 students = 45 kg.

Total weight of 35 students = (45 × 35) kg = 1575 kg.

Mean weight of 35 students and the teacher (45 + 0.5) kg = 45.5 kg.

Total weight of 35 students and the teacher = (45.5 × 36) kg = 1638 kg.

Weight of the teacher = (1638 - 1575) kg = 63 kg.

Hence, the weight of the teacher is 63 kg.

18. Combined Mean

The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 are 54 and 51 respectively. Find the mean of sample of size 150
formed by combing the two samples.
Solution:
Sample 1 Sample 2 Combined
Sample Size 50 (n1) 100 (n2) 150 (n1 + n2)
Mean 54 ( 𝑥𝑥1 ) 51 (𝑥𝑥2 ) �𝑋𝑋� = ?
𝑛𝑛1𝑥𝑥1 +𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥2 (50 × 54)+(100 × 51) 2700 +5100
∴ Combined Mean �𝑋𝑋� = 25 = = =
𝑛𝑛1 +𝑛𝑛2 150 150

∴ Combined Mean �𝑋𝑋� = 52

19. Combined Mean

The mean age of a combined group of men and women is 25 years. If the mean age of the group of men
is 26 and that of the group of women is 21, then the percentage of men and women in the group is
Solution:
Men Women Combined
Mean 26 ( 𝑥𝑥1 ) 21 (𝑥𝑥2 ) 25 �𝑋𝑋�
% of Persons a (n1) 100 – a (n2) 100 (n1 + n2)

𝑛𝑛1𝑥𝑥1 +𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥2 (𝑎𝑎 × 26)+(100−𝑎𝑎)× 21 26𝑎𝑎+ 2100−21𝑎𝑎

∴ Mean �𝑋𝑋� = 25 = = =
𝑛𝑛1 +𝑛𝑛2 100 100

Or, 2500 = 2100 + 5a

Or, a = 80

Hence, the percentage of men and women in the group is 80, 20 respectively

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

20. Mean varies to origin & Scale:

Two variables x and y are related by y = 10 – 3x. if the A.M of x is 4, what will be the A.M of Y.
Solution:
Mean varies to origin & Scale. Here Origin = 10, Scale = 3
y = 10 – 3x
Hence 𝑦𝑦 = 10 – 3 𝑥𝑥 = 10 - (3 x 4) = - 2

21. Short-cut Method to compute mean:

The algabric sum of the deviations of 25 observations measured from 45 is – 55, find the A.M of the
distribution.
Solution:
∑d
A.M. = A +
𝑁𝑁
Here A = Assumed Mean = 45
N = Total number of observations = 25
d = deviations measured from 45 = x - 45
∑d = algabric sum of the deviations measured from 45 = -55
− 55
A.M. = 45 + = 45 – 2.2 = 42.8
25

22. Missing frequency Or Value:

The A.M. calculated from the following frequency distribution is known to be 117 Lbs, find the value of x.
Weight in Ibs 100 110 120 X + 25 140 Total
No. of Person 1 4 2 2 1 10
Solution:
Weight in Ibs (X) No. of Person (f) fx
100 1 100
110 4 440
120 2 240
X + 25 2 2x + 50
140 1 140
∑f=10 ∑fX=970 + 2x
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

970+2𝑥𝑥
Or, 117 = 10

Or, 970 + 2x = 1170; Hence x = 100

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

23. Missing frequency Or Value:

The A.M. of the following distribution is 67·45 inches. Find the missing frequency [2020]
Height (inch) 60–62 63–65 66–68 69–71 72–74
Frequency 15 a 126 81 24

Solution:
Height (inch) No. of Person (f) Mid value (X) fx
60–62 15 61 915
63–65 a 64 64a
66–68 126 67 8442

=
69–71 81 70 5670
72–74 24 73 1752
∑f=246 + a ∑fX=16779 + 64a
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

16779+64𝑎𝑎
Or, 67.45 = 246+𝑎𝑎

Or, 67.45 ( 246 + a) = 16779 + 64a

=

Or, 16592.7 + 67.45 a = 16779 + 64a

Or, 67.45 a - 64a = 16779 - 16592.7

Or, 3.45 a = 186.3

186.3
Or, a = 3.45

Or, a = 54

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks:

Theoritical Qns:
1. If a constant value is added to every observation of data, then arithmetic mean is obtained by:
a) Subtracting the constant
b) Adding the constant
c) Multiplying the constant
d) Dividing the constant
2. The averages are affected by change of:
a) Origin
b) Scale
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of the above
3. If all the values in a series are same, then:
a) A.M = G.M = H.M
b) A.M ≠ G.M ≠ H.M
c) A.M > G.M > H.M
d) A.M < G.M < H.M
4. For any two non-zero & positive numbers, which relation is true:
a) A.M x H.M = G.M2
b) A.M x G.M = H.M2
c) G.M x H.M = A.M2
d) A.M + H.M = G.M2
5. Sum of the deviation of the terms from the A.M is _________
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 3

Arithmetic Mean:
6. Find the A.M, G.M and H.M of 3, 6, 24, 48.

7. If a variable assumes the value 1 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with respective frequencies 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6,

find A.M.
a) 1
b) 4.33
c) 2
d) 3.5
8. If the arithmetic mean of 7, x-2, 10, x+3 be 9, find x.
a) 8
b) 9
c) 10
d) 6

9. If the mean of 7, (x – 3), 10 (x + 3), and (x – 5) be 15, Find x.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Geometric Mean:
10. Find the GM of the set of numbers 1,3,9,27.
a) 9
b) 3
c) 5.916
d) 5.196
11. Find the GM of 12, 24, 48
a) 16
b) 24
c) 36
d) 18

12. Calculate the value of x if x is the G. M of 28 and 7.

13. Find the GM of 4,6,9 with weights 1,2,1 respectively.

a) 8
b) 7
c) 6
d) 5
14. If the G.M of a 4,8, be 6, find a.
a) 27/2
b) 9/4
c) 9/2
d) 27/4
15. The G.M. of the numbers 9, x, 27 be 18, then the value of x is – [2019]
a) 20
b) 21
c) 24
d) 29

Harmonic Mean:
16. Find the H.M of 3, 6, 24, 48
a) 20.25
b) 12
c) 7.11
d) 16
17. Find the HM of 1,1/2,1/3,1/4,1/5.
a) 0.5
b) 0.33
c) 0.25
18. The harmonic mean of 2, a, 8 be 24/7, then the value of a is [2020]
(A) 9 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

A.M x H.M = (GM)2:

19. If arithmetic mean is 25 and harmonic mean is 15 then geometric mean is
a) 17.36
b) 16.36
c) 15.36
d) 19.36
20. The A.M of two numbers is 5 and their G.M. is 4. The value of H.M. is [2020]
(A) 4·47 (B) 3·2 (C) 6·25 (D) 5

A.M, G.M Given, find the numbers

21. If the A.M and G.M of two observations are 5 and 4 respectively, then the two observations
are---------
a) 8,2
b) 7,3
c) 6,4
d) 4,4
22. If the A.M and G.M of two Numbers are 6.5 and 6 respectively, find the numbers.
a) 10 & 3
b) 9 & 4
c) 8 & 5
d) 6 & 7

Average Speed:
23. A man travels from Agra to Gwalior at a speed of 30 kmph and returns at a speed of 60 kmph.
What is his average speed?
a) 45 kmph
b) 40 kmph

Correct Mean:
24. The A.M of 25 observations is 44; later on it was reported that two of the observations 34 and
46 were copied wrongly as 28 and 42. Find the actual A.M?
a) 46.4
b) 40.4
c) 42.4
d) 44.4
25. The mean of 20 observations is 45. On checking it was found that two observations were
wrongly recorded as 36 and 44. While the correct value were 38 and 46. What is the correct
mean.
a. 45.5
b. 45.2
c. 45.3
d. 45.4

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
26. A student obtained the mean of 100 observations as 40. It was later found that he had wrongly
copied an observation as 50, the correct figure being 40. Calculate correct mean
a. 39.8
b. 39.9
c. 40
d. 40.1
27. The Mean of 50 observations is 50. If two observations 35 and 65 are deleted, then find the
Mean of the remaining observations.
a) 48
b) 50
c) 52
d) None of these
28. The mean of 9 observations is 16. One more observation is included and the new mean becomes
17. The 10th observation is
a) 18
b) 26
c) 30
d) 7
29. The average age of a group of 10 persons is 45. Another person of age 58 is included in the
group. Compute mean of the group of 11 persons.
a) 46.18
b) 45.18
c) 47.18

Combined Mean:
30. The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 are 54 and 51 respectively. Find the mean of
sample of size 150 formed by combing the two samples.
a) 52
b) 53
c) 52.5
d) 53.5
31. Find the mean of 30 members, where mean of 10 of them is 12 and mean of rest 20 is 9. [2019]
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12.
32. The mean age of combined group of men and women is 25 years. If the mean age of group of
men is 26 and that of group of women is 21, then percentage of men and women in the group
respectively is:
a) 60, 40
b) 80, 20
c) 30, 70
d) 50, 50
33. The mean of a group of 250 items was 15. If the mean of 100 of these items are 15. find the
mean of the remaining 150 items.
a) 15
b) 16
c) 17
d) 18

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Mean varies to origin & Scale:

34. Two variables x and y are related by y = 10 – 3x. if the A.M of x is 4, what will be the A.M of Y.
a) 2
b) - 2
c) 12
d) 22
35. Two variables x and y are related by y=14 - 3x. if mean of y is 8, find mean of x.
a) 2
b) - 2
c) 3
d) 4

Short-cut Method to compute mean:

36. The algabric sum of the deviations of 25 observations measured from 45 is – 55, find the A.M
of the distribution.
a) 40.8
b) 41.8
c) 42.8
d) 43.8

Mean of discrete series:

37. Find the AM of the following distribution:
x 10 20 30 40
f 4 3 2 1
a) 15
b) 20
c) 25
d) None of these

Mean of Continuous series:

38. Calculate the AM of the following frequency distribution:
Class 130-139 140-149 150-159 160-169 170-179
Frequency 12 19 40 21 8
a) 159.3
b) 156.4
c) 153.9
d) 158.2
39. Find the AM from the following frequency distribution
Age: Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50
No. of people: 2 12 15 20 22
a) 22.73
b) 23.73
c) 24.73
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Missing frequency Or Value:

40. The mean of the following data is 6. Find the value of a.
x 2 4 6 10 a+5
f 3 2 3 1 2
a) 4
b) 6
c) 8
d) 7

41. If the mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is
Variable (x) 1 2 3 4 5
frequency 4 5 y 1 2
a) 13
b) 24

42. The A.M. calculated from the following frequency distribution is known to be 117 Lbs, find the
value of x.
Weight in Ibs 100 110 120 X + 25 140 Total
No. of Person 1 4 2 2 1 10
a) 90
b) 110
c) 100
d) None of these

43. If the average weight of the following frequency distribution is 118 lbs then find the value of x.
Weight (in Ibs) 95-105 105- 115 115-125 125- 135 135-145
Frequency 10 40 20 x 10
a) 20
b) 30
c) 40
d) 50

44. The A.M. of the following distribution is 67·45 inches. Then missing frequency is [2020]

Height (inch) 60–62 63–65 66–68 69–71 72–74

Frequency 15 ? 126 81 24
(A) 25 (B) 45 (C) 50 (D) 54.

45. Find the out the missing frequencies of the following data, given that A. M. is 67.45 inches.
Height (inches) 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74 Total
No. of students 5 18 a b 8 100
a) 42, 27
b) 41, 28
c) 43, 26
d) 40, 29

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 7: Median & Mode

Median:
The median of a set of observations arranged in an ascending or descending order of magnitude is defined
as the middle value.

Calculation of Median-Individual Observations:-

For ungrouped data consisting of n observations, the calculation of median involves the following steps:
Step I. Arrange the given set of observation in an ascending or descending order of magnitude.
Step II. The median is given by The value of (N+1) /2 th observation.

Calculation of Median-Continuous Series:-

N
−c.f.
Median = L + 2
𝑓𝑓
𝑥𝑥 i
Where L = lower class boundary of the median class.
f = frequency of the median class.
c.f.= cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class, and
i = class width width of the median class.
N = Total Frequency

Mode:
Calculation of Mode-Ungrouped Data:-
The mode of a set of observation is that value which appears most frequently or with the greatest
frequency.

Calculation of Mode-Continuous Frequency Distribution:-

fm−f1
Mode = L + 𝑥𝑥 i
2𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚−𝑓𝑓1−𝑓𝑓2
Where l = lower class boundary of the modal class.
fm = frequency of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
i = size of the modal class.

Empirical Relationship among Mean, Median and Mode:-

For a symmetrical distribution, the mean, mode and median all coincide or mean = median = mode

However, for a moderately skewed or asymmetrical distribution:

Mean – mode = 3 (mean – Median)
Mode = 3 Median-2 Mean

Knowing any two values out of the three, we can compute the third from these relationships.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Median (Ungrouped Data)

Determine the median from the folowing data: 50, 30,70, 80, 40, 90, 100.
Solution:
Arrange the following data in asending order: 30, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100

Total number of observations (N) = 7

𝑁𝑁+1 7+1
Median =
2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4th term = 70

2. Median (Ungrouped Data)

Determine the median from the folowing data: 50, 30,70, 80, 40, 90.
Solution:
Arrange the following data in asending order: 30, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90

Total number of observations (N) = 6

𝑁𝑁+1 6+1
Median =
2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 3.5th term

3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 50 + 70

Median =
2
= 2
= 60

3. Median (Ungrouped Data)

Find median from the folowing data: :
x 10 20 30 40 50
f 1 2 4 2 1
Solution:
Computation of Quartile deviation
x f
10 1 1st term
20 2 2nd to 3rd term
30 4 4 to 7th term
th

40 2 8th & 9th term

50 1 10th term
N = 10

Total number of observations (N) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓 = 10

𝑁𝑁+1 10 +1
Median =
2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 5.5th term

5𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 6𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 30 + 30

Median =
2
= 2
= 30

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

4. Median (Grouped Data)

Calculate Median from the following:
Class interval 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Frequency 3 4 2 1
Solution:
Computation of Median
Class interval f Cf
(less than type)
20-40 3 3
40-60 4 7
60-80 5 12
80-100 1 13
N = ∑f=13
𝑵𝑵
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Median = L + 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

𝑁𝑁 13
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 6.5 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 40 − 60 , Hence Median class = 40 − 60
2 2

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 40;

N = total frequency = 13

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Median class = 3;

f = frequency of the Median class = 4

i = class width = upper class boundary - lower class boundary = 60 - 40 = 20

6.5− 3
Median = 40 + × 20 = 40 + 17.5 = 57.5
4

5. Median (Grouped Data)

Calculate Median from the following:
Marks 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No. of students 8 12 20 15 5
Solution:
Computation of Median
Class boundaries f Cf
(less than)
30.5-40.5 8 8
40.5-50.5 12 20
50.5-60.5 20 40
60.5-70.5 15 55
70.5-80.5 5 60
N = ∑f=60

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
𝑵𝑵
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Median = L + 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

𝑁𝑁 60
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 30𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 50.5 − 60.5, Hence Median class = 50.5 − 60.5
2 2

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 50.5;

N = total frequency = 60

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Median class = 20;

f = frequency of the Median class = 20

i = class width = upper class boundary - lower class boundary = 60.5 – 50.5 = 10

30− 20
Median = 50.5 + × 10 = 50.5 + 5 = 55.5
20

6. Median (Grouped Data)

For the following open-ended data, calculate the suitable measure of central tendency.
X Less than 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 & above
f 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution:
For the open-ended data, the suitable measure of central tendency is Median.

Computation of Median

Class boundaries f Cf
(less than)
Less than 10 10 10
10-20 20 30
20-30 30 60
30-40 50 110
40-50 40 150
50 & More 30 180
N = ∑f= 180
𝑵𝑵
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Median = L + 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

𝑁𝑁 180
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 90𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 30 − 40, Hence Median class = 30 − 40
2 2

90− 60
Median = 30 + × 10 = 30 + 6 = 36
50

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

7. Mode (Grouped Data)

Compute Mode from the following data:
Values 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 3 8 20 12 7

Solution:
Class 20-30 has the highest frequency, hence Modal class is 20-30.
 f m − f1 
Mode = L +   x i
2
 m f − f 1 − f 2 

Here
l = lower class boundary of the modal class = 20
fm = frequency of the modal class = 20
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class. = 8
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class. = 12
i = Class width of the modal class = 30 - 20 = 1

20 −8
Mode = 20 + �(2 𝑥𝑥 20)−8 −12� x 10

12
= 20 + �20� x 10 = 20 + 6 = 26

8. Mode (Ungrouped Data)

Compute Mode from the following data:
1,1, 1, 4,4,4,4,4, 5,5,5,5, 10
Solution:
Here 4 has the highest frequency, hence Mode = 4.

9. Mode (Ungrouped Data)

Compute Mode from the following data:
Values 10 20 30 40 50
Frequency 3 8 20 12 7
Solution:
Here value 30 has the highest frequency, hence Mode = 30

10. Empirical relationship between Mean, Median & Mode

In a moderately skewed distribution mean = 26 and median = 27 ; find the mode of the distribution.
Solution:
In a moderately skewed distribution, we have,
Mean-Mode = 3(Mean - Median) ,
Or, 26 - Mode = 3(26-27) [Mean = 26 and Median = 27 (given)]
Or, - Mode = - 3 - 26 = -29
Or, Mode = 29

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

11. Missing Frequency

The median of the following frequency distribution is known to be 28. The value of a is: [2017]
Dividend (%) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of Companies 3 20 12 a
Solution:
Median = 28 and Median lies between 20-30 hence Median class is 20-30.
𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Median = 𝐿𝐿 + 2 𝑓𝑓 × 𝑖𝑖

Here L =20, N=3 + 20 + 12 + a=35 + a,

cf=3, f =20, i=10 and Median = 28

35+𝑎𝑎
− (3)
∴ 28 =20 + 2
× 10
20

35+𝑎𝑎
− (3)
∴ 28 - 20 = 2
2

35+𝑎𝑎
∴8 x 2 = − 3
2

35+𝑎𝑎
∴ 16 + 3= ; 35 + a = 38; a = 38 – 35 = a
2

12. Missing Frequency

The mode of the following distribution is ₹ 66. Find the missing frequency:
Daily Wages (Rs) 30 – 40 40 -50 50 -60 60 – 70 70 – 80 80 – 90
No. of workers 8 16 22 28 a 12
Solution:
Mode =66; Mode lies between 60-70, hence Modal classes is 60-70.

L =60, 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 = 28, 𝑓𝑓1 = 22 and 𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑎𝑎, i=10

 f m − f1 
Mode = L +   x i
2
 m f − f 1 − f 2 

28−22
Or, 66 = 60 + �(2×28)−22−𝑎𝑎� x 10

6
Or, 6 = �34−𝑎𝑎� x 10

Or, 34 - a=10

Or, a=24

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

13. Missing Frequency

The Median and Mode of the following frequency distribution are known to be 27 and 26
respectively. Find the values of a and b.
Values 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 3 a 20 12 b
Solution:
Median = 27 and Mode =26; Median and Mode lies between 20-30 hence Median & Modal classes
are 20-30.
MODE:
∴ L =20, f m = 20, f 1 = a and 𝑓𝑓2 = 12. Also i=10
Now,
 f m − f1 
Mode = L +   x i
 2 f m − f1 − f 2 

20−𝑎𝑎
Or, 26 = 20 +�(2×20)−𝑎𝑎−12�x 10

20−𝑎𝑎
Or, 6 = �28−𝑎𝑎�x 10

Or, 168 - 6a=200 - 10a,

Or, 4a=200 -168=32, or, a=8

Median:
𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Median = 𝐿𝐿 + 2
𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

Here L =20, N=3 + 8 + 20 + 12 + b=43 + b,

cf=3+ 8 = 11, f =20, i=10 and Median = 27

43+𝑏𝑏
− (11)
∴ 27 =20 + 2
× 10
20

43+𝑏𝑏
− (11)
∴ 27 - 20 = 2
2

43+𝑏𝑏
∴7 x 2 = − (11)
2

43+𝑏𝑏
∴ 14 + 11=
2

∴ 25 x 2 = 43 + 𝑏𝑏,

b = 50 – 43 = 7. Hence a = 8, b = 7

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks:

1. The median of the numbers: 21, 49, 37, 88, 74, 55 is [2018]
a) 55
b) 52
c) 38
d) 49

2. The median of 12, 48, 30, 112, 62, 94, 75, 98 is [2020]
(A) 69 (B) 68·5 (C) 68 (D) 67·5.

3. Find the mode of the observations 2 ,5, 8 ,4, 3 ,4, 4, 5, 2, 4, 4, 8, 0.

a) 3
b) 2
c) 4
d) 5

4. In a moderately symmetrical series, the arithmetic mean, median and mode are related as:
a) Mean - Mode = 3 (Mean - Median)
b) Mean - Median = 2 (Median - Mode)
c) Median - Mode =3 (Mean - Median)
d) Mode – Median = 2 (Mean – Median)

5. If median and mode of a distribution are 14 and 10 respectively, then mean is [2019]
a) 18
b) 13
c) 12
d) 16

6. In an asymmetrical distribution the mode and mean are respectively ₹ 12·30 and ₹ 18·48 The
median value is [2020]
a) ₹ 15·39
b) ₹ 16·42
c) ₹ 15·49
d) ₹ 16·30.

7. The Median of a set of 10 numbers is 20. If each number is first multiplied by 2 and then
increased by 5, then what is the mean of new numbers?
a) 40
b) 45

8. Find the Median of the following distribution:

x 2 4 6 8
f 5 7 9 3
a) 6
b) 5

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
9. Find the Mode of the following distribution:
x 5 8 12 15 18
f 13 17 19 21 15
a) 12
b) 21
c) 18
d) 15

10. The median of the distribution is [2019]

0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8
2 3 3 2
a) 2.5
b) 4
c) 3.5
d) None of these.

11. Find the median of the following distribution:

Weight in Ibs 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-147
No. of men 15 54 126 81 24
a) 176.34
b) 165.73
c) 156.43
d) 167.43

12. Find the Mode of the following frequency distribution:

Age (in years) 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50
Population 4 6 11 5 7 8 3
(in thousands)
a) 28.88
b) 27.77
c) 23.33
d) 25.55

13. The mode of the following distribution will be [2018]

0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15
4 6 12 8 2
a) 7.8
b) 8.3
c) 8.5
d) 9.1

14. Construct the grouped frequency distribution from the following data and hence find median
& Mode from the following:
Marks Less than 10 Less than 20 Less than 30 Less than 40 Less than 50 Less than 60
No. of students 175 360 680 790 900 1000
[Ans. Median = 24.375, Mode = 23.91]

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
15. Calculate the median and mode from the following:
Wages in ₹ No. of workers
More than 10 125
More than 20 120
More than 30 112
More than 40 96
More than 50 76
More than 60 40
More than 70 16
More than 80 4
[Ans:- ₹ 53.75 & 55.71]

16. The median of the following frequency distribution is known to be 28. The value of a is: [2017]
Dividend (%) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of Companies 3 20 12 a
a) 7
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2

17. The expenditure of 1000 families are as follows:

Expenditure 40-59 60-79 80-99 100-119 120-139 Total
No. of workers 50 ? 500 ? 50 1000
If the median of the following frequency distribution be 87.50, find the missing frequencies.
a) 225, 175
b) 300, 200
c) 150, 250
d) 250, 150

18. The median of the following frequency distribution are known to be 27. Find the values of a.

Values 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency 3 8 20 12 a
a) 7
b) 6
c) 9
d) 8

19. The mode of the following frequency distribution is 26 Find the values of a
Values 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency 3 a 20 12 7
a) 8
b) 6
c) 9
d) 7

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 8: DISPERSION &

RANGE
Measures of Dispersion:-
The degree to which numerical data and tend to spread about an average value is called the variation or
dispersion of the data. There are various measures of dispersion, the most important being the range, the
quartile deviation, the mean deviation and the standard deviation. The measures of dispersion can be
classified as follows.
(i) Absolute measures of dispersion
(ii) Relative measures of dispersion

Absolute Measure of Dispersion:-

The measures of dispersion which are expressed in the same statistical unit in which the original data are
given are termed as absolute measures of dispersion.

Relative Measures of Dispersion:-

These measures are pure numbers independent of the units of measurement and can be used to compare
are variability of two distributions expressed in different units.

Range:-
Range = L-S; Where L = largest value and S= smallest value.
In case of a grouped frequency distribution, range is defined as the difference between the upper class
boundary of the highest class and the lower class boundary of the smallest class.

Coefficient of Range:
𝐋𝐋−𝐒𝐒
Coefficient of range = x 100
𝐋𝐋+𝐒𝐒

1. What is the coefficient of range for the following? 80, 65, 90, 60, 75, 70, 72, 85
Solution
L = largest value = 90; S= smallest value = 60; Range = 90 – 60 = 30
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗−𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
Coefficient of range = x 100 = 20%
𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗+𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔

2. What is the coefficient of range for the following distribution?

CI 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59

F 11 25 16 7 3
Solution
L = upper class boundary of the highest class = 59.5;
S= lower class boundary of the smallest class = 9.5
Range = L -S = 59.5 – 9.5 = 50
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓−𝟗𝟗.𝟓𝟓
Coefficient of range = x 100 = 72.46 %
𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓.𝟓𝟓+𝟗𝟗.𝟓𝟓

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 Marks Each

1. The measurements of spread or scatter of the individual values around the central point is
called:
(a) Measures of dispersion
(b) Measures of central tendency
(c) Measures of skewness
(d) Measures of kurtosis
2. The measures of dispersion can never be:
(a) Positive
(b) Zero
(c) Negative
(d) Equal to 2
3. Which of the following is an absolute measure of dispersion?
(a) Coefficient of Mean Deviation
(b) Coefficient of Quartile Deviation
(c) Standard deviation
(d) Coefficient of Range
4. Which measure of dispersion can be computed in case of open-end classes?
(a) Standard deviation
(b) Range
(c) Quartile deviation
(d) Coefficient of variation
5. Quartile Deviation, Range & Mean deviation directly varies to _______
(a) Change in origin
(b) Change in Scale
(c) (a) & (b) both
(d) Does not varies to any
6. The square of SD is known as
a) Coefficient of Variation
b) Variance
c) Variation
d) None of these
7. SD in independent of
a) Change of origin
b) Change of scale
c) Both change of scale and origin
d) None of these
8. What is the coefficient of range for the following wages of 8 workers?
Rs. 80, Rs. 65, Rs. 90, Rs. 60, Rs. 75, Rs. 70, Rs. 72, Rs. 85
a) 30
b) 20
c) 30
d) 20 %
9. What is the coefficient of range for the following distribution?
CI 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59
F 11 25 16 7 3
a) 22
b) 50
c) 72.46 %

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Chapter 9: Quartile Deviation:

Quartiles, Deciles, Percentile
A median divides a given dataset (which is already sorted) into two equal halves similarly, the quartiles
are used to divide a given dataset into four equal parts. Therefore, there are three quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3),
for a given distribution and the second quartile (Q2) is equal to the median.
The deciles are used to divide a given dataset into 10 equal parts. Therefore, there are Nine deciles (D1,
D2, ……….D9), for a given distribution and the 5th deciles (D5) is equal to the median.
The Percentile are used to divide a given dataset into 100 equal halves. Therefore, there are 99 Percentile
(P1, P2, ……….P99), for a given distribution and the 50th Percentile (P50) is equal to the median.
Median = Q2 = D5 = P50

The Quartile Deviation

The Quartile Deviation is equal to the half of the Inter-Quartile Range and thus we can write it as –
Q3 − Q1
Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = ,
2
Therefore, we also call it the Semi Inter-Quartile Range.

The Coefficient of Quartile Deviation

Based on the quartiles, a relative measure of dispersion, known as the Coefficient of Quartile Deviation,
can be defined for any distribution. It is formally defined as –
Q3 − Q.1
Coefficient of Q.D. = × 100
Q3 + Q.1

Quartiles for Ungrouped Data

For an ungrouped data, quartiles can be obtained using the following formulas,
Q1 = [(n+1)/4]th item
Q2 = [(n+1)/2]th item
Q3 = [3(n+1)/4]th item
Where n represents the total number of observations in the given data set.

Deciles for Ungrouped Data

For an ungrouped data, Deciles can be obtained using the following formulas,
D1 = [(n+1)/10]th item
D2 = [2(n+1)/10]th item
D3 = [3(n+1)/10]th item and so on.
D9 = [9(n+1)/10]th item

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Percentile for Ungrouped Data

For an ungrouped data, Deciles can be obtained using the following formulas,
P1 = [(n+1)/100]th item
P2 = [2(n+1)/100]th item
P3 = [3(n+1)/100]th item and so on.
P99 = [99(n+1)/100]th item

Quartiles for Grouped Data

𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓
Q1 = L+ 4
𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

L = lower class boundary of Q1 class

N = total frequency

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q1 class

f = frequency of the Q1 class

i = class width = upper class boundary - lower class boundary

3𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓
Q3 = L+ 4 𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

L = lower class boundary of Q3 class

N = total frequency

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q3 class

f = frequency of the Q3 class

i = class width = upper class boundary - lower class boundary

2𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓 −𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓
Q2 = Median = L+ 4 𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖 = L+ 2 𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

L = lower class boundary of Q2 class. N, cf, f, i are same as median.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Quartile Deviation (Ungrouped Data)

Determine the Quartile deviation & its coefficient from the folowing data: 50, 30,70, 80, 40, 90, 100.
Solution:
Arrange the following data in asending order: 30, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90, 100

Total number of observations (N) = 7

𝑁𝑁+1 7+1
Q1 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2nd term = 40

3 (𝑁𝑁+1) 3 (7+1)
Q3 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 6th term = 90

𝑄𝑄3 −𝑄𝑄1 90−40

Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = = = 25
2 2

Q3 − Q.1 90−40
Coefficient of Q.D. = × 100 = 90+40 x 100 = 23.08%
Q3 + Q.1

2. Quartile Deviation (Ungrouped Data)

Determine the Quartile deviation & its coefficient from the folowing data: 50, 30,70, 80, 40, 90.
Solution:
Arrange the following data in asending order: 30, 40, 50, 70, 80, 90

Total number of observations (N) = 6

𝑁𝑁+1 6+1
Q1 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 1.75th term

= 1st term + (2nd – 1st) x 0.75

= 30 + (40 – 30) x 0.75

= 37.5

3 (𝑁𝑁+1) 3 (6+1)
Q3 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 5.25th term

= 5th term + (6th – 5th) x 0.25

= 80 + (90 – 80) x 0.25

= 82.5

𝑄𝑄3 −𝑄𝑄1 82.5−37.5

Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = = = 22.5
2 2

Q3 − Q.1 82.5−37.5
Coefficient of Q.D. = × 100 = 82.5+37.5 x 100 = 37.5%
Q3 + Q.1
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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

3. Quartile Deviation (Ungrouped Data)

Find Quartile deviation:
x 10 20 30 40 50
f 1 2 4 2 1
Solution:
Computation of Quartile deviation
x f
10 1 1st term
20 2 2 to 3rd term
nd

30 4 4th to 7th term

40 2 8th & 9th term
50 1 10th term
N = 10

Total number of observations (N) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓 = 10

𝑁𝑁+1 10+1
Q1 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2.75th term

= 2nd term + (3rd term – 2nd term ) x 0.75

= 20 + (20 – 20) x 0.75

= 20

3 (𝑁𝑁+1) 3 (10+1)
Q3 =
4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 4
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 8.25th term

= 8th term + (8th – 9th) x 0.25

= 40 + (40 – 40) x 0.25

= 40

𝑄𝑄3 −𝑄𝑄1 40−20

Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = = = 10
2 2

Q3 − Q.1 40−20
Coefficient of Q.D. = × 100 = 40+20 x 100 = 33.33 %
Q3 + Q.1

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

4. Quartile Deviation (Grouped Data)

For the following open-ended data, calculate the Quartile Deviation and its coefficient.
X Less than 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50 & above
f 10 20 30 50 40 30
Solution:
For the case of a grouped-data distribution, we can find the quartiles through the following steps –
• Construct a cumulative frequency table for the given data alongside the given distribution
• From the total number of data values, estimate the groups/classes of the Lower and Upper
Quartiles
• Use the following formulae to then calculate the quartiles:
𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓.
Q1= L + 4 𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖
Where, L = lower boundary of the Q1 class.
N = total frequency.
c.f = cumulative frequency (less than type) preceding the Q1 class.
i = width of the Q1 class.
3𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓.
Q3= L + 4
𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖
Where, L = lower boundary of the Q3 class.
N = total frequency.
c.f = cumulative frequency (less than type) preceding the Q3 class.
i = width of the Q3 class.

For the given data, we can form the required table with the cumulative frequency as –

Cumulative Frequency
Marks Frequency
(less than type)

Less than 10 10 10

10-20 20 30

20-30 30 60

30-40 50 110

40-50 40 150

50 & More 30 180

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Since the total number of students is 180, the first quartile must lie at the position of 180/4 = 45th
student. Similarly, the third quartile must lie at the position of 180×3/4 = 135th student. By the
distribution of our data into groups, we can note that the first quartile will lie in the 20-30 marks
range.
Calculation –
N
− c. f .
Q1= L + 4 ×I
f
Here, L = 20;
i = 10
f = 30;
c.f = 30;
n = 180
Thus, Q1 = 25

Similarly, the third quartile will lie in the 40-50 marks range. Calculation –
3N
− c. f .
Q3= L + 4 ×I
f
Here, L = 40;
i = 10
c.f = 110;
f = 40;
n = 180
Thus, Q3 = 46.25
Now, using the values for Q1 and Q3, now we can calculate the Quartile Deviation and its
coefficient as follows –
Quartile Deviation = Semi-Inter Quartile Range
Q − Q1
Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = 3 ,
2
= (46.25–25)/2
=(21.25)/2
= 10.625
Coefficient of Quartile Deviation
Q − Q.1
Coefficient of Q.D. = 3 × 100
Q3 + Q.1
= {(46.25–25) / (46.25+25) } × 100
= 21.25 / 71.25 × 100
= 29.82 %

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

5. Quartile Deviation (Grouped Data)

Question:
Calculate Quartile deviation from the following:
Class interval 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Frequency 3 4 2 1

Solution:
Computation of Quartile deviation

Class interval f Cf
(less than type)
20-40 3 3
40-60 4 7
60-80 5 12
80-100 1 13
N = ∑f=13
𝑵𝑵
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Q1 = L + 𝟒𝟒
𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

𝑁𝑁 13
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 3.25𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 40 − 60 , Hence Q1 class = 40 − 60
4 4

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 40; N = total frequency = 13

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q1 class = 3; f = frequency of the Q1 class = 4

i = class width = upper class boundary = lower class boundary = 60 - 40 = 20

3.25−3
Q1 = 40 + × 20 = 40 + 1.25 = 41.25
4

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Q3 = L + 𝟒𝟒
𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

3𝑁𝑁 39
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 9.75 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 60 − 80 , Hence Q3 class = 60 − 80
4 4

L = lower class boundary of Q3 class = 60; N = total frequency = 13

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q3 class = 7; f = frequency of the Q3 class = 5

9.75−7
Q3 = 60 + × 20 = 60 + 11 = 71
5

𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐.𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟐𝟐
= 14.875

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

6. Quartile Deviation (Grouped Data)

Calculate Quartile deviation from the following:
Marks 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No. of students 8 12 20 15 5
Solution:
Computation of Quartile deviation

Class boundaries f Cf
(less than)
30.5-40.5 8 8
40.5-50.5 12 20
50.5-60.5 20 40
60.5-70.5 15 55
70.5-80.5 5 60
N = ∑f=60
𝑵𝑵
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Q1 = L + 𝟒𝟒 𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

𝑁𝑁 60
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 15𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 40.5 − 50.5 , Hence Q1 class = 40.5 − 50.5
4 4

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 40.5 ; N = total frequency = 60

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q1 class = 8; f = frequency of the Q1 class = 12

i = class width = upper class boundary = lower class boundary = 50.5 – 40.5 = 10

15−8
Q1 = 40.5 + × 10 = 40.5 + 5.83 = 46.33
12

𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
−𝒄𝒄.𝒇𝒇
Q3 = L + 𝟒𝟒
𝒇𝒇
× 𝒊𝒊

3𝑁𝑁 3 𝑥𝑥 60
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 45𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 60.5 − 70.5 , Hence Q3 class = 60.5 − 70.5
4 4

L = lower class boundary of Q3 class = 60.5 ; N = total frequency = 60

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the Q3 class = 40; f = frequency of the Q3 class = 15

45−40
Q3 = 60.5 + × 10 = 60.5 + 3.33 = 63.83
15

𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔.𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖−𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒.𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏.𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓
Quartile deviation (Q.D.) = 𝟐𝟐
= 𝟐𝟐
= 8.75

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks Each

1. Number of Quartiles are
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) None of the above

2. Which of the following divide a group of data into ten equal subgroups? [2017]
a) Percentiles
b) Median
c) Deciles
d) Quartiles

3. Which of the following is also known as semi inter-Quartile Range?

(a) Mean Deviation
(b) Quartile Deviation
(c) Range
(d) Co-efficient of Quartile Deviation

4. Half of the difference between upper and lower quartiles is called:

(a) Inter-quartile range
(b) Quartile deviation
(c) Mean deviation
(d) Standard deviation
5. The first quartile and third quartile of the following members: 88, 72, 33, 29,70, 86, 54 are
respectively. [2017]
(a) 33, 86
(b) 33, 84
(c) 33, 76
(d) 32, 86

6. Find the Quartile Deviation of the following: 18,12,22,15,30,5 & 44

a) 18
b) 9
c) 10
d) 4

7. The third quartile of the numbers 22, 36, 14, 23, 40 is [2019]
(a) 36
(b) 30
(c) 38
(d) None of these.
8. The quartile deviation of 22, 17, 25, 20, 29, 27 and 35 will be [2018]
a) 5.5
b) 6
c) 8
d) 4.5
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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
9. Find quartile deviation If Q1 = 10, Q2 = 12 and Q3, = 14
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 0
(d) 1

10. If the 1st Quartile is 142 and semi-inter quartile range is 18. What would be the 3rd quartile?
a) 151
b) 160
c) 178
d) None

11. Find the Quartile Deviation from the following income distribution of a group f workers:
Wages in Rs. 20 32 61 75 82 93
No. of workers 2 4 7 5 4 2
a) Rs. 25.50
b) Rs. 20.50
c) Rs. 22.50
d) Rs. 21.50

12. Find the Q.D. of the following distribution:

Height (inches) 60-62 63-65 66-68 69-71 72-74
Frequency 5 18 42 27 8
(a) 1.98 inches
(b) 3.96 inches
(c) 0.99 inches
(d) 2.98 inches

13. From the following data, find Quartile Deviation and its Coefficient.
x 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50
f 8 10 12 15 10 7 8 5
a) 26.32
b) 28.32
c) 27.32
d) None of these

14. Calculate all the quartiles from the following distribution:

X 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24 24-28
f 5 8 18 25 14 10

15. Calculate the quartile deviation from the following distribution:

80, 90, 70, 100, 80, 60, 50, 55

16. Calculate the 3rd decile, 45th percentile & 3rd Quartile from the following distribution:
80, 90, 70, 100, 80, 60, 50, 30

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Chapter 10: Mean Deviation:

“Average deviation is the average amount of scatter of the items in a distribution from either the mean or
the median, ignoring the signs of the deviations. The average that is taken of the scatter is an arithmetic
mean which accounts for the fact that this measure is often called the mean deviation”.
Computation of Mean Deviation-Individual Observations:-
For a given set of a n observations the mean deviation (M.D.) about in average, say A, is given by Mean
Deviation (about an average A)
M.D. = ∑∣𝑫𝑫∣
𝑵𝑵
Where (D) = (X-A) (read as mod (X-A) is the modulus value (or absolute value) of the deviation of X
from A ,ignoring + , - signs.
Procedure for computing the Mean Deviation:-
We now outline the procedure for computing the mean deviation:
Step 1. Calculate the average A about which mean deviation is to be computed, by the methods discussed
earlier.
Step 2. Find the deviation of each observation X from A and denote it by D. That is, find D= X-A
Step 3. Find the absolute value of the deviation of each observation from A ignoring signs and demote it
by |𝐷𝐷|.
Step 4. Find the sum of all absolute deviations obtained in Step 3
Step 5. Divide the sum obtained in Step 4 by the number of observations to get the required mean
deviation about the average A.
Computation of Mean Deviation-Discrete Series:-
In case of discrete series where the variable X takes the values X1, X2, …, Xn with respective frequencies
f1, f2, …, fn the mean deviation about an average A is given by
M.D. = ∑𝒇𝒇∣𝑫𝑫∣
𝑵𝑵
Where N = ∑f
Procedure for Computing the Mean Deviation
Step 1. Calculate the average A about which mean deviation is to be computed.
Step 2 Take the deviation of each observation from A and denote it by D. That is find D = X-A
Step 3 Find the absolute value of the deviation of each observation ignoring signs & denote it by |𝐷𝐷|
Step 4. Multiply each absolute deviation |𝐷𝐷| by the corresponding frequency f to get f |𝐷𝐷|.
Step 5. Add all the products obtained in Step 4 to get ……….
Ste 6. Divide the sum obtained in Step 5 by N, the total frequency, to get the required mean deviation.
Computation of Mean Deviation-Continuous Series:-
The computation of the mean deviation in the case of continuous series is exactly the same as discussed
above for discrete series. The only difference is that here we have to obtain the class marks (or mid-
values) of the various classes and take absolute deviations of these values from the average A.
Coefficient of Mean Deviation :-
The relative measure corresponding to the mean deviation, called the coefficient of mean deviation, is
given by
𝐌𝐌.𝐃𝐃.
Coefficient of M.D. about mean =
𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝐌𝐌.𝐃𝐃.
Coefficient of M.D. about median =
𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Mean deviation about mean

Question:
Determine the mean deviation about mean & coeffient of mean deviation about mean from the folowing
data: 3, 6, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16
Solution:
Step 1: Find the mean:
Mean = (3 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 11 + 15 + 16)/8 = 72/8 = 9

Step 2: Find the distance of each value from that mean and add them:

Id] = Distance from 9

Value (x)
I(x-9)I
3 6
6 3
6 3
7 2
8 1
11 2
15 6
16 7
∑ IdI = 30

Step 3. Find the mean of those distances:

∑ IdI 30
The mean deviation about mean =
𝑁𝑁
= 8
= 3.75

Step 3. Find the coefficient of mean deviation about mean:

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Coefficient of mean deviation =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑥𝑥 100

3.75
= 9
𝑥𝑥 100

= 41.67 %

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

2. Mean deviation about mean

Question:
Determine the mean deviation about mean from the folowing data: 5, 3,7, 8, 4, 9.
Solution:
X d=x -6 IdI
5 -1 1
3 -3 3
7 1 1
8 2 2
4 -2 2
9 3 3
∑X=36 ∑ IdI =12
∑ 𝑥𝑥 36
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 6
=6

d = x - 𝑥𝑥 = x – 6

∑ IdI 12
The mean deviation about mean =
𝑁𝑁
= 6
=2

3. Mean deviation about median

Question:
Determine the mean deviation about median from the folowing data: 5, 3,7, 8, 4, 9.
Solution:
Arrange the following data in asending order: 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9

Total number of observations (N) = 6

𝑁𝑁+1 6+1 3𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 4𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 5+7

Median =
2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 3.5th term = 2
== 2
=6

d = x - 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = x – 6
X d=x -6 IdI
5 -1 1
3 -3 3
7 1 1
8 2 2
4 -2 2
9 3 3
∑X=36 ∑ IdI =12
∑ IdI 12
The mean deviation about median =
𝑁𝑁
= 6
=2

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

4. Mean deviation about mean

Question:
Find Mean Deviation about Mean:
x 10 11 12 13 14
f 1 2 4 2 1
Solution:

X f fx d = x - 12 IdI f IdI
10 1 10 -2 2 2
11 2 22 -1 1 2
12 4 48 0 0 0
13 2 26 1 1 2
14 1 14 2 2 2
∑f=10 ∑fX=120 ∑ f IdI = 8
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 120
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 10
= 12

d = x - 𝑥𝑥 = x – 12

∑ f IdI 8
The mean deviation about mean =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 10
= 0.8

5. Mean deviation about median

Question:
Find Mean Deviation about Median:
x 10 11 12 13 14
f 1 2 4 2 1
Solution:
Total number of observations (N) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓 = 10

𝑁𝑁+1 10+1 5𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 6𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 12+12

Median =
2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 5.5th term = 2
== 2
= 12

d = x - 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = x – 12

X f d = x - 12 IdI f IdI
10 1 -2 2 2
11 2 -1 1 2
12 4 0 0 0
13 2 1 1 2
14 1 2 2 2
∑f=10 ∑ f IdI = 8
∑ f IdI 8
The mean deviation about median =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 10
= 0.8

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

6. Mean deviation about mean

Calculate the mean deviation about mean from the following distribution:
Marks obtained 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
No. of students 5 11 18 22 16 8
Solution:

Marks f X fx IdI f IdI

d = x - 51.625
(Mid-value)
20-29 5 24.5 122.5 -27.625 27.625 138.125
30-39 11 34.5 379.5 -17.625 17.625 193.875
40-49 18 44.5 801 -7.625 7.625 137.25
50-59 22 54.5 1199 2.875 2.875 63.25
60-69 16 64.5 1032 12.875 12.875 206
70-79 8 74.5 596 22.875 22.875 183
∑f=80 ∑fX = 4130 ∑ f IdI = 921.5
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 4130
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 80
= 51.525

d = x - 𝑥𝑥 = x – 51.625

∑ f IdI 921.5
The mean deviation about mean =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 80
= 11.52

7. Mean deviation about mean

Find the mean deviation about mean from the following data:
Production (in tons): 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
No. of factories : 10 16 32 28 14
Solution:

Marks f X fx IdI f IdI

d = x - 74
(Mid-value)
20-40 10 30 300 - 44 44 440
40-60 16 50 800 - 24 24 384
60-80 32 70 2240 -4 4 128
80-100 28 90 2520 16 16 448
100-120 14 110 1540 36 36 504
∑f=100 ∑fX = 7400 ∑ f IdI = 1904
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 7400
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 100
= 74

d = x - 𝑥𝑥 = x – 74
∑ f IdI 1904
The mean deviation about mean =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 100
= 19.04

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

8. Mean deviation about median

Calculate Mean Deviation about the Median & Coefficient of Mean Deviation about median
from the following:
Class interval 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
Frequency 3 4 2 1

Solution:
Computation of mean deviation about median

Class f Cf X IdI f IdI

(less than) (Mid-value) d = x - 50
interval
20-40 3 3 30 -20 20 60
40-60 4 7 50 0 0 0
60-80 2 9 70 20 20 40
80-100 1 10 90 40 40 40
N = ∑f=10 ∑ f IdI = 140

𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓
Median = L+ 2 𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

𝑁𝑁 10
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 5𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 40 − 60 , Hence Median class = 40 − 60
2 2

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 40

N = total frequency = 10

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the median class = 3

f = frequency of the median class = 4

i = class width = upper class boundary = lower class boundary = 60 - 40 = 20

5−3
Median = 40 + 4
× 20 = 40 + 10 = 50

d = x - 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = x – 50
∑ f IdI 140
The mean deviation about median =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 10
= 14
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Coefficient of mean deviation about median =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑥𝑥 100
14
= 50
𝑥𝑥 100 = 28 %

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

9. Mean deviation about median

Find mean deviation about median & coefficient from mean deviation from the following data:
Marks 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No. of students 8 12 20 15 5

Solution:
Computation of mean deviation about median

Class f Cf X IdI f IdI

(less than) (Mid-value) d = x - 55.5
boundaries
30.5-40.5 8 8 35.5 -20 20 160
40.5-50.5 12 20 45.5 -10 10 120
50.5-60.5 20 40 55.5 0 0 0
60.5-70.5 15 55 65.5 10 10 150
70.5-80.5 5 60 75.5 20 20 100
N = ∑f=60 ∑ f IdI = 530

𝑁𝑁
−𝑐𝑐.𝑓𝑓
Median = L+ 2
𝑓𝑓
× 𝑖𝑖

𝑁𝑁 60
= 𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 30𝑡𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 50.5 − 60.5 , Hence Median class = 50.5 - 60.5
2 2

L = lower class boundary of Median class = 50.5

N = total frequency = 60

Cf = cumulative frequency of preceding the median class = 20

f = frequency of the median class = 20

i = class width = upper class boundary = lower class boundary = 60.5 – 50.5 = 10

30−20
Median = 50.5 + 20
× 10 = 40 + 5 = 55.5

d = x - 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = x – 55.5
∑ f IdI 530
The mean deviation about median =
∑ 𝑓𝑓
= 60
= 8.83
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Coefficient of mean deviation about median =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑥𝑥 100
8.83
= 55.5
𝑥𝑥 100 = 15.92 %

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks Each

1. Find the Mean Deviation about median of the following data: 46,79,26,85,39,59 & 73
a) 16
b) 18
c) 10
d) 12
2. Find the mean deviation about median of the following: 46, 79, 26, 85, 39, 65, 99, 29, 56, 72 [2020]
a) 19.3
b) 20.4
c) 19.4
d) 20.9
3. Find Mean Deviation about Mean: [2019]
x 10 11 12 13 14
f 3 12 18 12 3
a) 0.80
b) 0.70
c) 0.85
d) 0.75
4. What is the Mean Deviation about Median for the following data?
Variable (x) 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
Frequency (y) 2 8 9 16 14 7 4
a) 2.50
b) 2.46
c) 2.43
d) 2.37
5. Calculate the mean deviation about mean from the following distribution:
Marks obtained 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79
No. of students 5 11 18 22 16 8
a) 11.21
b) 11.51
c) 11.31
d) 11.81
6. Calculate Mean Deviation about the Median from the following:
Class interval 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10
Frequency 3 4 2 1
e) 1.2
f) 1.5
g) 1.4
h) 1.8
7. Find mean deviation about median from the following data:
Marks 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80
No. of students 8 12 20 15 5
a) 8.83
b) 8.50
c) 8.80

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Chapter 11: Standard deviation

The concept of standard deviation was first introduced by Karl Pearson in 1893. It is by far the most
important and widely used measure of studying dispersion.
Definition: The standard deviation, abbreviated as S.D. of a given set of observations is defined as the
positive square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of deviations of the observations from their
arithmetic mean. It is denoted by the Greek small letter 𝜎𝜎 (read as Sigma)
Individual Observation :-
(i) Direct method
Thus standard deviation of a set of N observations X1, X2, …, XN is given by

𝟐𝟐
S.D. or 𝝈𝝈 = �∑𝒙𝒙𝑵𝑵
Where x = X – A.M. and N= Total no. of observation
(ii)Assumed Mean Method:
𝟐𝟐 ∑𝒅𝒅
S.D. or 𝝈𝝈 = �∑𝒅𝒅𝑵𝑵 – ( ).𝟐𝟐
𝑵𝑵
Where d = x-A
Discrete Series & Continuous Series:-
If X1, X2, …, XN are the grouped data with frequencies f1, f2, …, fN then the standard deviation is given
by
(i)Direct method:
𝟐𝟐
S.D. or 𝝈𝝈 = �∑𝒇𝒇𝒙𝒙
𝑵𝑵

Where N =∑f is the total frequency and x = X – Mean

(ii)Assumed Mean Method:
𝟐𝟐 ∑𝒇𝒇𝒅𝒅 𝟐𝟐
S.D. or 𝝈𝝈 = �∑𝒇𝒇𝒅𝒅
𝑵𝑵
–( ).
𝑵𝑵
Where N =∑f is the total frequency and d = X – A
(iii)Step-Deviation Method:
′𝟐𝟐 ∑𝒇𝒇𝒅𝒅′ 𝟐𝟐
S.D. or 𝝈𝝈 = �∑𝒇𝒇𝒅𝒅𝑵𝑵 – ( ). x i
𝑵𝑵

Where N =∑f is the total frequency and d’ = X – A / I ,i is class height

Variance:-
Definition: The variance of a given set of observation is defined as the square of its standard deviation
and is denoted by Thus Variance = S.D.2

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
COMBINED STANDARD DEVIATION:-
If two sets of data contain n1 and n2 observations having means 𝑋𝑋�1 and 𝑋𝑋�2 standard deviations 𝜎𝜎1 and 𝜎𝜎2
respectively, then the standard deviation, of the combined data with n1+n2 observation is given by
2 2 2 2
��n1(𝜎𝜎1 + 𝑑𝑑1 � + n2 (𝜎𝜎2 + 𝑑𝑑2 )
𝜎𝜎 =
n1+n2

where, d1 =𝑋𝑋�1 - 𝑋𝑋� d2= 𝑋𝑋�2 - 𝑋𝑋� where 𝑋𝑋� is the combined mean.
Coefficient of S.D. or C.V.:-
The standard deviation is an absolute measure of dispersion, depending upon the units of measurement. It
does not tell us much about the variability of a single set of data. The coefficient of standard deviation,
based on standard, is a relative measure of dispersion and is given by

𝐒𝐒.𝐃𝐃.
Coefficient of Standard Deviation or C.V.= x 100
𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝝈𝝈
= � x 100
𝑋𝑋
which expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean. Since C.V. is a measure of relative
variation expressed as a percent, the coefficient of variation can be used to compare the variability of two
are or more sets of data even when the observations are expressed in different units of measurement.
A distribution for which the coefficient of variation is smaller is said to be less variable or more
consistent, more uniform, more stable or more homogeneous. On the other hand, the distribution for
which the coefficient of variation is greater is said to be more variable or less consistent, less uniform,
less stable or less homogeneous.

Mathematical properties of standard deviation:-

1. Standard deviation is independent of change of origin but not of scale.

If y = a + bx and S.D. of X is 𝜎𝜎x then 𝝈𝝈y = ∣ 𝒃𝒃| 𝜎𝜎x

2. Standard deviation is always positive.

3. If all the numbers of the distribution are equal then the standard deviation will be 0.

4. For any two positive numbers a & b and a > b then

a−b
Standard deviation =
2

5. Variance = (S.D)2

6. Standard deviation = √𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣

S.D
7. Coefficient of variation = x 100
Mean

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

10. Standard deviation

Question:
Calculate Mean, S.D & co-efficient of variation for the following: 2, 4, 8, 6, 10, and 12.
Solution:
X X2
2 4
4 16
8 64
6 36
10 100
12 144
∑X=42 ∑X2=364

∑ 𝑥𝑥 42
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 6
=7

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
364 42 2
S.D. = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 � = � 6 − � 6 � = √60.67 − 49 = 3.42
𝑛𝑛

𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷. 3.42
C. V. =𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100 = 7
× 100 = 48.795 %

11. Standard deviation

Question:
Find the standard deviation and coefficient of variation from the following table giving the marks of
150 students:

Marks No. of students

1-10 5
11-20 12
21-30 20
31-40 25
41-50 40
51-60 22
61-70 15
71-80 6
81-90 4
91-100 1

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Solution:
TABLE 5.11:CALCULATION FOR MEAN AND S.D.
Class-intervals Mid-values Frequency 𝒙𝒙 − 𝑨𝑨 fd fd 2
𝒅𝒅 =
(x) (f) 𝒊𝒊
(𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉𝒉 𝒊𝒊 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
1-10 5.5 5 -5 -25 125
11-20 15.5 12 -4 -48 192
21-30 25.5 20 -3 -60 180
31-40 35.5 25 -2 -50 100
41-50 45.5 40 -1 -40 40
51-60 55.5=A 22 0 0 0
61-70 65.5 15 1 15 15
71-80 75.5 6 2 12 24
81-90 85.5 4 3 12 36
91-100 95.5 1 4 4 16
Total _ 150 = N _ − 180 = fd ∑ 728 = ∑ fd 2
2
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑑𝑑2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
∴ 𝑆𝑆. 𝐷𝐷. = � −� � × 𝑖𝑖
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁

728 −180 2
=� −� � × 10
150 150

= √4.853 − 1.44 × 10

= 1.847 x 10 = 18.47

x = A+
∑ fd × i = 55.5 +  − 180  × 10 = 55.5 − 12 = 43.5
N  150 
𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 18.47
∴ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100 = 43.5 × 100 = 42.46 %

12. Standard deviation

Calculate the standard deviation, Mean & Coefficient of variation from the following distribution
Marks No. of Students
1–3 40
3–5 30
5–7 20
7–9 10

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Solution:
Computation of standard deviation

f X (Mid value) fX fX2

(fX. X)
1–3 40 2 80 160
3–5 30 4 120 480
5–7 20 6 120 720
7–9 10 8 80 640
Total 100 400 2000

2
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
∴ 𝑆𝑆. 𝐷𝐷. = � −� �
∑ 𝑓𝑓 ∑ 𝑓𝑓

2000 400 2
=� −� �
100 100

= √20 − 16 =2

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 400
𝑥𝑥 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓 � = �100� = 40
𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 2
∴ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑖𝑖 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100 = 40 × 100 = 5 %

13. Standard deviation

Calculate the standard deviation from the following distribution
Marks (x) No. of Students (f) fx fx2
2 40 80 160
4 30 120 480
6 20 120 720
6 10 80 640
Solution:
2
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
∴ 𝑆𝑆. 𝐷𝐷. = � −� �
∑ 𝑓𝑓 ∑ 𝑓𝑓
2000 400 2
= � 100 − �100� = √20 − 16 =2

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

14. Standard deviation

The score of two batsmen A and B in ten innings during a certain season a certain season are:
A 32 28 47 63 71 39 10 60 96 14
B 19 31 48 53 67 90 10 62 40 80
Find (using coefficient of variation) which of the two batsmen A, B. is more consistent in scoring.
Solution:
Calculation for C.V.
Scores of A U= x- 𝑥𝑥 u2 Scores of B V = y – 𝑦𝑦 v2
(x) (𝑥𝑥 = 46) (y) (𝑦𝑦= 50)
32 -14 196 19 -31 961
18 -18 324 31 -19 361
47 1 1 48 -2 4
63 17 289 53 3 9
71 25 625 67 17 189
39 -7 49 90 40 1600
10 -36 1296 10 -40 1600
60 14 196 62 12 144
96 50 2500 40 -10 100
14 -32 1024 80 30 900
460 0 65000 500 0 5968
For batsman A:
∑ 𝑥𝑥 460
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁 = 10 = 46

S.D.= σ x =
∑u 2
 ∑u 
−  = 6500  0 
2

−   = 650 = 25.5
n  n  100  10 
 

𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷. 25.5
C. V. =𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100 = 46
× 100 = 55.43 %

For batsman B:
Mean= y = ∑ =
y 500
= 50
n 10
∑ 𝑣𝑣 2 ∑ 𝑣𝑣 2 5968 0 2
S.D.=𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 � = � − �10� = √596.8 = 24.43
𝑛𝑛 10

S .D. 24.43
C.V.= × 100 = × 100 = 48.86%
Mean 50

Since the C.V. of the scores of the batsman B is less than that of A, the batsman B is more
consistent in scoring.

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

15. Combined Standard deviation

The means of two samples of sizes 50 and 100 respectively are 54.4 and 50.3 and the standard deviations
are 8 and 7. Obtain the mean and standard deviation of the sample size 150 obtained by combining the two
samples. [Give answers correct to one decimal place.]
Solution

MEAN AND S.D OF COMBINED SET

Set Set 2 Combined Set
No.of Observations n1 = 50 n2 = 100 N = n1 + n2 = 150
Mean 𝑥𝑥1 = 54.4 𝑥𝑥2 = 50.3 𝑋𝑋
S.D 𝜎𝜎1 = 8 σ2 = 7 σ =?

()
Mean x and S.D. (σ ) of combined set are given by

𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥2

𝑋𝑋 =
𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2

(50 × 54.4) + (100 × 50.3)

=
50 + 100

2720 + 5030 7750

= = = 51.67 = 51.7
150 150

𝑛𝑛1 ( 𝜎𝜎1 2 + 𝑑𝑑2 1 ) + 𝑛𝑛2 ( 𝜎𝜎2 2 +𝑑𝑑2 2 )

And∴ 𝜎𝜎 2 = ,
𝑛𝑛1 +𝑛𝑛2

Where 𝑑𝑑1 = 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑋𝑋 = 54.4 − 51.7 = 2.7,

𝑑𝑑1 2 = (2.7)2 = 7.29

𝑑𝑑2 = 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑋𝑋 = 50.3 − 51.7 = −1.4;

𝑑𝑑2 2 = (- 1.4)2 = 1.96

50 (64 + 7.29) + 100 (49 + 1.96)

𝜎𝜎 2 =
150
8660.5
= 150
= 57.737.

∴ σ = 57.737 = 7.59 = 7.6.

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 Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

16. Combined Standard deviation

From the analysis of monthly wages paid to employees in two service organizations X and Y, the
following results were obtained

Obtain the mean and standard deviation of combining the two samples.
Solution

𝑛𝑛1 𝑥𝑥1 + 𝑛𝑛2 𝑥𝑥2

𝑋𝑋 =
𝑛𝑛1 + 𝑛𝑛2

(550 × 5000) × (650 × 4500)

=
550 + 650

= ₹ 4729.166

𝑑𝑑1 = 𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑋𝑋 = 5000 − 4729.166 = 270.834,

𝑑𝑑1 2 = (270.834)2 = 73351.06

𝑑𝑑2 = 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑋𝑋 = 4500 − 4729.166 = −229.166

𝑑𝑑2 2 = (- 229.166)2 = 52517.06

𝑛𝑛1 ( 𝜎𝜎1 2 + 𝑑𝑑2 1 ) + 𝑛𝑛2 ( 𝜎𝜎2 2 +𝑑𝑑2 2 )

Combined variance = 𝜎𝜎 2 = ,
𝑛𝑛1 +𝑛𝑛2

550 (900 + 73351.06) + 650 (1600 + 52517.06)

𝜎𝜎 2 =
550 + 650

= 63344.5

∴ 𝜎𝜎 = √63344.5 = 251.68

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17. Standard deviation

A student obtained the mean and S.D.of 100 observations as 40 and 5.1 respectively. It was later
found that he had wrongly copied an observation as 50, the correct figure being 40. Calculate the
standard deviation.
Solution:
∑ 𝑥𝑥
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 40

Hence ∑ 𝑥𝑥 = 40 x 100 = 4000

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
S.D = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
5.1 = � 100 − (40)2

Squaring both side,

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
26.01 = − 1600
100

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
1626.01 = 100

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 162601

correct ∑ 𝑥𝑥 = 4000 – 50 + 40 = 3990

correct ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 162601 – 502 + 402 = 162601 – 2500 + 1600 = 161701

∑ 𝑥𝑥 3990
Correct Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 100
= 39.90

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
Correct S.D.=𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛

∑ 161701 3990 2
=� 100
− � 100 �

= √1617.01 − 1592.01

= √25

=5

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18. Standard deviation

Question:
The average age of a group of 10 persons is 45 and the S.D. if 5.8. another person of age 58 is
included in the group. Find the S.D. of the group of 11 persons.
Solution:
∑ 𝑥𝑥
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 45

Hence ∑ 𝑥𝑥 = 45 x 10 = 450

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
S.D = 𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
5.8 = � − (45)2
10

Squaring both side,

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
33.64 = − 2025
10

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
2058.64 = 10

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 20586.4

If a person of age 58 is included in the group

New ∑ 𝑥𝑥 = 450 + 58 = 508

New ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 20586.4 + 582 = 20586.4 + 3364 = 23950.4

∑ 𝑥𝑥 508
New Mean = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁
= 11
= 46.18

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
New S.D.=𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛

23950.4
=� 11
− (46.18)2

= √2177.31 − 2132.59

= √44.72 = 6.687

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

19. Standard deviation

Question:
The Mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and the Variance is 8.24. if 3 of the observations are 1, 2 and 6.
Find the other two.
Solution:
Let the other two observations be a and b.
∑ 𝑥𝑥
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑁𝑁

1 + 2 + 6 + 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
4.4 =
5

22 = 9 + a + b

a + b = 22 – 9 = 13……………………………………………………………………..(1)

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
Variance = 𝑛𝑛
−� �
𝑛𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
8.24 = − (4.4)2
5

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
8.24 + 19.36 = 5

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 = 138

12 + 22 + 62 + a2 + b2 = 138

a2 + b2 = 97

Now, (a−b)2+(a+b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2 )

(a−b)2 + 132 = 2 x 97

⇒ (a−b)2 = 194 – 169 = 25

⇒ (a−b) = 5……………………………………………………………………..(2)

Solving (1) and (2), we get a=9 and b =4.

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20. Standard deviation

If the mean and S.D of two numbers are respectively 15 and 3 then find the numbers.
Solution:
Let the other two observations be a and b.
∑ 𝑥𝑥
Mean = 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑁𝑁

𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏
15 =
2

a + b = 30……………………………………………………………………..(1)

𝑎𝑎− 𝑏𝑏
S.D of two numbers =
2

𝑎𝑎 − 𝑏𝑏
3=
2

a - b = 6 ……………………………………………………………………..(2)

Solving (1) and (2), we get a =18 and b =12.

21. Standard deviation

If in a distribution, n = 10, ∑x = 20, ∑x2 = 200 then find the value of S.D and variance.

Solution:

∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2
S.D.=𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 = � − � 𝑛𝑛 �
𝑛𝑛

200 20 2
= � 10 − �10�

= √20 − 4

= √16 = 4

(Standard deviation is always positive)

Variance = (S.D)2 = 42 = 16

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22. Standard deviation

Variables x and y are related by y=12-5x, if the S.D of x is 7, then the S.D. of y is:
Solution:
Standard deviation is always positive and Standard deviation is free from origin but varies to scale.

If y = a + bx and S.D. of X is 𝜎𝜎x then 𝝈𝝈y = ∣ 𝒃𝒃| 𝜎𝜎x

Here a = origin = 12 and b = scale = -5 , σx = 7

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝝈𝝈y = ∣ −𝟓𝟓| 𝒙𝒙 𝟕𝟕

Hence 𝝈𝝈y = 5 x 7 = 35

23. Standard deviation

Two variables x and y are related by y=14-3x. if σy=9, find σx.
Solution:
Standard deviation is always positive and Standard deviation is free from origin but varies to scale.

If y = a + bx and S.D. of X is 𝜎𝜎x then 𝝈𝝈y = ∣ 𝒃𝒃| 𝜎𝜎x

Here a = origin = 14 and b = scale = -3 , σy = 9

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝟗𝟗 = ∣ −𝟑𝟑| 𝜎𝜎x

𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 𝟗𝟗 = 𝟑𝟑 . 𝜎𝜎x

9
Hence 𝝈𝝈x = =3
3

24. Standard deviation

If C.V = 60 % and variance = 36, then the mean is:

Solution:

S.D = √𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = √36 = 6

𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷.
C.V. = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100

6
60 = 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 × 100

6
Mean = 60 × 100 = 10

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MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks Each

1. If the coefficient of variation is --------------, consistency of the data is------------.
a) Higher, higher
b) Lower, lower
c) Higher, lower
d) None of these
2. If all data are multiplied by a negative constant, then SD will be
a) Unchanged
b) Will be also multiplied by negative value of the constant
c) Will be also multiplied by positive value of the constant
d) Will be divided by the negative value of the constant
3. ___________is used to criterion of consistency i.e. for consistence performance
(a) Range
(b) Standard Deviation
(c) Coefficient of Variation
(d) Mean Deviation
4. The standard deviation is independent of:
(a) Change of origin
(b) Change of scale of measurement
(c) Change of origin and scale both
5. If there are ten values each equal to 10, then standard deviation of these values is:
(a) 100
(b) 20
(c) 10
(d) 0
6. The ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean expressed as a percentage is called:
(a) Coefficient of standard deviation
(b) Coefficient of skewness
(c) Coefficient of kurtosis
(d) Coefficient of variation
7. Find the S.D. of 1,5,3,8 & 2 [2020]
a) 2.84
b) 2.76
c) 2.48
d) 2.67
8. The S.D. of the given data: 49, 63, 46, 59, 65, 52, 60, 54 is: [2017]
a) 6.36
b) 6.21
c) 6.29
d) 6.12
9. Find the variation of 2,5 &8
a) √6
b) 36
c) 6
10. If in a distribution, n = 10, ∑x = 20, ∑x2 = 200 then find the value of S.D
(f) 4
(g) 5
(h) 6
(i) 3
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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
11. The variance of 100 observations equal to 9, find the SD of the observations.
a) 9
b) 81
c) 3
d) ±3
12. Variables x and y are related by y=12-5x, if the S.D of x is 7, then the S.D. of y is: [2017]
a) 47
b) 35
c) -35
d) -23
13. If x and y are related by y = 2x + 5 and the Standard deviation and AM of x are known to be 5 and
10 respectively. Then, the coefficient of variation of y is
a) 25
b) 30
c) 40
d) 20
14. Two variables x and y are related by y=14-3x. if σy=9, find σx.
a) -13
b) 3
c) - 3
d) 13
15. Find C.V. Given, Mean = 168 cm and S.D. = 2 cm.
a) 1.91%
b) 1.09%
c) 1.9%
d) 1.19%
16. The sum of 10 values is 100 and the sum of their squares is 1090. Find the Coefficient of Variations.
a) 25%
b) 30%
c) 20%
d) 35%
17. Find the Co-efficient of variation when variance = 4 & Mean = 40
a) 5 %
b) 10 %
c) 20 %
d) 50 %
18. If C.V=60 % and variance = 36, then the mean is: [2017, 2020]
a) 10
b) 16
c) 15
d) 12
19. Find the mean if Co-efficient of variation = 5% and variance = 4.
a) 40
b) 30
c) 20
d) 50

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
20. The variance of a variable x is 100. Then the standard deviation of a variable y = 5x – 10 is [2018]
a) 90
b) 50
c) 500
d) 490
21. If the mean and S.D of two numbers are respectively 15 and 3 then the numbers are [2018]
a) 10,20
b) 14,16
c) 12,18
d) 11,19
22. Two samples of sizes 60 and 90 have 52 and 48 as the respective A.M and 9 and 12 as the respective
S.D. Find the S.D. of the combined sample of size 150.
a. 49.6
b. 11.1
c. 21
d. 10.5
23. The average age of a group of 10 persons is 45 and the S.D. if 5.8. another person of age 58 is
included in the group. Find the S.D. of the group of 11 persons.
b) 6.786
c) 6.867
d) 6.687
e) None of these
24. A student obtained a Mean and S.D. of 100 observations as 40 and 5.1 respectively. It was later
found that he had wrongly copied an observation as 50 instead of 40. Find the correct value of S.D.
a) 5
b) 25
c) 26.01
d) None of these
25. Find the Standard deviation of the distribution: 1, 2, 3, ….., 9, 10
a) 2.87
b) 3.87
c) 1.87
26. The Mean of 5 observations is 4.4 and the Variance is 8.24. if 3 of the observations are 1, 2 and 6.
Find the other two. [2020]
a) 5 and 8
b) 6 and 7
c) 4 and 9
d) None of these
2
27. The mean & Variance of 6 values of a variate are respectively 8 and 8 . If four values are 4, 9, 11
3
and 12; find the other two values of the variate.
a) 4 and 8
b) 6 and 6
c) 5 and 7
28. Find the S.D from the following records of number of car accidents in a street:
No. of accidents (x) 1 2 3 4 5
No. of days (f) 2 3 3 1 1
a) 1.2

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29. Find the variance of the following data:

x 30 40 50 60 70
f 64 132 153 140 51
a) 136.55
b) 134.66
c) 135.44
d) 132.88

30. Find the S.D of the following distribution:

Weight (Kg) 50-52 52-54 54-56 56-58 58-60
No. of students 17 35 28 15 5
a) 2.718 kg
b) 2.178 kg
c) 2.871 kg
d) 2.187 kg

31. Compute coefficient of Variation from the following data:

Marks in statistics 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of students 5 7 8 9 1
a) 48.46%
b) 46.84%
c) 49.44%
d) 49.45%

32. The daily sales of two products A and B are as follows:

A 25 32 45 53 39 48 28
B 8 4 6 9 4 7 3 5 9 8
Find sales of which product is more consistent.
a) B
b) A
c) Same consistency
d) Cannot be determined with the given data.

33. From the following data determine in which firm A or B, there is greater variability in individual
wages:
Firm A Firm B
Average hourly wages Rs. 52.50 Rs. 47.50
Variance 100 121
a) B
b) A
c) Same consistency
d) Cannot be determined with the given data.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 12: Skewness & Kurtosis

“When a series is not symmetrical it is said to be asymmetrical or skewed.”
Any measure of skewness indicates the difference between the manners in which items are distributed in a
particular distribution compared with a symmetrical or normal distribution.
1. Symmetrical Distribution:-
It is clear from the diagram that in a symmetrical distribution the values of mean. Median and mode
coincide. The spread of the frequencies is the same on both side of the centre point of the curve. i.e.
Mean=median=mode. It is also known as Normal distribution. It bell shaped curve.

2. Asymmetrical Distribution:-
A distribution which is not symmetrical is called a skew distribution and such a distribution could either
be positively skewed or negatively skewed.
(i) Positively Skewed Distribution: In the positively skewed distribution. The value of the mean is
maximum and that of mode least-the median lies in between the two.

(ii) Negatively Skewed Distribution: In the positively skewed distribution. The value of the mode is
maximum and that of mean least the median lies in between the two.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness:-
This method of measuring skewness, also known as Pearson Coefficient of Skewness, was suggested by
Karl Pearson’s a great British Biometrician and Statistician. It is based upon the difference between mean
and mode. This difference is divided by standard deviation to give a relative measure. The formula thus
becomes.
Mean−Mode
Skp =
s.d
3(Mean−Median)
or =
s.d

Skp = Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness.

Mean – mode = 3 (mean -Median)
Or Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mode

Kurtosis:-
Kurtosis refers to the convexity of the frequency distribution curve. In other words, it is cocerned with the
Flatness or peakedness of the frequency curve.
The degree of kurtosis of a distribution is measured relative to the peakedness of a curve.
It the curve of a distribution is more peaked than the normal curve, distribution is said to be leptokurtic.
If the distribution curve is more float than the normal curve. the distribution is said to be platykurtic. The
normal distribution is said to be mesokurtic.
Kurtosis is measured by the coefficient β2 which is defined by the formula
m4
β2 =
𝑚𝑚22
(i)If β2 > 3 then curve is Leptokurtic
(ii) β2= 3, then curve is Meso-Kurtic
(iii) ) β2<3 then curve is Platy-Kurtic

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
For a moderately skewed distribution, mean = 172, median = 167 and S.D = 60. Find
coefficient of skewness.
Solution:
Coefficient of skewness = 3 (Mean - Median)/SD
Mean = 172; Median = 167; SD = 60
coefficient of skewness = 3 (172 - 167)/60 = 15/60 = 1/4 = 0.25

2. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
For a moderately skewed distribution, Mode = 157, median = 167 and S.D = 60. Find
coefficient of skewness.
Solution:
coefficient of skewness = (Mean - Mode)/SD
as Mean is not given,
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean; 157 = (3 x 167) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 501 – 157 = 344; Mean = 172
coefficient of skewness = (Mean - Mode)/SD = (172 – 157)/60 = 0.25

3. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
The Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.64. It’s S.D. is 13 and the
mean is 59.2. Find the Mode & median.
Solution:

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4. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
The median, mode and coefficient of skewness for a certain distribution are
respectively 17.4, 15.3 and 0.35. Find The coefficient of variation.
Solution:
As Mean is not given,
Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean;
15.3 = (3 x 17.4) – 2 Mean
2 Mean = 52.2 –15.3 = 344;
Mean = 18.45
Coefficient of skewness = (Mean - Mode)/S.D
0.35= (18.45 – 15.3)/S.D , Hence S.D = 9
coefficient of variation = S.D ÷ Mean = 9 ÷ 18.45 = 0.4878 = 48.78%

5. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
For a group of 10 items, ∑x = 452, ∑x2 = 24270 and mode = 43.7. Find the Pearson's
measure of skewness.
Solution:

Coefficient of Skewness is given by

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6. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
The sum of 25 observations is 500 and sum of their squares is 11225. Find the
Pearson's measure of skewness.
Solution:

7. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
For a moderately skewed distribution, mean = 20, median = 17 and coefficient of variation
is 20%. Find coefficient of skewness.
Solution:

8. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
The Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.4. It’s S.D. is 8 and the
mean is 30. Find the Mode & median.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
Solution:

9. Karl-Pearson Method
Question:
The karl person’s coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.32. Its S.D. is 6.5 and
the mean is 29.6. Find the Mode.
Solution:
Karl person’s first measure of skewness:
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀−𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 29.6−𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Coefficient of Skewness = , 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 0.32 = ,
𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷. 6.5

or , 0.32 × 6.5 = 29.6 − Mode,

or, Mode =29.6 -2.08=27.52.

10. Karl-Pearson Method

Question:
In a distribution, Mean =65; Median = 70 and coefficient of skewness is -0.6.Find S.D
Solution:

Karl Person’s Second measure of skewnessis

3(Mean − Median ) 3(65 − 70 ) − 15

Coefficient of Skewness = . or − 0.6 = =
S .D. S .D. S .D.

− 15 150
Or, S.D. = = = 25.
− 0.6 6

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11. Karl-Pearson Method

Question:
The following are the marks of 150 students in an examination. Calculate Karl
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80
No. of Students 10 40 20 0 10 40 16 14
Solution:
Let us calculate the mean and median from the given distribution because mode is not
well defined.
Class f x CF x − 35 fd' fd'2
d=
'

10
0-10 10 5 10 -3 -30 90
10-20 40 15 50 -2 -80 160
20-30 20 25 70 -1 -20 20
30-40 0 35 70 0 0 0
40-50 10 45 80 +1 10 10
50-60 40 55 120 +2 80 160
60-70 16 65 136 +3 48 144
70-80 14 75 150 +4 56 244

∑ fd
'

∑
'2
fd
= 64 = 828

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12. Bowley's Method

Question:
Find the co-efficient of skewness if Q1 = 26, Q2 = 46 and Q3 = 76.
Solution:
Since Q1 , Q2 and Q3 are given , Bowley ' s measure of skewness is

𝑄𝑄3 +𝑄𝑄1 −2𝑄𝑄2

Skewness = , 𝑤𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑄𝑄1 = 26, 𝑄𝑄2 = 46𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑄𝑄3 = 76
𝑄𝑄3 −𝑄𝑄1

76+26 –(2×46) 10
= = 50 = 0.2.
76−26

13. Bowley's Method

Question:
For some symmetrical distribution, Q1 = 36, Q3 = 63, find median
Solution:
For symmetrical distribution, Median = (Q1 + Q3) /2
= (36 + 63) /2
= 49.5

14. Bowley's Method

Question:
If Q1 = 26, Q3 = 76 and co-efficient of skewness = 0.2, find median.
Solution:

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15. Bowley's Method

Question:
If 1st & 3rd quartile is 2.03, their sum is 72.67 and the median is 36.18, find the skewness.
Solution:

16. Bowley's Method

Question:
Calculate the measure of skewness using bowley’s Method
Variables Frequency
10-20 358
20-30 2417
30-40 976
40-50 129
50-60 62
60-70 18
70-80 10
Solution:
Calculation of Q1, Q3 and median
C. I f C.f.
10-20 358 358
20-30 2417 2775
30-40 976 3751
40-50 129 3880
50-60 62 3942
60-70 18 3960
70-80 10 3970

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17. Moment's Method

Question:
The first moment about the value 2 is 2. Find the mean.
Solution:
Mean = A+ m1 = 2 + 2 = 4

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18. Moment's Method

Question:
The first three moments of a distribution about the value 1 are 2, 25 & 80. Find its
Mean, Standard deviation & moment measure of skewness.
Solution:

19. Moment's Method

Question:
If the first, second and third moments of a distribution about the value 2 are 1, 16 and
40 respectively, find the central moments & skewness of the distribution.
Solution:

Skewness = m3/(S.D)3
= - 6/(√15)3
= 0.103

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20. Moment's Method

Question:
Calculate first 4 central moments for the values:
32, 36, 35, 37, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48
Solution:
Mean = ∑x/N = 360/9 = 40. d = x - 40

21. Moment's Method

Question:
The daily earnings (in rupees) of sample of 7 agriculture workers are : 126, 121, 124,
122, 125, 124, 123. Compute first four raw (at point 123)
Solution:
Table: Calculation for raw moments.
x d = (x − 123) d2 =(x − 123)2 d3 =(x −123)3 d4 = (x −123)4
126 3 9 27 81
121 -2 4 -8 16
124 1 1 1 1
122 -1 1 -1 1
125 2 4 8 16
124 1 1 1 1
123 0 0 0 0
865 4 20 28 116

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Total number of observations = N = 7
1st Raw moment (m1’) = ∑d/N = 4/7 = 0.57
2nd Raw moment (m2’) = ∑d2/N = 20/7 = 2.86
3rd Raw moment (m3’) = ∑d3/N = 28/7 = 4
4th Raw moment (m4’) = ∑d4/ N = 116/7 = 16.57

22. Moment's Method

Question:
Compute first four raw (at A=11) for the following data on milk yield
Milk yield (kg) 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18
No. of Cows 8 10 27 38 25 20 7
Solution:
Moments about any arbitrary value (A=11) i.e. raw moments
d = x - 11
Calculation for raw moments.
Milk No. of Mid d= fd fd2 fd3 fd4
yield (Kg) Cows ( f ) Value (x) x - 11
4-6 8 5 -6 -48 288 -1728 10368
6-8 10 7 -4 -40 160 -640 2560
8-10 27 9 -2 -54 108 -216 432
10-12 38 11 0 0 0 0 0
12-14 25 13 2 50 100 200 400
14-16 20 15 4 80 320 1280 5120
16-18 7 17 6 42 252 1512 9072
N=135 30 1228 408 27952
Total number of observations = N = ∑f = 135
1st Raw moment (m1’) = ∑fd/∑f = 30/135 = 0.22
2nd Raw moment (m2’) = ∑fd2/∑f = 1228/135 = 9.10
3rd Raw moment (m3’) = ∑fd3/∑f = 408/135 = 3.02
4th Raw moment (m4’) = ∑fd4/ ∑f = 27952/7 = 207.05

23. Moment's Method

Question:
If the second and third central moments be 4 and 12 respectively, find the skewness of the distribution.
Solution:
2nd Central moment (m2) = Variance = 4; 3rd Central moment (m3) = 12
S.D= √variance = √4 = 2
Skewness = m3/(S.D)3 = 12 /(2)3 = 12 / 8 = 1.5

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24. Moment's Method

Question:
Calculate the first four moments about origin 5 for the following data.
X: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
F: 1 6 13 25 30 22 9 5 2

Solution:
Computation of 1st four Moments about 5

X f d= x-5 fd f d 2 fd 3 fd 4
1 1 -4 -4 16 -64 256
2 6 -3 -18 54 -162 486
3 13 -2 -26 52 -104 208
4 25 -1 -25 25 -25 25
5 30 0 0 0 0 0
6 22 1 22 22 22 22
7 9 2 18 36 72 144
8 5 3 15 45 135 405
9 2 4 8 32 128 512
113 0 -10 282 2 2058

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25. Kurtosis
The 2nd and 4th central moments of a distribution be 5 and 75 respectively, find the Kurtosis
of the distribution.
Solution:
2nd central moment (m2) = variance = 5
4th central moment (m4) = 75
Kurtosis is measured by the coefficient β2 which is defined by the formula
m4 75 75
β2 =
𝑚𝑚22
=
5 2 = 25
=3
As β2 = 3, hence the ditribution is meso -kurtic.

26. Kurtosis
The second and fourth central moments of a distributions are 6 and 27 respectively then find
the kurtosis of the distribution.
Solution:
2nd central moment (m2) = variance = 6
4th central moment (m4) = 27
Kurtosis is measured by the coefficient β2 which is defined by the formula
m4 27 27
β2 = = = = 0.75
𝑚𝑚22 62 36
As β2 < 3, hence the ditribution is Platy -kurtic.

27. Kurtosis
The S.D. of a symmetrical distribution is 3. If the distribution is meso-kurtic, the find the
value of 4th central moment.
Solution:
2nd central moment (m2) = variance = 32 = 9
4th central moment (m4) = ?
m4
Kurtosis is measured by the coefficient β2 which is defined by the formula β2 =
𝑚𝑚22
As the distribution is meso-kurtic, hence β2 =3
m4 m4 m4
3= 2 = 2 =
𝑚𝑚2 9 81

Hence m4 = 81 𝑥𝑥 3 = 243

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MCQ of 2 & 4 Marks

Karl-Pearson Method
1. For a moderately skewed distribution, mean = 172, median = 167 and S.D = 60. Find coefficient
of skewness: [2019]
(a) 0.25
(b) - 0.25
(c) 0.5
2. For a moderately skewed distribution, Mode = 157, median = 167 and S.D = 60. Find
coefficient of skewness.
(a) 0.25
(b) - 0.25
(c) 0.5
(d) -0.5
3. The Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.64. It’s mean. is 82 and the
mode is 50. Find the Standard Deviation.
(a) 50
(b) 52
(c) 49
(d) 51
4. The Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.4. It’s S.D. is 8 and the mean is
30. Find the median.
(a) 28.93
(b) 29.93
(c) 27.93
(d) 26.93
5. For a group of 10 items, ∑x = 452, ∑x2 = 24270 and mode = 43.7. Find the Pearson's measure of
skewness
(a) 0.077
(b) 0.087
(c) -0.087
(d) - 0.077
6. In a distribution Mode = 80; Median = 70 and Coefficient of skewness is - 0.6. Find Coefficient
of variation of the distribution.
(a) 38.46 %
(b) 37.46 %
(c) 39.46 %
(d) 35.46 %
7. The median, mode and coefficient of skewness for a certain distribution are respectively 17.4,
15.3 and 0.35. The coefficient of variation is: [2017]
(a) 50.12 %
(b) 45 %
(c) 40 %
(d) 48.78 %

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8. For a distribution the coefficient of skewness = 0·25, mean = 50 and mode = 42. Then
coefficient of variation of the distribution is [2020]

(A) 54% (B) 60% (C) 58% (D) 64%.

9. The Karl Pearson's coefficient of skewness of a distribution is 0.32. Its S.D. is 6.5 and the mean is
29.6. Find the Mode.

10. Calculate Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness from the following data:
x 4-6 6-8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 14 14 - 16 16 - 18 18 - 20
f 70 150 220 100 35 20 10 5

Bowley's Method
11. If Q1 = 52, Q2 = 152, Q3 = 262, then skewness is [2018 type]
(a) 0.28
(b) 0.48
(c) 0.68
(d) 0.88
12. Find the co-efficient of skewness if Q1 = 25, Q2 = 36 and Q3 = 45.
(a) - 0.1
(b) 0.2
(c) 0.1
(d) - 0.2
13. If Q1 = 26, Q3 = 76 and co-efficient of skewness = 0.2, find median. [2020 type]
(a) 46
(b) 52
(c) 56
(d) 51
14. For some symmetrical distribution, Q1 = 36, Q3 = 63, find median
(a) 49.5
(b) 99
(c) 50
(d) 49
15. In a symmetrical distribution, Q3 – Q1 = 20, median = 15. Q3 is equal to:
(a) 5
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
16. In a distribution the difference of 1st & 3rd quartile is 2.03, their sum is 72.67 and the median
is 36.18, find the skewness.
(a) - 0.15
(b) 0.15
(c) 0.20
(d) 0.25

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
17. The lower and upper quartiles of a distribution are 80 and 120 respectively, while median is
100. The shape of the distribution is:
(a) Positively skewed
(b) Negatively skewed
(c) Symmetrical
(d) Normal
18. In a symmetrical distribution, the coefficient of skewness will be:
(a) 0
(b) Q1
(c) Q3
(d) 1
19. Calculate the coefficient of skewness using Bowley's Method from the following data:
Wage 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20
(‘000₹)
No. of labours 70 350 320 100 35 20 10 5

20. Using Bowley's formula find the co-efficient of skewness of the following frequency distribution

Marks 0 -1 0 10 - 20 20 - 30 30 -40 40 - 50
Frequency 5 9 12 8 6

Moment's Measure
21. The lack of uniformity or symmetry is called:
(a) Skewness
(b) Dispersion
(c) Kurtosis
(d) Standard deviation
22. The moments about mean are called:
(a) Raw moments
(b) Central moments
(c) Moments about origin
23. The moments about origin are called:
(a) Moments about zero
(b) Raw moments
(c) Both (a) and (b)
24. Value of the 2nd Central Moment is [2020]
(a) Zero
(b) Mean
(c) Variance
(d) Median.
25. Value of the 1st Central Moment is [2020]
(a) Zero
(b) Mean
(c) Variance
(d) Median.

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26. The first three moments of a distribution about the mean are 0, 4 and 0. The distribution is:
(a) Symmetrical
(b) Skewed to the left
(c) Skewed to the right
(d) Normal
27. For the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7 first two moments about 3 are – [2019]
(a) 1 and 6
(b) 1 and 3
(c) 3 and 6
(d) 4 and 3
28. Find the fourth central moments for the set of numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
(a) 0
(b) 109
(c) 108
(d) 108.8
29. The second moment about arithmetic mean is 16, the standard deviation will be:
(a) 16
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 0
30. The first and second moments about arbitrary constant are -2 and 13 respectively, The
standard deviation will be:
(a) -2
(b) 3
(c) 9
(d) 13
31. The first moment about X = 2 of a distribution is 2. The mean is:
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 0
(d) - 2
32. First two moments about the value 2 of a variable are 1 and 16. The variance will be:
(a) 13
(b) 15
(c) 16
(d) Difficult to tell
33. If the second and third central moments of a distribution be 4 and 12 respectively, find the
skewness of the distribution. [2020]
(a) - 0.5
(b) 0.5
(c) -1.5
(d) 1.5

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34. If the second and third central moments of a distribution are 4 and 10, then the skewness of the
distribution is: [2017]
(a) 2.5
(b) 0.4
(c) 5
(d) 1.25
35. The first two moments of a distribution about the value 3 are 4 & 65. Find S.D
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 9
(d) 7
36. If the first, second and third moments of a distribution about the value 2 are 1, 16 and 40
respectively, find the moment measure of skewness of the distribution.
(a) - 0.10
(b) 0.10
(c) 1.51
(d) - 1.51
37. The first three moments of a distribution about the value 3 are 4, 65 & 134. Find its moment
measure of skewness.
(a) - 0.10
(b) 0.10
(c) 1.51
(d) - 1.51
38. The first four central moments of a distribution are 0, 16, -36 and 120. Comment on the
skewness of the distribution
(a) -0.5625, The distribution is negatively skewed
(b) + 0.5625, The distribution is positively skewed
(c) 0, The distribution is symmetric
(d) -0.5625, The distribution is positively skewed

39. Find the first, second and third moments about 9 from the following data :

Value 2 4 6 8 10 12
Frequency 6 9 7 15 7 6

40. The first two central moments of the following distribution are : [2020]

Income (₹) 62 65 68 72 75
Frequency 5 18 42 27 8
(A) 0, 11·02 (B) 0, 10 (C) 1, 13·5 (D) 1, 11·02.

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Kurtosis
41. The degree of peakedness or flatness of a unimodel distribution is called:
(a) Skewness
(b) Symmetry
(c) Dispersion
(d) Kurtosis
42. The second and fourth moments about mean are 4 and 48 respectively, then the distribution is:
(a) Leptokurtic
(b) Platykurtic
(c) Mesokurtic or normal
(d) Positively skewed
43. A distribution is said to be Platy-Kurtic when [2020]
(A) β > 3
(B) β2 = 3
(C) β2 < 3
(D) β2 = 0.
44. The second and fourth order central moments of a distribution are 5 and 41 respectively. The
co-efficient of kurtosis and the nature of kurtosis are: [2017]
(a) -1.36, lepto kurtic
(b) 1.64, meso kurtic
(c) 1.64, Platy kurtic
(d) -1.36, platy kurtic
45. The first four central moments of a distribution are 0, 16, -36 and 120. Comment on the
kurtosis of the distribution
(a) 0.469, the distribution is platy kurtic.
(b) 0.469, the distribution is Meso kurtic.
(c) 0.469, the distribution is Lepto kurtic.
(d) - 0.469, the distribution is platy kurtic.
46. The S.D. of a symmetrical distribution is 3. If the distribution is meso-kurtic, the value of 4th
central moment will be [2018]
(a) 81
(b) 243
(c) 9
(d) 27
47. The second and fourth central moments of a distributions are 6 and 27 respectively then the
kurtosis of the distribution will be [2018]
(a) 0.75
(b) 1.04
(c) 1.30
(d) 2.15
48. The 2nd and 4th central moments of a distribution be 5 and 75 respectively, find the Kurtosis
of the distribution.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

CHAPTER 13: INTERPOLATION

1. What Is Interpolation?
Interpolation is the technique of estimating the value of a function for any intermediate value of the
independent variable. This tool, interpolation, is not only useful in statistics, but is also useful in
science, business or any time there is a need to predict values that fall within two existing data points.

2. What Is Extrapolation?
The process of computing the value of the function outside the given range is called extrapolation. The
term interpolation however, is taken to include extrapolation.

3. Interpolation Example
Here's an example that will illustrate the concept of interpolation. A gardener planted a tomato plant
and she measured and kept track of its growth every other day. This gardener is a curious person, and
she would like to estimate how tall her plant was on the fourth day.
Her table of observations looked like this:

Based on the chart, it's not too difficult to figure out that the plant was probably 6 mm tall on the
fourth day. This is because this disciplined tomato plant grew in a linear pattern; there was a linear
relationship between the number of days measured and the plant's height growth. Linear pattern means
the points created a straight line. We could even estimate by plotting the data on a graph. the
interpolation formula would come in handy.

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4. Interpolation Formula to find the value between two values

The interpolation formula looks like this:

Going back to the tomato plant example, the first set of values for day three are (3,4), the second set of
values for day five are (5,8), and the value for x is 4 since we want to find the height, y, on the fourth day.
After substituting these values into the formula, calculate the estimated height of the plant on the fourth
day.

5. Methods of interpolation
There are broadly two methods of interpolation:
i. Graphical Method, (ii) Algebraic Method
Here we shall discuss only the algebraic method of interpolation. Different formulae or methods used
in algebraic method are:
1) Newton’s Forward Formula
2) Newton’s Backward Formula
3) Lagrange’s Central Formula
4) Lagrange’s Inverse Interpolation Formula

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1. Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula
Statement
u (u − 1) 2 u (u − 1)(u − 2) 3
y = yo + u∆yo + .
∆ yo + ∆ yo + ...
1.2 1.2.3
u (u − 1)(u − 2 )...(u − n + 1) n
+ ∆ yo,
1.2.3...n
x − x0
Where u =
h
2. Newton’s Backward Interpolation Formula

v(v + 1) 2 v(v + 1) (v + 2 ) 3
y = yn + v∆yn−1 + .∆ yn−2 + ∆ y n −3
1.2 1.2.3

v(v + 1) (v + 2 )...(v + n − 1) n
+ ∆ y0 ,
1.2.3....n
x − xn
Where v = and h = x1 − x0 = x2 − x1 = ... = xn − xn −1
h
In this case also we can express y as a function of x.

3. Lagrange ‘s Interpolation Formula (For 4 values)

(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 )
Y =(𝑥𝑥 y 0 + y1
0 −𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥3 ) ( 𝑥𝑥1− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥3 )

(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 )

+ ( 𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2 +
( 𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2

4. Inverse Interpolation Formula (For 4 values)

Same as above, alter x & y

(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦1 )(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦2 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦3 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦2 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦3 )

X =(𝑦𝑦 x0 + x1
0 −𝑦𝑦1 )(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦2 ) (𝑦𝑦0 −𝑦𝑦3 ) ( 𝑦𝑦1− 𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦1 −𝑦𝑦2 ) (𝑦𝑦1 −𝑦𝑦3 )

(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦1 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦3 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦1 ) (𝑦𝑦−𝑦𝑦2 )

+ ( 𝑦𝑦2− 𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦2− 𝑦𝑦1 ) (𝑦𝑦2− 𝑦𝑦3 )
x2 +
( 𝑦𝑦3− 𝑦𝑦0 )(𝑦𝑦3− 𝑦𝑦1 ) (𝑦𝑦3− 𝑦𝑦3 )
x2

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1. Difference table

The forward difference is denoted by ∆ and is defined by ∆f(x) = f(x + h) − f(x).

When x = xi then from above equation ∆f(xi) = f(xi + h) − f(xi),

i.e. ∆yi = yi+1 − yi , i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n − 1.

In particular, ∆y0 = y1 − y0, ∆y1 = y2 − y1, . . . , ∆yn−1 = yn − yn−1. These are called

first order differences. The differences of the first order differences are called

second order differences. The second order differences are denoted by ∆2y0, ∆2y1, .

Two second order differences are

∆2 y0 = ∆y1 − ∆y0 = (y2 − y1) − (y1 − y0) = y2 − 2y1 + y0

∆2 y1 = ∆y2 − ∆y1 = (y3 − y2) − (y2 − y1) = y3 − 2y2 + y1.

The third order differences are also defined in similar manner,

i.e. ∆3 y0 = ∆2 y1 − ∆2 y0 = (y3 − 2y2 + y1) − (y2 − 2y1 + y0) = y3 − 3y2 + 3y1 − y0

∆3 y1 = y4 − 3y3 + 3y2 − y1.

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2. Difference table
Below are given the values of a function f ( x) for certain values of x :
x 0 1 2 3 4
f (x ) : 1 0 5 22 57
Construct the table of differences.
Solution. DIFFERENCE TABLE
x y = f (x ) ∆y ∆2 y ∆3 y ∆4 y
0 1
−1
1 0 6
5 6
2 5 12 0
17 6
3 22 18
35
4 57

3. Newton’s forward formula

The values of y are 8,20,42,74 respectively when the value of x are 3,5,7 and 9. Using Newton’s
Forward Interpolation Formula, find the value of y, when x=4.
Solution.
TABLE 16.2 DIFFERERENCE TABLE
x y = f (x) ∆y ∆2 y ∆3 y
3 = x0 8 = yo
12 = ∆yo
5 20 10 = ∆2 yo
22 0 = ∆3 yo
7 42 10
32
9 74
𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 4−3 1
Here h = 2, u = ℎ = 2 = 2 = 0.5
By Newton’s Forward Interpolation Formula, we get
u u (u − 1 2 u (u − 1)(u − 2 ) 3
y = yo + .∆yo + .∆ yo + .∆ yo + ...
1 1.2 1.2.3
u (u − 1)(u − 2 )...(u − n + 1) n
+ .∆ yo
1.2.3...n
At x = 4 , we have
0.5(0.5 − 1)
y =8+
0.5
1
× 12 +
2
× 10 [ ∆3 yo = 0 ]
= 8 + 6.0 + 0.5 × (− 0.5) × 5 = 14 − 1.25 = 12.75

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4. Newton’s backkward formula

The value of y are 73 respectively when the values of x are 2, 4, 6 and 8, Find, by suitable
method of interpolation the value of y when x is equal to 7
Solution.
Since the value of x are equidistant and x=7 lies near the end of the tabulated values. Newton’s
Backward Interpolation Formula is suitable in this case.
TABLE 16.5 DIFFERENCE TABLE
x y = f (x ) ∆y ∆2 y ∆3 y
2 7
14
4 21 8
22 0 = ∆3 y n −3
6 43 8 = ∆y n −3
30 = ∆y n − 2 (n = 3)
xn = 8 73 = y n
Here n = 3, h = 2, x n = 8, x = 7
x − xn 7 − 8 1
∴v = = = − = −0.5
h 2 2
By Newton’s Backward Interpolation Formula:

v v(v + 1) 2 v(v + 1)(v + 2 ) 3

y = y n + .∆y n −1 + .∆ y n − 2 + ∆ y n −3 + ...
1 1.2 1.2.3

v(v + 1)(v + 2 )...(v + n − 1) n

+ ∆ yo
1.2.3...n
At x = 7, we get
y = 73 + (− 5.0 ) × 30 +
(− 0.5)(− 0.5 + 1) × 8 [ ∆2 y n − 2 = 0]
2
= 73 − 15.0 + (− 0.5) × 0.5 × 4 = 73 − 15 − 1.00 = 73 − 16 = 57

5. Lagrange’s formula
Using Lagrange’s formula and hence find f(3)

x: 0 1 2 5
f (x): 2 3 12 147
Solution:
Here x0 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3=5
and y0 = 2, y1 = 3, y2 = 12, y3=147.
X=3

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Lagrange’s formula is
(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 )
Y =(𝑥𝑥 y0 + y1
0 −𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥3 ) ( 𝑥𝑥1− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥3 )

(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 )

+ ( 𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2 +
( 𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2

(3−1)(3−2) (3−5) (3−0)(3−2) (3−5)

Or, Y =(0−1)(0−2) x2 + (1−0)(1−2) (1−5)
x3
(0−5)

(3−0)(3−1) (3−5) (3−0)(3−1) (3−2)

+ (2−0)(2−1) (2−5)
x 12 +
(5−0)(5−1) (5−2)
x 147

(2)(1) (−2) (3)(1) (−2)

Or, Y = (−1)(−2) x2 + (1)(−1) (−4)
x3
(−5)

(3)(2) (−2) (3)(2) (1)

+ (2)(1) (−3)
x 12 +
(5)(4) (3)
x 147

Or, y = 0.8 – 4.5 + 24 + 14.7

= 35

6. Lagrange’s formula
Find the missing term in the following table using interpolation:
x: 0 1 2 3 4
y: 1 3 9 ... 81
Solution:
Since the given data is unevenly spaced, therefore we use Lagrange’s interpolation formula:
(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 )
Y =(𝑥𝑥 y 0 + y1
0 −𝑥𝑥1 )(𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥0 −𝑥𝑥3 ) ( 𝑥𝑥1− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥2 ) (𝑥𝑥1 −𝑥𝑥3 )

(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥3 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥−𝑥𝑥2 )

+ ( 𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥2− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2 +
( 𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥0 )(𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥1 ) (𝑥𝑥3− 𝑥𝑥3 )
y2

Putting the value, We find the value of y for x = 3, Y = 31.

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7. Lagrange’s formula
Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula find f (10) from the following table:

Solution:
Here the intervals are unequal. By Lagrange’s interpolation formula we have

8. Miscellaneous
Prove: E ≡ 1 + Δ
Solution::
From the definition of Δ we know that
Δ f (x) = f (x + h ) − f (x) and
E[ f (x )] = f (x + h)
where h is the interval of difference.
Δ f (x) = f (x + h ) − f (x)
Δ f (x) = Ef (x ) − f (x)
⇒ Δ f (x) = (E −1) f (x)
Δ ≡ E −1;
∴ E≡1+Δ
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9. Miscellaneous
The values of a functions f(x) are given: f(o) = 1, f(1) + f(2) = 10, f(3) + f(4) + f(5)
= 65. Then the value of f(4) will be: [2017]

Solution:
Consider f(x)= ax2+bx+c
f(x)=ax2+bx+c (why quadratic equation Because, 3 equations are given and we can have 3
variables)
Given:
• f(0) =1⟹ a (0)+ b (0) + c=1⟹ c =1

• f(1) + f(2)=10

f(1) + f(2)=10

f(1) = a (1)2 +b (1) +1= a + b + 1

f(2)=a (2)2 + b (2) + 1= 4a + 2b +1

f(1)+ f(2) = a + b +1+ 4a +2b + 1=10

⟹ 5a + 3b= 8……………………………………………(1)
f(3) + f(4) + f(5)=65
f(3)= a(3)2 + b (3)+1=9a+3b+1
f(4)=a (4)2 + b(4) +1 = 16a+ 4b +1
f(5)=a(5)2 + b (5) +1=25a+5b+1
f(3) +f(4)+f(5)=65
⟹ 9a+3b+1+16a+4b+1+25a+5b+1=65
25a+6b=31……………………………………………………………………………….(2)
5∗(1)−(2)= 25a+15b−25a−6b=40−31⟹ 9b = 9, hence b = 1
From (1):5a+3(1)=8⟹a=1;
∴f(x)=ax2+bx+c =x2+x+1
F (4)=42+4+1=16 + 4 + 1=21; Ans: 21

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MCQ of 2 Marks each

Miscellaneous Problems:
1. ________is guessing data points from within the range of your data set
(a) Intrapolation
(b) Interpolation
(c) Extrapolation
(d) Estimation
2. ________is guessing data points from beyond the range of your data set
(a) Interchange
(b) Interpolation
(c) Extrapolation
(d) Estimation
3. If y = x3 + 1, form the difference table when the value of x are – 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2 and state the last
value of the difference table:
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 5
(d) 0
4. The values of y are 7, 21, 43 and 73 respectively when the values of x are 2, 4, 6 & 8. Find the
suitable method of interpolation the value of y when x = 7.
(a) Newton's Forward formula
(b) Newton's Backward formula
(c) Lagrange's Formula
(d) Inverse Interpolation
5. The values of y are 10, 20 & 30 respectively when the values of x are 1, 4 and 5. Find the
suitable method of interpolation the value of y when x = 7.
(a) Newton's Forward formula
(b) Newton's Backward formula
(c) Lagrange's Formula
(d) Inverse Interpolation
6. The values of y are 10, 20 & 30 respectively when the values of x are 1, 4 and 5. Find the
suitable method of interpolation the value of x when y= 7.
(a) Newton's Forward formula
(b) Newton's Backward formula
(c) Lagrange's Formula
(d) Inverse Interpolation
7. From the following table the value of y for the value of x = 3.5 by using [2017]
X: 3 5 7 9
Y: 15 25 35 45
(a) Newton’s forward interpolation formula
(b) Newton’s backward interpolation formula
(c) None of the stated two interpolation formula
(d) Any one of the two stated interpolation formula

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8. Lagrange’s interpolation is used to interpolate the value –
(A) Near the end (B) Near the beginning (C) Near the central position
(D) At any position

9. Newton’s forward and backward formula can be used only when values of the arguments are
(B) equidistant (B) not equidistant
(C) constant (D) none of these. [2020]

10. Lagrange’s interpolation formula is used for [2020]

(A) equal difference (B) unequal difference
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these.

11. Given
X 4 6
Y 11 15
When x = 5 the value of y will be [2018]
(a) 14
(b) 13
(c) 12
(d) 10
12. Given
X 4 6
Y 11 15
When y = 13 the value of x will be
(a) 5.5
(b) 5
(c) 5.5
(d) 5.8
𝟐𝟐
13. ∆ 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 can be expressed as [2018]
(a) y2 + 2y1 + y0
(b) 𝐲𝐲𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲𝟐𝟐 + 𝐲𝐲𝟏𝟏
(c) y2 − 2y1 + y0
(d) y3 + 2y2 + y1
14. The values of a functions f(x) are given: f(o) = 1, f(1) + f(2) = 10, f(3) + f(4) + f(5) = 65. Then the
value of f(4) will be: [2017]
(a) 7
(b) 13
(c) 21
(d) 31
15. The (n+1)th order forward difference of the nth degree polynomial is – [2019]
(A) n! (B) (n+1)! (C) 0 (D) (n-1)!

16. Which of the following is true? [2019]

(A) E = 1 - ∆ (B) E = 1 + ∆ (C) ∆ = 1 + E (D) None of these.

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MCQ of 4 Marks each

Newton's Forward Formula:
17. Using Newton's Forward Formula, find the value of f (x) for x = 3.5 from the following data:
x : 3 4 5 6
f (x) : 4 13 26 43
(a) 8
(b) 9
(c) 7
(d) 10
18. The values of y are 8,20,42,74 respectively when the values of x are 3,5,7,9. Using Newton’s
Forward Interpolation formula find the value of y when x=4.
(a) 12.75
(b) 12.25
(c) 12.50
(d) 13.75
19. Using appropriate interpolation formula, find the value of y for x = 2 from the following table:
X: 1 3 5 7 9
Y: 3 5 8 12 17
(a) 2.875
(b) 2.825
(c) 2.850
(d) 3.875
20. By using Interpolation formula, find the value of y when x=1.5.
X: 1 2 3 4 5
Y: 6 8 11 18 17
(a) 7.65
(b) 7.25
(c) 7.35
(d) 7.45
21. Using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of y when x = 22 from the following data :
x : 20 25 30 35 40
y : 23 26 30 35 42
(a) 24.11
(b) 25.11
(c) 24.51
22. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, the value of y, when x = 3, is

x 2 4 6 8
y 6 9 20 39

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8.

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Newton's Bakward's Formula:

23. Using Newton's Backward Formula, find the value of f (x) for x = 5.5 from the following data:
x : 3 4 5 6
f (x) : 4 13 26 43
(a) 38
(b) 34
(c) 36
(d) 35
24. Using Newtown’s Backward Interpolation formula find Y when x = 8 from the following: [2019]
x 3 5 7 9
y 2 18 42 74
(a) 57
(b) 59
(c) 91
(d) 93
25. Using suitable interpolation formula the value of f (7) from the following value is: [2017]
x: 2 4 6 8
f(x): 5 18 36 59
(a) 45.125
(b) 40.875
(c) 48.125
(d) 46.875
26. The values of y are 7, 21, 43 and 73 respectively when the values of x are 2, 4, 6 & 8. Find by
suitable method of interpolation the value of y when x = 7.
(a) 57
(b) 56
(c) 55
(d) 58
27. Using an appropriate interpolation formula, find the weight of a child at the age of 8 years
from the following data:
Age (In Years) 1 3 5 7
Weights (in lbs) 8 11 17 26
(a) 31.125
(b) 31.875
(c) 31.625
(d) 31.875
28. Using suitable interpolation formula, find the value of y when x=8 from the following data:
X 1 3 5 7 9
y 3 5 8 12 17
(a) 14.875
(b) 14.825
(c) 14.850
(d) 14.375

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Lagrange's Formula:
29. The values of y are 10, 20 & 30 respectively when the values of x are 1, 4 and 5. Find by
suitable method of interpolation the value of y when x = 7.
(a) 40
(b) 35
(c) 45
(d) 50

30. Find the missing term in the following table using interpolation:

x: 0 1 2 3 4
y: 1 3 9 ... 81
(a) 27
(b) 35
(c) 31
(d) 50

Inverse Interpolation:
31. If f (1) = 10, f (2) = 15 and f (5) = 42, then the value of x when f (x) = 25 is
(A) 2·5 (B) 3·4 (C) 4·0 (D) 4·5

Miscellaneous:
32. From the following information, [2020]

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 0 5 10 8
the value of ∆3y1 is equal to
(A) – 6 (B) –7 (C) – 8 (D) – 9.

33. ∆3y0 may be expressed as [2020]

(A) y3 + 3y2 + 3y1 + y0 (B) y2 – 2y1 + y0

(C) y3 – 3y2 + 3y1 – y0 (D) None of these.

34. Using the following table the value of y will be [2018]

X 0 1 2 3
Y 1 10 49 142
(a) 𝟒𝟒𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏
(b) 𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 4
(c) 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
(d) 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 3

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2017
1st Semester statistics
Group-A
1. During the year 2012-13 the Income (in crores) of a railway company of different section is as
follows:
Section 2012 2013
Coaching 10 15
Goods 30 25
Other 5 2
The component bar chart for the above data is:
(a) Answer (a)

(b)

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(c)

(d)

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2. Which of the following divide a group of data into ten equal subgroups?
a) Percentiles
b) Median
c) Deciles
d) Quartiles

3. The largest value is 60 and the smallest value is 40 and number of classes desired is 5 then the
length of the class interval is:
a) 4
b) 20
c) 12
d) 8

4. The second and fourth order central moments of a distribution are 5 and 41 respectively. The co-
efficient of kurtosis and the nature of kurtosis are:
a) -1.36, lepo kurtic
b) 1.64, meso kurtic
c) 1.64, lepto kurtic
d) -1.36, platykurtic

5. The values of a functions f(x) are given: f(o) = 1, f(1) + f(2) = 10, f(3) + f(4) + f(5) = 65. Then the
value of f(4) will be:
a) 7
b) 13
c) 21
d) 31

6. If the second and third central moments of a distribution are 4 and 10, then the skewness of the
distribution is:
a) 2.5
b) 0.4
c) 5
d) 1.25

7. The first quartile and third quartile of the following members: 88, 72, 33, 29,70, 86, 54 are
respectively
a) 33, 86
b) 32, 84
c) 33, 76
d) 32, 86

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8. Two variables x and y are related by y=12-5x, if the S.D of x is 7, then the S.D. of y is:
a) 47
b) 35
c) -35
d) -23

9. If C.V.=60% and variance = 36, then the mean is:

a) 10
b) 16
c) 15
d) 12

10. From the following table the value of y can be determined for the value of x = 3.5 by using
x 0 1 2 3 4

y 2 10 28 56 94

a) Newton’s forward interpolation formula

b) Newton’s backward interpolation formula
c) None of the stated two interpolation formula
d) Any one of the two stated interpolation formula

Group-B
11. The median of the following frequency distribution is known to be 28. The value of a is:
Dividend (%) 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
No. of 3 20 12 a
Companies
a) 7
b) 3
c) 4
d) 2

12. The S.D. of the given data: 49, 63, 46, 59, 65, 52, 60, 54 is:
a) 6.36
b) 6.21
c) 6.29
d) 6.12

13. The median, mode and coefficient of skewness for a certain distribution are respectively 17.4,
15.3 and 0.35. The coefficient of variation is:
a) 50.12%
b) 45%
c) 40%
d) 48.78%

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14. Using suitable interpolation formula the value of f(7) from the following value is:
x: 2 4 6 8
f(x): 5 18 36 59
a) 45.125
b) 40.875
c) 48.125
d) 46.875

15. The following pie-chart shows the annual agricultural yield of Punjab state for the year 2016:

If the total yield is 8100 tons, how much will be the yield of rice (In ton) and by how much
percentage the yield of Ragi will exceed the yield of rice? [CHECK]
a) 900 and 140%
b) 800 and 120%
c) 700 and 150%
d) 900 and 150%

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2018
1st Semester statistics
Group –A
1. ∆2 𝑦𝑦1 can be expressed as
a) 𝑦𝑦2 + 2𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦0
b) 𝒚𝒚𝟑𝟑 − 𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐 + 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏
c) 𝑦𝑦2 − 2𝑦𝑦1 + 𝑦𝑦0
d) 𝑦𝑦3 + 2𝑦𝑦2 + 𝑦𝑦1

2. Cumulative frequency is of
a) One type
b) Two type
c) Three type
d) Four type

3. The diagram from which mode can be calculated is

a) Bar diagram
b) Ogive
c) Histogram
d) Line diagram

4. If Q1 = 52, Q2 = 92, Q3 = 152, then skewness is

a) 0.2
b) 0.4
c) 0.6
d) 0.8

5. The second and fourth central moments of a distributions are 6 and 27 respectively then the
kurtosis of the distribution will be
a) 0.75
b) 1.04
c) 1.30
d) 2.15

6. The median of the numbers: 21, 49, 37. 88, 74, 55 is

a) 55
b) 52
c) 38
d) 49

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
7. If the arithmetic mean of two observations is 25 and their geometric mean is 15 then their
harmonic mean will be
a) 6
b) 10
c) 9
d) 12

8. The S.D. of a symmetrical distribution is 3. If the distribution is meso-kurtic the value of central
moment will be
a) 81
b) 243
c) 9
d) 27

9. Given
X 4 6
Y 11 15
When x = 5 the value of y will be
a) 14
b) 13
c) 12
d) 10

10. The variance of a variable x is 100. Then the standard deviation of a variable y = 5x – 10 is
a) 90
b) 50
c) 500
d) 490

Group – B
1. Using the following table the value of y will be
X 0 1 2 3
Y 1 10 49 142
a) 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟑 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 + 𝟏𝟏
b) 𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 4
c) 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 + 1
d) 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 3

2. If the mean and standard deviation f two numbers are respectively 15 and 3 then the numbers are
a) 10,20
b) 14,16
c) 12,18
d) 11,19

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
3. The difference between the number of Literate Males and Literate Females will be, if total
number is 2,50,000

(Literate Males: 35 %, Literate Females: 33%)

a) 3500
b) 4500
c) 5000
d) 6000

4. The mode of the following distribution will be

0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15
4 6 12 8 2
a) 7.8
b) 8.3
c) 8.5
d) 9.1

5. The quartile deviation of 22, 17, 25, 20, 29, 27 and 35 will be
a) 5.5
b) 6
c) 8
d) 4.5

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

2019
1st Semester statistics
Group – A
1. The (n+1)th order forward difference of the nth degree polynomial is –

(A) n! (B) (n+1)! (C) 0 (D) (n-1)!

2. Which of the following is true?

(A) E = 1 - ∆ (B) E = 1 + ∆ (C) ∆ = 1 + E (D) None of these.

3. The G.M. of the numbers 9, x, 27 be 18, then the value of x is –

(A) 20 (B) 21 (C) 24 (D) 29

4. If median and mode of a distribution are 14 and 10 respectively, then mean is –

(A) 18 (B) 13 (C) 12 (D) 16

5. The median of the distribution

0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8
2 3 3 2
Is -
(A) 2.5 (B) 4 (C) 3.5 (D) None of these.

6. If y = 10 + 7x and S.D. of x is 2, then S.D. of y is

(A) – 6 (B) 12 (C) 14 (D) – 14

7. Lagrange’s interpolation is used to interpolate the value –

(A) Near the end (B) Near the beginning (C) Near the central position
(D) At any position

8. For the numbers 1, 3, 5, 7 first two moments about 3 are –

(A) 1 and 6 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 3 and 6 (D) 4 and 3

9. The third quartile of the numbers 22, 36, 14, 23, 40 is –

(A) 36 (B) 30 (C) 38 (D) None of these.

10. For a moderately skewed distribution, mean = 172, median = 167 and S.D. = 60, the co-efficient
skewness is –
(A) 0.35 (B) 0.25 (C) 0.26 (D) 0.47

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

Group – B
1. Find Mean Deviation about Mean:
x 10 11 12 13 14
Y 3 12 18 12 3
(A) 0.80 (B) 0.70 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.75

2. From the following table find ∆4y1:

x 20 25 30 35 40 45
y 28 25 32 30 40 50
(A) – 19 (B) 40 (C)-33 (D) 21

3. The following pie-chart shows the marks obtained by a student in an examination , who scored
540 in total.

Hindi 60o; Mathematics 90o, History 72o, Science 75o, English 63o
The subject in which the student scored 108 marks is –
(A) English (B) History (C) Mathematics (D) Science.

4. Using Newtown’s Backward Interpolation formula find Y when x = 8 from the following table:
x 3 5 7 9
y 2 18 42 74
(A) 57 (B) 59 (C) 91 (D) 93

5. Find the mean of 30 members, where mean of 10 of them is 12 and mean of rest 20 is 9.
(A) 9 (B) 10 (C) 11 (D) 12.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

2020
1st Semester statistics
Group - A
Answer any five questions. 2×5
2. Qualitative character of statistics is known as
(A) variable (B) attribute (C) data (D) information.

3. Diagramatically median can be ascertained with the help of

(A) histogram (B) ogive
(C) frequency polygon (D) none of these.

4. Number of Quartiles are

(A) two (B) three (C) four (D) none of these.

5. The S.D. of 1, 5, 3, 8, 2 will be

(A) 2·48 (B) 2·84 (C) 2·76 (D) 2·67.

6. The mean deviation about Median from the following data will be 46, 79, 26, 85, 39, 65, 99,
29, 56, 72
(A) 20·4 (B) 19·4 (C) 19·3 (D) 20·9.

7. A distribution is said to be Platy-Kurtic when

(A) β > 3 (B) β2 = 3 (C) β2 < 3 (D) β2 = 0.

8. Value of the 2nd Central Moment is

(A) Zero (B) Mean (C) Variance (D) Median.

9. Newton’s forward and backward formula can be used only when values of the arguments
are
(A) equidistant (B) not equidistant
(C) constant (D) none of these.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
10. In an asymmetrical distribution the mode and mean are respectively ₹ 12·30 and ₹ 18·48 The
median value is
(A) ₹ 15·39 (B) ₹ 16·42
(C) ₹ 15·49 (D) ₹ 16·30.

11. The A.M of two numbers is 5 and their G.M. is 4. The value of H.M. is
(A) 4·47 (B) 3·2 (C) 6·25 (D) 5

Group - B
Answer any ten questions. 3×10
12. The harmonic mean of 2, a, 8 be 24/ , then the value of a is
7
(A) 9 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) 8.

13. If y = –2x + 5 and standard deviation of x is 12, then standard deviation of y is

(A) –24 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) –12.

13. The median of 12, 48, 30, 112, 62, 94, 75, 98 is
(A) 69 (B) 68·5 (C) 68 (D) 67·5.

14. C.V. = 60% and Variance = 36, then the Mean is

(A) 8 (B) 10 (C) 12 (D) 14.

15. Lagrange’s interpolation formula is used for

(A) equal difference (B) unequal difference
(C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these.

16. From the following information,

x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 0 5 10 8
the value of ∆3y1 is equal to
(A) – 6 (B) –7 (C) – 8 (D) – 9.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)
17. If the second and third central moments of a distribution be 4 and 12 respectively, then the
skewnessof the distribution is
(A) 2·5 (B) 3 (C) 1·5 (D) 3·5.

18. For a distribution the coefficient of skewness = 0·25, mean = 50 and mode = 42. Then coefficient
ofvariation of the distribution is
(A) 54% (B) 60% (C) 58% (D) 64%.

19. ∆3y0 may be expressed as

(A) y3 + 3y2 + 3y1 + y0 (B) y2 – 2y1 + y0
(C) y3 – 3y2 + 3y1 – y0 (D) None of these.

20. For a distribution Q1 = 36, Q3 = 76 and coefficient of skewness = 0·3. Then the median is

(A) 40 (B) 50 (C) 46 (D) 52.

21. The A.M. of the following distribution is 67·45 inches. Then the missing frequency is
Height (inch) 60–62 63–65 66–68 69–71 72–74
Frequency 15 ? 126 81 24
(A) 25 (B) 45 (C) 50 (D) 54.

22. The mean of 5 observations is 4·4 and the variance is 8·24. If three of these five
observations are1, 2 and 6, then the other two are
(A) 5 and 8 (B) 4 and 9 (C) 4 and 7 (D) 5 and 9.

23. The first two central moments of the following distribution are :
Income (`) 62 65 68 72 75
Frequency 5 18 42 27 8
(A) 0, 11·02 (B) 0, 10 (C) 1, 13·5 (D) 1, 11·02.

24. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, the value of y, when x = 3, is

x 2 4 6 8
y 6 9 20 39

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8.

25. If f (1) = 10, f (2) = 15 and f (5) = 42, then the value of x when f (x) = 25 is
(A) 2·5 (B) 3·4 (C) 4·0 (D) 4·5.

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Bhalotia Classes (9883034569/8820696761): 1st Semester (Statistics)

1st Semester: Hons & Pass

Course fees for complete course
Subject's Name Marks Course fees: Faculty
Financial Accounting II 100 2500 Ravi Bhalotia
Statistics 50 2500 Ravi Bhalotia
Business law 100 1500 CA Shruti Mam
Abhishek Sir 50 1500 Abhishek Sir
Principal of Management 100 1500 Rhythm Sir

 Discount: 20 % Discount for two subjects or More

 Group Discount for 5 students or more: 50 %

Discount if you join for all subjects

 Complete notes for all subjects (No need to purchase

any Book)

 Complete syllabus within 3 to 4 month & after that

free revision classes till exams.

 Unlimited video backup through Bhalotia classes

App. Pen Drive classes also available.

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