“Atomic Structure”

General Chemistry 1
with Teacher Lester
History of the Atom
Scientists and Their Contribution to
the Model of an Atom
Defining the Atom

•OBJECTIVES:
• Describe Democritus’s ideas about atoms.
• Explain Dalton’s atomic theory.
• Identify what instrument is used to observe
individual atoms.
• The Greek philosopher Democritus (460
B.C. – 370 B.C.) was among the first to
suggest the existence of atoms (from the
Greek word “atomos”)
• He believed that atoms were indivisible and
indestructible
• His ideas did agree with later scientific
theory, but did not explain chemical
behavior, and was not based on the
scientific method – but just philosophy
 Early Greek Theories
• 400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter could not be
divided indefinitely.
• This led to the idea of atoms in a void.
Democritus fire
earth air
water
• 350 B.C - Aristotle modified an earlier theory that
matter was made of four “elements”: earth, fire,
water, air.
• Aristotle was wrong. However, his theory persisted
Aristotle
for 2000 years.
 Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)

∙ Known as the “Father of Modern

Chemistry”
∙ Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
∙ Devised the metric system
∙ Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with
much of his work
∙ Was a tax-collector that was
consequently guillotined during the
French Revolution
∙ Discovered/proposed that combustion
occurs when oxygen combines with other
elements
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/geot ∙ Discovered/proposed the Law of
ime2.html
Conservation of Mass (or Matter) which
states, in a chemical reaction, matter is
neither created nor destroyed
 John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)

∙ In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory

which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
∙ Calculated the atomic weights of many
various elements
∙ Was a teacher at a very young age
∙ Was color blind Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../John-
Dalton.htm
 Dalton’s 3 Laws!!
• Law of Definite Composition—
A compound contains the SAME elements
in the SAME PROPORTIONS (AMOUNT)
by mass no matter the size or source of
the compound. (SAME composition)
 Dalton’s Laws (continued)
• Law of Conservation of Mass—
• The mass of the reactants are equal to the
mass of the products.
• Mass is not created or destroyed!!
• When elements combine to form
compounds, elements are simply
combined, separated, or rearranged.
 Dalton’s laws (cont’d)
• Law of Multiple Proportions—
• Happens when different compounds are
formed from the same 2 elements.
• The mass ratios of all elements in the
compound are expressed in small whole
numbers.
Dalton’s Model
 Structure of the Atom
• One change to Dalton’s atomic
theory is that atoms are divisible
into subatomic particles:
• Electrons, protons, and neutrons are
examples of these fundamental
particles
• There are many other types of
particles, but we will study these three
only.
 J.J. Thomson
1856-1940
• Discovered electron
1897 – Cathode Ray
Experiment
• Plum Pudding model
1904
– Electrons in a soup of
positive charges
• Discovered isotopes
1913
 Discovery of the Electron
In 1897, Joseph John Thomson used a
cathode ray tube to deduce the presence of
a negatively charged particle: the electron
Modern Cathode Ray Tubes

Television Computer Monitor

▪Cathode ray tubes pass electricity
through a gas that is contained at a
very low pressure.
 Thomson’s Atomic Model

J. J. Thomson
Thomson believed that the electrons were like plums
embedded in a positively charged “pudding,” thus it was
called the “plum pudding” model.
 Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)

∙ In 1909, performed the Gold Foil

Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
∙ Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear
Physics”
Image taken from:
http://www.scientific-

Won a Nobel Prize

web.com/en/Physics/Biographies/Erne
∙ stRutherford.html

∙ Was a student of J.J. Thomson

∙ Was on the New Zealand $100 bill
 Rutherford’s Findings
▪ Most of the particles passed right through
▪ A few particles were deflected
▪ VERY FEW were greatly deflected

Conclusions:
a) The nucleus is small
b) The nucleus is dense
c) The nucleus is positively
charged
Ernest Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment - 1911

▪Alpha particles are helium nuclei – He The alpha

particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil
▪ Particles that hit on the detecting screen (film) are
recorded
 The Rutherford Atomic Model
• Based on his experimental evidence:
• The atom is mostly an empty space
• All the positive charge, and almost all
the mass is concentrated in a small area
in the center. He called this a “nucleus”
• The nucleus is composed of protons
and neutrons (they make the nucleus!)
• The electrons distributed around the
nucleus, and occupy most of the volume
• His model was called a “nuclear model”
 Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)

∙ In 1913, proposed the Bohr

Model, which suggests that
electrons travel around the
nucleus of an atom in orbits or
definite paths. Additionally, the
electrons can jump from a path in
one level to a path in another
level (depending on their energy)
Image taken from: ∙ Won a Nobel Prize
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Niels
_Bohr.jpg
∙ Worked with Ernest Rutherford
 Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)

• In 1926, he further explained

the nature of electrons in an
atom by stating that the exact
location of an electron cannot be
stated; therefore, it is more
accurate to view the electrons in
regions called electron clouds;
electron clouds are places where
the electrons are likely to be
found
• Did extensive work on the Wave Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodinger-

formula 🡪 Schrodinger equation bio.html

• Won a Nobel Prize

 James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)

∙ Realized that the atomic mass of

most elements was double the
number of protons 🡪 discovery
of the neutron in 1932
∙ Worked on the Manhattan
Project
∙ Worked with Ernest Rutherford
∙ Won a Nobel Prize
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/dayi
ntech_0227
ELECTRON= JOSEPH JOHN
THOMSON

PROTON= EUGENE
GOLDSTEIN

NEUTRON=JAMES
CHADWICK
 ATOMIC NUMBER=
PROTON=ELECTRON

ATOMIC MASS= PROTON+

NEUTRON

NEUTRON=ATOMIC MASS-
PROTON
Subatomic Particles

Particle Charge Mass (g) Location

Electron
(e-) -1 9.11 x 10-28 Electron
cloud
Proton
(p+) +1 1.67 x 10-24 Nucleus
Neutron
(no) 0 1.67 x 10-24 Nucleus
 Atomic Number
• Atoms are composed of identical
protons, neutrons, and electrons
• How then are atoms of one element
different from another element?
• Elements are different because they
contain different numbers of PROTONS
• The “atomic number” of an element is
the number of protons in the nucleus
• # protons in an atom = # electrons
 Atomic Number
Atomic number (Z) of an element is
the number of protons in the nucleus
of each atom of that element.
Element # of protons Atomic # (Z)

Carbon 6 6

Phosphorus 15 15

Gold 79 79
Mass Number
Mass number is the number of
protons and neutrons in the nucleus
of an isotope: Mass # = p+ + n0

Nuclide p+ n0 e- Mass #
Oxygen - 18 8 10 8 18

Arsenic - 75 33 42 33 75

Phosphorus - 31 15 16 15 31
 Complete Symbols
• Contain the symbol of the element,
the mass number and the atomic
number.

Superscript →
Mass
number

Subscript →
Atomic
number
X
Symbols

80
35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= ___
b) number of neutrons= __
c) number of electrons = __
80
d) Atomic number = __
e) Mass Number = ___ 35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= 35
b) number of neutrons= __
c) number of electrons = __
80
d) Atomic number = ___
e) Mass Number = ____ 35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= 35
b) number of neutrons= 45
c) number of electrons = __
80
d) Atomic number = ___
e) Mass Number = ____ 35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= 35
b) number of neutrons= 45
c) number of electrons = 35
80
d) Atomic number = ___
e) Mass Number = ____ 35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= 35
b) number of neutrons= 45
c) number of electrons = 35
80
d) Atomic number = 35
e) Mass Number = ___ 35 Br
 Symbols
Find each of ff:
a) number of protons= 35
b) number of neutrons= 45
c) number of electrons = 35
80
d) Atomic number = 35
e) Mass Number = 80 35 Br
 Symbols
If an element has 103 protons and
163 neutrons, what is the
a) Atomic number = ____
b) Mass number = _____
c) number of electrons = ____
d) complete symbol = _____
 Symbols
If an element has 103 protons and
163 neutrons, what is the
a) Atomic number = 103
b) Mass number = _____
c) number of electrons = ____
d) complete symbol = _____
 Symbols
If an element has 103 protons and
163 neutrons, what is the
a) Atomic number = 103
b) Mass number = 266
c) number of electrons = ____
d) complete symbol = _____
 Symbols
If an element has 103 protons and
163 neutrons, what is the
a) Atomic number = 103
b) Mass number = 266
c) number of electrons = 103
d) complete symbol = _____
 Symbols
If an element has 103 protons and
163 neutrons, what is the
a) Atomic number = 103
b) Mass number = 266
c) number of electrons = 103
d) complete symbol = Lawrencium (Lr)
 Isotopes
• Dalton was wrong about all
elements of the same type being
identical
• Atoms of the same element can
have different numbers of neutrons.
•Thus, different mass numbers.
•These are called isotopes.
Isotopes
• Frederick Soddy (1877-1956)
proposed the idea of isotopes in
1912
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element having
different masses, due to varying numbers of
neutrons.
• Soddy won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
in 1921 for his work with isotopes and
radioactive materials.
 Naming Isotopes
•We can also put the mass
number after the name of the
element:
•carbon-12
•carbon-14
•uranium-235
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having
different masses, due to varying numbers of
neutrons.
Isotope Protons Electrons Neutrons Nucleus
Hydrogen–1
(protium) 1 1 0
Hydrogen-2 1 1 1
(deuterium)
1 1 2
Hydrogen-3
(tritium)
Isotopes
Elements
occur in
nature as
mixtures of
isotopes.
Isotopes are
atoms of the
same element
that differ in
the number of
neutrons.
 Atomic Mass
▪How heavy is an atom of oxygen?
▪It depends, because there are different
kinds of oxygen atoms.
▪We are more concerned with the average
atomic mass.
▪This is based on the abundance
(percentage) of each variety of that
element in nature.
▪ We don’t use grams for this mass because
the numbers would be too small.
 Measuring Atomic Mass
•Instead of grams, the unit we use
is the Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
•It is defined as one-twelfth the
mass of a carbon-12 atom.
• Carbon-12 chosen because of its isotope purity.

•Each isotope has its own atomic

mass, thus we determine the
average from percent abundance.
 To calculate the average mass:

• Multiply the atomic mass of each

isotope by its abundance (expressed
as a decimal ), then add the results.
• If not told otherwise, the mass of the
isotope is expressed in atomic mass
units (amu)
 Atomic Masses
Atomic mass is the average of all the
naturally occurring isotopes of that element.
Isotope Symbol Composition of % in nature
the nucleus
Carbon-12 12C 6 protons 98.89%
6 neutrons
Carbon-13 13C 6 protons 1.11%
7 neutrons
Carbon-14 14C 6 protons <0.01%
8 neutrons

Carbon = 12.01 amu

 To calculate the average atomic mass of Oxygen
Isotope Atomic % Decimal Product
Mass abundanc form of %
(amu) e abundance
Oxygen-16 15.995 99.76% 0.9976 15.9566
Oxygen - 16.999 0.04% 0.0004 0.0068
17
Oxygen-18 17.999 0.20 % 0.0020 0.0360
Average 15.9994
atomic Amu
mass 16.00
amu
 Seatwork 2
1.What is the average atomic mass of chlorine with two
naturally occurring isotopes Cl-35 with a mass of
34.969 and Cl-37 with a mass of 36.966 their percent
abundances are 75.53% and 24.47% respectively?
2.The masses of the four isotopes and percent
abundance of sulfur are:
32 S 31.972 (95.015 %); 33 S 32.971 ( 0.76%);

34 S 33.968 (4.22%) and 36 S 35.967 (0.01%) . Calculate

the average atomic mass of sulfur.

 To calculate the average atomic mass of Chlorine:

Isotope Atomi % Decimal Product

c Mass abundanc form of %
(amu) e abundance
Chlorine- 34.969 75.53% 0.7553 26.4121
35
Chlorine- 36.966 24.47% 0.2447 9.0456
37

Average 35.4577
atomic Amu
mass 35.50
amu
 To calculate the average atomic mass of Sulfur:
Isotope Atomic % Decimal Product
Mass abundanc form of %
(amu) e abundance
Sulfur-32 31.972 95.015% 0.95015 30.3782
Sulfur-33 32.971 0.76% 0.0076 0.2506

Sulfur-34 33.968 4.22% 0.0422 1.4335

Sulfur-36 35.967 0.01% 0.0001 0.0036
Average 32.0659
atomic Amu
mass 32.00
amu