REPUBLIQUE DU CAMEROUN REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON
Paix-Travail-Patrie Peace-Work-Fatherland
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MINISTEREDE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR MINISTRYOF HIGHER EDUCATION
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COMMISION NATIONALE D’ORGANISATIONDES NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE ORGANISATION
EXAMENS DU HND OF THE HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA EXAM (HND)
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Higher National Diploma Exam – June 2024 Session
Sector: Tertiary
Field:Medical and Biomedical Sciences
Specialty:NUS,MLS, PHT, MID
Paper: Basic sciences
Credit Value: 6
Nature of paper: Written Duration: 5hours
Instructions to candidates
Candidates are required to answer all the questions. This Question Paper shall be evaluated
on a total of 100 marks
SECTION A: Multiple Choice Questions (50MKS).
Write the letter corresponding to the correct option on the answer sheet provided.
1. Digestion of protein ends in the
a) Stomach
b) Ileum
c) Duodenum
d) Jejunum
2. Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of pancreatic juice and
bicarbonate?
a) Insulin and glucagon
b) Cholecystokinin and secretin
c)
Gastrin and insulin
d) Angiotensin and epinephrine
3. The small intestine has three parts. The first part is called
a) Duodenum
b) Ileum
c) Jejunum
d) Caecum
4. ________ stimulates the production of gastric juice in the stomach
a) Gastrin
b) Digestin
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c) Rennin
d) Enterokinase
5. The structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the
a) Ureter
b) Urethra.
c) Collecting duct
d) Renal pelvis
6. ADH has which of the following effects on the distal convoluted tubule?
a) Decrease water re-absorption
b) Increase water re-absorption
c) Decrease the concentration of urine
d) Increase the urine volume
7. Micturition is __________.
a) present only in males
b) a mechanism for concentrating urine
c) the act of urinating
d) the secretion of acid
8. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.
a) Glomerulus
b) major calyx
c) nephron
d) renal corpuscle
9. Blood returning to the heart from the body organs enters the:
a) left atrium through the aorta
b) right atrium through the vena cava
c) left ventricle by the pulmonary artery
d) right ventricle by the pulmonary vein
10. Which one of the following is found in the wall of both arteries and capillaries?
a) connective tissue
b) smooth muscle cells
c) endothelial cells
d) elastic fibres
11. Valves are typically found in which blood vessels?
a) Arteries
b) Arterioles
c) Veins
d) Capillaries
12. 11 Where does the tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood?
a) From the right atrium to the right ventricle.
b) From the right ventricle to the right atrium.
c) From the left atrium to the left ventricle.
d) From the left ventricle to the left atrium.
13. What is the function of a tendon?
a) To link bones to bones
b) To link muscles to bones
c) To link muscles to ligaments
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d) To bind the cells in compact bone closer together
14. The hormones regulating blood calcium levels are
a) insulin and glucagon.
b) glycogen and parathyroid hormone.
c) parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
d) estrogen and progesterone
15. The two oval-shaped organs that produce, store, and release human eggs are called.
a) Ovaries
b) Eggs
c) Ovum
d) Uterus
16. Fertilization occurs in the
a) labia
b) Ovaries
c) Uterus
d) Fallopian tube
17. How many bones are in the ADULT human body?
a) 206
b) 306
c) 310
d) 400
18. What is the name of the jaw bone?
a) Mandible
b) Cranium
c) Chinus bone
d) Incus
19. The female sex hormone is called
a) FSH
b) LH
c) testosterone
d) Estrogen
20. The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions. What is the basic
unit of the nervous system?
a) Neuron
b) Glial cell
c) Meninges
d) Cerebrospinal fluid
21. With regard to drug receptor binding:
a) A competitive antagonist has no intrinsic activity
b) A partial agonist has less receptor affinity than a full agonist
c) KD is maximal intrinsic efficacy
d) D. Elimination rate constant is defined by the clearance
22. Regarding Pharmacokinetics:
a) systemic clearance is related to the bioavailability and half life
b) Half-life is inversely proportionate to clearance
c) Half-life is proportional to steady state
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d) Elimination is expressed as clearance speed of a given volume of blood from a
substance
23. Which of the following crosses the blood-brain barrier?
a) GABA
b) Propranalol
c) Suxamethonium
d) Edrophonium
e) Dopamine
24. A partial agonist:
a) Always antagonizes a full agonist
b) Can never be used to antagonize a full agonist
c) Has a dose response curve similar to a full agonist in the presence of a non-
competitive antagonist
d) Always antagonizes an agonist
25. Zero order kinetics means:
a) Clearance is proportional to dose
b) T1/2 = Clearance
c) Drug is eliminated at a constant rate regardless of dose.
d) D. Elimination half time will vary according to dose.
26. Half-life of a drug may be helpful to determine:
a) Time to get the steady state
b) Dosage schedule of the drug.
c) Level of absorption.
d) Distribution into different body systems
27. Cephalosporins show their antimicrobial action by
a) Binding to cytoplasmic receptor proteins.
b) Inhibition of beta-lactamases.
c) Inhibition of transpeptidation reactions.
d) Interference with the synthesis of ergosterol.
28. Pediculiocides are used to treat which of the following disorders
a) Fungal infections
b) Viral infections
c) Head lice
d) Bacterial infections
29. A drug can have at least________________ different names
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
30. Which drug type should be prescribe for a patient with gastritis
a) Antithrombolytic drug
b) Antigastritis
c) Antiemetics
d) An antacid
31. Which one of the following statements is correct?
a) Carbohydrates are the body's major energy reserve
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b) B When there is no further need for amino acids for growth or repair, they
are broken down and used for energy
c) C The carbohydrates glucose, sucrose and fructose are non-glycaemic
carbohydrates
d) D In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, all fats contain nitrogen
32. How many essential amino acids are there for adults?
a) 20
b) 4
c) 16
d) None of the above
33. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
a) Rickets is the major symptom of vitamin D deficiency
b) Goitre is the major symptom of iodine deficiency
c) Beriberi is the major symptom of vitamin B2 deficiency
d) Scurvy is the major symptom of vitamin C deficiency
34. Which of the following dietary factors are implicated in the development of cancer?
a) Alcohol
b) Saturated fat
c) Excessive caloric intake
d) All of the above
35. Sucrose is not as sweet as:
a) starch
b) maltose
c) galactose
d) fructose
36. Which of the following hormones lowers blood glucose?
a) Glucagon
b) Insulin
c) Epinephrine
d) Cortisol
37. Vitamins are classified
a) Organic and inorganic
b) Fat-soluble and water soluble
c) Essential and nonessential
d) Elements and compounds
38. One of the first signs of vitamin A deficiency is:
a) Anaemia
b) Jaundice
c) Night blindness
d) Scurvy
39. Vitamin K is needed in the body for:
a) enzyme action
b) blood clotting
c) energy prouction
d) carbohydrate metabolism
40. Iodide deficiency results in:
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a) Jaundice
b) scurvy
c) osteomalacia
d) goiter
41. Which of the following is the general formula of Carbohydrates?
a) (C4H2O)n
b) (b) (C6H2O)n
c) (c) (CH2O)n
d) (d) (C2H2O)n COOH
42. Which of the following vitamin serves as a hormone precursor?
a) Vitamin C
b) Vitamin A
c) Vitamin K
d) Vitamin D
43. Name the vitamin which functions as hormone as well as visual pigment?
a) Thiamine
b) Riboflavin
c) Retinol
d) Folic acid
44. Enzyme increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy.
a) True
b) False
c) a and b are correct
d) all of the above
45. Which of the following vitamin is also known as cobalamin?
a) Vitamin B11
b) Vitamin B12
c) Vitamin B6
d) Vitamin B2
46. Which instrument is used for sterilization
a) Autoclave
b) Bunsen burner
c) Burette
d) Microscope
47. How many chemicals are used for gram staining?
a) 2
b) 1
c) 3
d) 4
48. How many stains are used in gram staining?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
49. How many percent alcohol is used during venous blood collection?
a) 70%
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b) 90%
c) 95%
d) 75%
50. Which objective do you view wet specimens
a) X40
b) X4
c) X50
d) X100
SECTION B: SHORT ESSAY (30MARKS)
1. Any 5 functions of bones (6mks)
2. Outline the functions of the CSF (6mks)
3. Define the following (6mks)
a) Pharmacology
b) Pharmacotherapeutics
c) Pharmacopoeia
4. Distinguish between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus in terms of the clinical
manifestations(6mks)
5. What is the difference between the Alpha and Beta sugars?(3mks)
6. Outline the various units of a medical laboratory(3mks)
SECTION C: LONG ESSAY(20MKS)
1. Outline all the cranial nerves(8mks)
2. Outline the factors that influence bioavailability(4mks)
3. Define Basic Metabolic Rate {BMR}(2mks)
4. List four factors that affect BMR(2mk)
5. What is a chiral carbon atom?(2mks)
6. Outline the items used in a capillary blood collection(2mks)
END
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