PC Notes Riya Arora

2210997198

What is Design Thinking?

Design thinking is a process for solving problems by prioritizing the
consumer's needs above all else. It relies on observing, with empathy, how
people interact with their environments, and employs an iterative, hands-on
approach to creating innovative solutions.Design thinking is extremely user-
centric. It focuses on humans first and foremost, seeking to understand
people’s needs and come up with effective solutions to meet those needs. It
is what we call a solution-based approach to problem-solving.

Business Uses of Design Thinking

All businesses have a never-ending list of goals, from constantly releasing
new products that increase sales by resonating with customers to providing
better customer support. When a business decides on a new product, a
massive, expensive machine shifts into high gear, especially at large
corporations. The costs are enormous. Applying design thinking can help
save vast amounts of money right away because it directs attention to the
specific solutions people need—immediate cost savings are realized. 1
Design Thinking Approaches
1.Human centric approach
2. Problem centric Approach
3. customer centric appproach

Design Thinking Tools

1. Visualization is about using images. It’s not about drawing; it’s about
visual thinking. It pushes us beyond using words or language alone. It is
a way of unlocking a different part of our brains that allows us to think
nonverbally and that managers might not normally use.

2. Journey mapping (or experience mapping) is an ethnographic

research method that focuses on tracing the customer’s “journey” as he
or she interacts with an organization while in the process of receiving a
service, with special attention to emotional highs and lows. Experience
mapping is used with the objective of identifying needs that customers
are often unable to articulate.

3. Value chain analysis examines how an organization interacts with

value chain partners to produce, market, and distribute new offerings.
Analysis of the value chain offers ways to create better value for
customers along the chain and uncovers important clues about partners’
capabilities and intentions.

4. Mind mapping is used to represent how ideas or other items are

linked to a central idea and to each other. Mind maps are used to
generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas to look for patterns and
insights that provide key design criteria.

5. Rapid concept development assists us in generating hypotheses

about potential new business opportunities.

6. Assumption testing focuses on identifying assumptions underlying

the attractiveness of a new business idea and using available data to
assess the likelihood that these assumptions will turn out to be true.
These assumptions are then tested through thought experiments, 2
followed by field experiments, which subject new concepts to four tests: value
creation, execution, scalability, and defensibility.

7. Prototyping techniques allow us to make abstract new ideas tangible to

potential partners and customers. These include storyboarding, user scenarios,
experience journeys, and business concept illustrations — all of which
encourage deep involvement by important stakeholders to provide feedback.

8. Customer co-creation incorporates techniques that allow managers to

engage a customer while in the process of generating and developing new
business ideas of mutual interest. They are among the most value-enhancing,
risk-reducing approaches to growth and innovation.

9. Learning launches are designed to test the key underlying value-

generating assumptions of a potential new-growth initiative in the marketplace.
In contrast to a full new-product rollout, a learning launch is a learning
experiment conducted quickly and inexpensively to gather market-driven data.

10. Brainstorming is a method design teams use to generate ideas to solve

clearly defined design problems. In controlled conditions and a free-thinking
environment, teams approach a problem by such means as “How Might We”
questions. They produce a vast array of ideas and draw links between them to
find potential solutions.

Simpe Program Logic

Program logic is the implementation of the program's requirements and design.
If the design of the application is bad, the program logic can nevertheless be
professionally implemented. For example, if the user interface is poorly
conceived, the program logic can execute that second-rate interface very
efficiently.

PDLC (Program Development Life Cycle)

Program development life cycle contains 6 phases, which are as follows −

 Problem Definition.
 Problem Analysis.
 Algorithm Development. 3
 Coding & Documentation.
 Testing & Debugging.
 Maintenance.

These six phases are depicted in the diagram given below −

Problem Definition
Here, we define the problem statement and decide the boundaries of the
problem.

In this phase, we need to understand what is the problem statement, what is

our requirement and what is the output of the problem solution. All these are
included in the first phase of program development life cycle.
Problem Analysis
Here, we determine the requirements like variables, functions, etc. to solve the
problem. It means that we gather the required resources to solve the problem,
which are defined in the problem definition phase. Here, we also determine the
bounds of the solution.
4
Algorithm Development
Here, we develop a step-by-step procedure that is used to solve the problem
by using the specification given in the previous phase. It is very important
phase for the program development. We write the solution in step-by-step
statements.

Coding & Documentation

Here, we use a programming language to write or implement the actual
programming instructions for the steps defined in the previous phase. We
construct the actual program in this phase. We write the program to solve
the given problem by using the programming languages like C, C++, Java,
etc.

Testing & Debugging

In this phase, we check whether the written code in the previous step is
solving the specified problem or not. This means, we try to test the program
whether it is solving the problem for various input data values or not. We
also test if it is providing the desired output or not.

Maintenance
In this phase, we make the enhancements. Therefore, the solution is used
by the end-user. If the user gets any problem or wants any enhancement,
then we need to repeat all these phases from the starting, so that the
encountered problem is solved or enhancement is added.

Pseudocode
Pseudocode is a technique used to describe the distinct steps of an
algorithm in a manner that’s easy to understand for anyone with basic
programming knowledge. Although pseudocode is a syntax-free
description of an algorithm, it must provide a full description of the
algorithm’s logic so that moving from pseudocode to implementation is
merely a task of translating each line into code using the syntax of any
given programming language.
Example of pseudocode is:-

BEGIN
NUMBER s1, s2, sum
OUTPUT("Input number1:")
INPUT s1 5
OUTPUT("Input number2:")
INPUT s2
sum=s1+s2
OUTPUT sum
END
HOW TO WRITE PSEUDOCODE
1. Always capitalize the initial word (often one of the main six constructs).
2. Make only one statement per line.
3. Indent to show hierarchy, improve readability, and show nested
constructs.
4. Always end multi-line sections using any of the END keywords (ENDIF,
ENDWHILE, etc.).
5. Keep your statements programming language independent.
6. Use the naming domain of the problem, not that of the implementation.
For instance: “Append the last name to the first name” instead of “name =
first+ last.”
7. Keep it simple, concise and readable.

Flowchart
The Flowchart is the most widely used graphical representation of an
algorithm and procedural design workflows. It uses various symbols to show
the operations and decisions to be followed in a program. It flows in
sequential order.
Example:

6
Need of Sentinel Value
In programming, sentinel value is a special value that is used to terminate a
loop. The sentinel value typically is chosen so as to not be a legitimate data
value that the loop will encounter and attempt to perform with. For example,
in a loop algorithm that computes non-negative integers, the value “-1” can
be set as the sentinel value as the computation will never encounter that
value as a legitimate processing output.

Understanding Programming and User Environment

Programming Environment is setting up your local machine to do
practice/development. Example, if you planned to learn python, you must
have some local setup to practice python. Those setup is called
programming environment. Once it’s done we can do our work without any
interruption.
User Environment refers to the User's computing system(s), comprising
notably the servers, the operating system(s), and the network connections
on which the Product(s) will be installed and used.

Working With Data

Each variable in C has an associated data type. Each data type requires
different amounts of memory and has some specific operations which can
be performed over it. It specifies the type of data that the variable can store
like integer, character, floating, double, etc. The data type is a collection of
data with values having fixed values, meaning as well as its characteristics.

The data types in C can be classified as follows:

1. Integer – We use these for storing various whole numbers, such as 5, 8, 67,
2390, etc.

2. Character – It refers to all ASCII character sets as well as the single

alphabets, such as ‘x’, ‘Y’, etc.

3. Double – These include all large types of numeric values that do not come
under either floating-point data type or integer data type.

7
4. Floating-point – These refer to all the real number values or decimal
points, such as 40.1, 820.673, 5.9, etc.

5. Void – This term refers to no values at all. We mostly use this data type
when defining the functions in a program.

Creating Modules
Creating modules is a task that you would perform when you have identified
a set of routines, data types, and variables that support a common business
need and you want to create them together within a common namespace for
easier management and deployment.
Designing Quality Program
• Program Premise
• Needs Assessment
• Program Description
• Research and Evidence Filter
• Implementation Plan
• Fidelity Plan
• Measurement and Evaluation