Lab 1
Lab 1
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Resistive
Circuits
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
1
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Lab Objectives
The
lab
is
intended
to
introduce
you
to
basic
electrical
components,
and
to
help
you
become
familiar
with
electronic
equipment
that
you
will
use
to
design,
build,
and
test
circuits.
In
this
lab,
we
will
start
by
analyzing
resistive
circuits,
and
then
later
analyzing
potentiometers.
There
is
no
post-‐lab
section
for
this
lab
or
any
of
the
following
labs;
however,
you
are
expected
to
complete
all
questions
in
these
documents
and
turn
it
in
as
your
lab
report.
You
have
two
sections
to
complete
this
lab.
These
labs
must
be
completed
in
pairs,
but
only
one
lab
report
per
team
is
required.
When
you
make
measurements,
where
appropriate,
please
use
at
least
2
to
3
decimal
places
and
include
units.
This
is
meant
to
be
a
two-‐week
lab,
so
as
to
give
you
two
sections
to
get
used
to
the
equipment
and
techniques
used.
In
the
first
week,
your
GSI
will
mainly
be
discussing
how
to
use
each
piece
of
equipment
and
showing
demos.
You
are
also
encouraged
to
follow
the
videos
on
your
own
lab
bench.
Afterward,
you
will
do
the
actual
lab
by
following
the
instructions
on
this
lab
document
and
turning
in
the
requested
work.
Pre-‐Lab Assignment
1. Make sure to have read the document for Lab 0 (just as an introduction).
2. Read the following section on Resistor Color Codes and complete the exercises.
3. Familiarize yourself with the rest of this document before arriving in lab!
In
addition,
we
recommend
that
you
take
a
look
at
some
documentation
to
learn
the
basics
before
you
get
started.
Below
are
also
links
to
some
useful
tutorials…
The
EECS
department
has
produced
some
nice
videos
walking
you
through
the
usage
of
the
equipment:
http://rfic.eecs.berkeley.edu/ee100/refs.html
2
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Resistor Codes
In
every
lab
we
will
be
using
a
lot
of
resistors,
specifically
many
resistors
of
different
values.
So,
how
do
we
tell
resistors
apart?
Every
resistor
has
a
series
of
color
markings
or
bands
that
indicate
the
value
of
the
resistor
by
the
resistor
color
code.
For
most
resistors,
three
closely-‐spaced
color
bands
are
followed
by
a
fourth
color
band.
The
first
two
bands
represent
the
first
two
significant
figures
of
the
resistor
value,
the
third
band
corresponds
to
the
multiplier
as
a
power
of
ten,
and
the
fourth
band
determines
the
resistor
tolerance
as
a
measure
of
possible
resistor
values
within
a
certain
range.
Occasionally,
there
is
a
fifth
band
that
indicates
the
quality
in
terms
of
the
percentage
of
resistors
that
fail
every
1000
hours.
To
calculate
the
value
of
the
resistor,
we
interpret
these
color
codes
by
using
the
following
equation:
c
ab
x
10
Ohms
Below is a table of corresponding numbers to each color in the resistor:
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Grey
White
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ask
your
local
circuits
GSI
if
you
need
a
mnemonic
to
remember
this…
For
example,
in
Figure
1
we
have
the
color
band
sequence
blue-‐grey-‐brown-‐gold,
which
is
read
in
that
order.
The
blue
band
corresponds
to
6
and
the
grey
band
corresponds
to
8,
which
gives
us
68.
Combining
this
with
the
multiplier
value
of
1,
we
get
68×10! = 680Ω.
The
gold
band
corresponds
to
5%
tolerance,
so
the
value
of
the
resistor
falls
within
the
range
680 − .05 680 Ω
and
680 + .05 680 Ω.
i ii
Figure
1
Figure
2
3
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Now
it’s
your
turn,
given
the
color
band
sequence
orange-‐orange-‐red-‐gold
in
Figure
2,
what
is
the
value
of
this
resistor
R?
(Make
sure
to
include
units!)
R = (2 pts)
Given
that
the
resistor
tolerance
band
gold
corresponds
to
5%
tolerance,
what
are
the
largest
and
smallest
values
this
resistor
can
have
(4
pts
each)?
(Ideally
if
the
manufacturer
did
a
good
job,
every
resistor
would
be
manufactured
to
have
the
same
value.)
Public
Service
Announcement:
PLEASE
RETURN
YOUR
RESISTORS
TO
THE
CORRECT
BIN
AFTER
YOU
FINISH
THE
LAB.
IF
YOU
DON’T
BAD
THINGS
MAY
HAPPEN
4
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Lab Section
In
our
labs
we
will
be
working
with
electronic
equipment
to
supply
power.
Before
proceeding
with
the
rest
of
this
lab,
please
read
the
next
section
carefully…
In
these
labs
you
will
be
working
with
electronic
equipment
which
supply
power
to
your
circuits.
The
labs
in
this
course
are
designed
to
operate
on
voltages
less
than
25𝑉.
These
voltages
level
are
not
harmful
and
do
not
deliver
sufficient
energy
to
cause
bodily
harm
(the
resistance
of
your
body
is
on
the
order
of
300
to
1000Ω ).
However,
the
equipment
we
are
using
is
capable
of
generating
higher
voltages,
which
is
powered
by
the
high
household
power
grid
operating
at
110
to
240𝑉.
This
can
potentially
be
harmful.
Another
hazard
in
these
labs
is
hot
circuit
components.
At
one
point
or
another
in
these
labs,
you
may
connect
something
incorrectly
and
the
component
may
get
really
hot.
Be
careful
not
to
get
burned!
1. Turn
off
all
power
supplies
when
modifying
a
laboratory
setup
or
performing
manipulations
that
could
potentially
expose
you
to
high
iii
voltage .
2. Set
a
current
and
voltage
limit
on
any
power
supplies
you
use.
We
will
discuss
this
later
in
the
lab,
but
for
now,
be
aware
that
current
and
voltage
limits
prevent
electrical
risks
and
protect
your
IC
from
going
up
in
smoke.
3. Exercise
extreme
caution
before
touching
a
laboratory
setup.
Can
you
feel
heat
radiating
from
you
circuit
iv
component?
Consult
your
lab
GSI
if
you’re
not
sure .
5
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Lab Equipment: Digital Multimeter (DMM), Power Supply, and Solderless Protoboards
All
electronic
gadgets
need
power
to
operate
(or
else
they
wouldn’t
be
“electronic”).
Most
systems
require
a
specific
supply
voltage
in
order
for
the
device
to
operate.
For
example,
the
“power
brick”
for
a
conventional
laptop
must
supply
20V.
You
can
usually
find
operating
voltages
on
the
labels
of
your
electronic
devices.
Generally,
power
supplies
and
digital
multimeters
are
the
most
common
tools
used
for
powering
circuits
and
ensuring
that
circuits
are
functioning
correctly.
We
will
be
using
these
tools
for
the
majority
of
our
labs.
Download
and
read
the
instructions
from
the
course
web
on
how
to
operate
the
programmable
laboratory
supply
and
the
digital
multimeter.
The
link
to
the
instructions
can
be
found
here.
If you still do not understand how to operate the equipment, download the user’s manual or consult your lab GSI.
v
Agilent
DMM
34401A
The
digital
multimeter
measures
a
number
of
different
quantities,
from
capacitance
and
resistance,
to
frequency.
In
this
lab,
we
are
most
interested
in
voltage
and
current.
We
will
use
the
DMM
not
only
to
check
the
output
of
the
circuits
we
design,
but
also
to
verify
our
setup.
Some of the questions you should consider when using the DMM are:
Does the voltage supplied to the circuit have the correct value?
Is the supply current in the expected range (i.e. not something like 10kAmps)?
Performing sanity checks like these will make your life much easier in the lab.
In
many
applications,
electronic
equipment
is
powered
by
batteries.
However,
prototyping
circuits
that
are
battery
powered
is
problematic
because
discharged
batteries
are
always
a
hazard.
The
power
supply
eliminates
this
problem.
6
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
vi
Agilent
E3631
Programmable
Power
Supply
The
programmable
power
supply
also
helps
us
avoid
inconsistencies
in
powering
our
circuits
by
delivering
a
constant
voltage,
which
you
can
set
by
changing
the
output
voltage.
Most
laboratory
supplies
also
have
a
current
limit
feature
that
you
can
use
to
set
the
maximum
current
the
supply
will
deliver
regardless
of
what
voltage
you
specify.
vii
Your
new
IC
chip
Suppose
you
are
testing
a
new
circuit
with
your
brand
new
$1
million
chip.
You
expect
your
new
chip
to
nominally
draw
100𝑚𝐴.
But
unfortunately
for
you,
you
wired
something
wrong
and
instead
of
drawing
100𝑚𝐴
your
chip
draws
1𝑘𝐴
(10!
times
what
you
expected
it
to
draw!).
Your
basic
physics
class
in
high
school
taught
you
that
power
is
proportional
to
voltage
times
current
(𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉).
Even
if
voltage
is
set
at
1V,
your
brand
new
$1
million
chip
has
dissipated
a
lot
of
power
in
the
form
of
wasted
heat.
Now,
your
brand
new
$1
million
chip
is
fried
or
your
programmable
power
supply
needs
a
new
fuse.
The
current
limit
is
designed
to
prevent
exactly
this.
The
current
limit
will
prevent
the
output
current
from
exceeding
a
certain
value
so
that
excessive
current
flow
will
not
destroy
your
setup.
We
usually
set
the
current
limit
at
a
small
margin
above
nominal
draw.
(Usually
100mA
to
200mA
is
usually
a
good
start).
7
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Suppose
you
have
designed
a
new
audio
amplifier
and
are
now
ready
to
test
it
in
the
laboratory.
According
to
the
design,
the
circuit
can
be
modeled
as
a
1𝑘Ω
resistor
and
we
need
to
apply
a
voltage
𝑉!!
across
it.
To
ensure
that
your
circuit
does
not
go
up
in
smoke
like
the
$1
million
chip
in
the
previous
example,
we
set
the
current
limit
to
𝐼!"# .
For
the
following
values
of
𝑉!!
and
𝐼!"#
what
voltage
and
current
will
your
power
supply
actually
provide
in
this
setup?
(Hint:
given
the
resistance,
determine
if
the
circuit
draws
more
current
that
the
current
limit)
What if 𝑉!! = 10𝑉 and 𝐼!"# = 5𝑚𝐴 are your values?
(2 pts each)
In the following exercises, you will be using the solderless protoboard, known affectionately as the breadboard.
The
breadboard
is
a
convenient
set
of
traces
that
help
you
prototype
your
circuit
by
providing
sets
of
pre-‐made
connections.
A
series
of
wire
or
metal
contacts
within
the
breadboard
allow
current
and
voltage
to
flow
through
the
prototyped
circuit.
The
figure
below
indicates
which
holes
on
the
breadboard
are
connected.
viii
A
typical
breadboard
and
its
traces
Notice
that
the
breadboard
at
your
station
looks
slightly
different
but
the
connections
follow
the
same
pattern.
Also
note
that
there
are
designated
banana
plug
connectors
on
the
breadboard.
Be
aware
that
these
connectors
do
not
connect
to
any
other
part
of
the
board
by
themselves.
In
order
to
use
the
banana
plug
connectors,
you
have
to
wire
them
to
appropriate
traces
on
the
board.
Also
notice
the
red
and
blue
traces
are
longer
than
the
traces
in
the
middle
of
the
board.
These
red
and
blue
traces
are
usually
designated
as
power
traces.
There
you
should
hook
up
your
positive
and
negative
supplies.
It
is
strongly
recommended
that
you
connect
your
supplies
to
your
power
traces
as
opposed
to
some
random
trace
on
the
breadboard,
so
that
it
allows
convenient
access
and
organization
to
the
supplies
and
ground
connections.
8
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Resistive
Networks
Now
let’s
move
on
to
a
resistive
network
problem.
Your first task will be to calculate the voltage value at Node2 in the figure below.
And the next thing will be to build the circuit on the protoboard.
Using
the
DMM,
measure
the
value
of
the
voltage
at
Node
2
of
the
circuit
and
compare
it
to
the
value
you
get
in
the
calculation.
If
you
don’t
know
how
to
connect
the
DMM
correctly,
ask
your
GSI
for
help.
By
now
you
should
have
gotten
some
values
from
your
hand
calculation
as
to
what
the
voltage
is
at
each
node
of
the
circuit.
In
the
space
provided
below,
record
your
voltage
measurements
for
Node
2.
It
should
not
match
the
simulator
value
exactly.
Explain
why
this
is
the
case.
Score: __/7
9
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Now
let’s
examine
the
behavior
of
resistors.
You
already
have
learned
that
when
we
put
resistors
in
series
the
equivalent
resistance
𝑅!"
of
a
series
of
n
resistors
is
equal
to:
!
1
Figure
2-‐17:
In
a
single-‐loop
circuit,
𝑅!"
is
equal
to
the
sum
of
the
resistors.
In
a
relatively
simple
resistive
network,
we
can
use
these
rules
to
implement
another
rule:
the
voltage
divider.
The
voltage
divider
equation
allows
you
to
calculate
the
voltage
across
certain
resistor
configurations
Figure
2-‐21:
Voltage
source
connected
to
a
parallel
combination
of
2
three
resistors.
10
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Sometimes
you
just
can’t
get
you
what
you
need
to
power
your
device
properly.
You
have
a
9V
battery
but
your
circuit
runs
on
2
AA
batteries
(3V).
So
what
do
you
do?
A
rather
primitive
solution
is
to
use
a
voltage
divider
to
step
down
a
higher
voltage
to
a
lower
one.
Suppose
we
have
a
voltage
source
VS
and
we
want
to
use
that
to
deliver
a
certain
voltage
VL
to
a
device
(assume
𝑉!
<
𝑉! ).
In
addition,
we
want
to
accomplish
this
using
only
resistors
and
the
voltage
source
using
voltage
division.
Let’s
do
some
calculations
to
figure
out
what
resistor
values
to
use.
The
resistance
XL
of
a
practical
load
(the
device)
will
vary,
so
we
will
not
be
able
to
get
the
exact
desired
load
voltage
at
all
times.
Instead,
we
will
compromise
with
an
acceptable
range
for
VL.
Considering these constraints, we want to solve for optimal R1 and R2 in terms of VS, VL,max, ΔVL, and iL,max.
It is easier to calculate by first expressing the above circuit as this equivalent circuit:
11
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
𝑅! 𝑅!
𝑅 ! =
𝑅! + 𝑅!
Score: _ / 10
By
looking
at
the
equivalent
circuit
we
see
that
we
need
to
achieve
a
balance:
we
want
R’
to
be
small
enough
so
that
ΔVL
is
small,
but
we
also
want
R’
to
be
large
enough
so
the
current
stays
under
iL,max.
1.
The
highest
output
voltage
VL,max
occurs
when
XL
∞,
in
other
words,
when
the
load
acts
like
a
open
circuit.
What
is
VL,max
in
terms
of
VS’
and
R’?
2. VL,min occurs when iL = iL,max. Express VL,min in terms of VS’, R’, and iL,max.
12
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
Solve the equations from parts 1 and 3 simultaneously to find R1 and R2 in terms of VS, VL,max, ΔVL, and iL,max.
Score: _ / 15
R1 =
R2 =
Now that you’ve derived the formulas for the resistances satisfying the parameters, let’s actually build the circuit.
Supposed
we
want
to
use
our
circuit
to
step
down
a
supply
voltage
of
𝑉! = 9𝑉
to
power
a
load
with
that
requires
a
supply
voltage
𝑉! = 3𝑉 ± 25%
to
operate.
We
also
want
the
maximum
current
running
through
the
load
to
be
𝑖!"# = 10𝑚𝐴.
13
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
What are values of 𝑅! and 𝑅! should you use? (2 pts each)
𝑅! = 𝑅! =
For
our
prototype
we
will
be
using
a
variable
resistor
or
a
potentiometer
to
change
the
load
to
the
circuit.
The
symbol
for
a
potentiometer
is
shown
in
the
figure
to
the
3
left.
To
simulate
the
variable
load,
we
will
be
connecting
the
A
and
W
terminals
of
the
potentiometer
as
our
𝑋!
load.
Once
you
have
built
your
circuit,
adjust
the
potentiometer
and
verify
that
the
output
voltage
across
the
load
stays
within
the
range
specified
by
the
parameters.
For
loads
close
to
zero,
obviously
we
will
not
be
able
to
satisfy
the
parameters
so
don’t
worry
about
those
loads
when
you
adjust
the
potentiometer.
The
potentiometer
has
three
pins.
The
two
outer
pins
will
always
have
the
same
resistance
across
them.
The
resistance
between
the
middle
and
each
of
the
outer
pins
will
vary
as
you
turn
the
knob.
Finally,
the
resistance
between
the
first
outer
pin
and
the
middle
pin,
plus
the
resistance
of
the
second
outer
pin
and
the
middle
pin,
should
add
up
to
the
resistance
between
the
two
outer
pins
at
all
times.
Show
this
setup
to
your
GSI
for
check
off,
but
don’t
take
it
apart
just
yet…
Your
GSI
Signs
Here
(20
pts)
Introducing
the
myDAQ
Device
In
this
last
section,
we
will
be
introducing
a
new
tool
called
the
myDAQ
that
you
may
find
useful
at
home
for
your
labs.
This
section
is
a
bit
of
literature
but
it’s
better
than
reading
a
manual.
If
you
prefer
reading
the
manual,
it
can
be
found
here .
Notice
how
all
the
equipment
on
your
lab
bench
is
pretty
heavy-‐duty?
That’s
inconvenient,
since
you’re
pretty
much
forced
to
come
to
the
lab
to
do
your
work.
Not
so
if
you
have
the
myDAQ.
This
portable
little
device
combines
all
the
functionality
of
each
piece
of
equipment
into
one
little
box.
All
you
need
are
some
cables,
some
wires,
and
your
computer,
and
you
are
good
to
go.
Take a look at the diagram of the myDAQ device below…
14
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
ix
On
your
computer
under
Programs,
you
should
find
the
software
for
the
myDAQ
under
National
Instruments
-‐>
NI
ELVISmx
for
NI
ELVIS
&
NI
myDAQ.
Under
NI
ELVISmx
for
NI
ELVIS
&
NI
myDAQ,
you
will
find
the
NI
ELVISmx
Instrument
Launcher.
Opening
this
program
should
launch
the
toolbar
shown
below:
Each
icon
on
this
toolbar
is
a
virtual
instrument
that
you
can
run
on
your
computer.
The
virtual
instrument
will
use
input
from
the
myDAQ
to
perform
measurements.
Our
myDAQ
comes
with
the
following
virtual
instruments:
15
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
We
won’t
be
using
most
of
these
instruments.
We
are
only
interested
in
the
DMM,
Scope,
and
FGEN
instruments
since
those
are
the
ones
you
are
familiar
with.
In
addition,
don’t
worry
about
the
instruments
that
you
cannot
access.
These
instruments
are
intended
for
use
on
another
device.
You
might
be
wondering
where
the
power
supplies
are.
The
myDAQ
does
not
come
with
a
programmable
power
supply
but
comes
with
several
constant
supplies
which
will
be
discussed
in
the
next
section.
You
will
notice
that
on
the
side
of
the
myDAQ
there
are
a
set
of
20
pins
with
various
labels
on
them.
Some
of
these
pins
are
power
sources
and
others
are
digital/analog
I/Os.
For
most
of
the
labs,
we
will
not
be
using
the
I/O
pins
too
much
since
this
is
primary
a
circuits
course,
not
a
programming
course.
The
first
set
of
pins
we
want
you
to
take
note
off
are
the
left
most
3
pins
labeled
+𝟏𝟓𝑽,
−𝟏𝟓𝑽,
and
𝑨𝑮𝑵𝑫.
These
correspond
to
your
positive
and
negative
voltage
supplies
with
common
ground.
The
second
set
of
pins
we
want
you
to
note
are
on
the
right
side
of
the
myDAQ.
These
pins
are
labeled
𝐷𝐺𝑁𝐷
and
5𝑉.
These
two
pins
correspond
with
your
positive
5
volt
supply
and
ground.
In
addition
to
these
power
supplies,
you
will
notice
that
there
are
a
set
of
analog
output
pins
AO,
analog
input
pins
AI(±10𝑉),
and
digital
input/output
pins
DIO
on
the
myDAQ.
Each
set
of
pins
is
grouped
together
with
an
arrow.
The
pins
that
fall
under
the
arrow
are
all
linked
to
the
ground
pin
that
the
arrow
point
to.
We will be using these pin outs as our sources when you are building circuits outside of the lab.
On the ELVISmx Instrument Launcher, launch the DMM program. The following window should appear:
16
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE40/43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
You
will
notice
that
there
is
a
diagram
showing
the
Banana
Jack
Connections.
Make
sure
to
plug
in
the
probes
that
came
with
the
myDAQ
to
the
correct
inputs.
To
run
the
instrument,
hit
the
“Run”
button.
This
will
initialize
the
virtual
instrument
and
you
are
now
set
to
make
measurements.
By
default,
the
instrument
will
initialize
to
measure
voltage.
Try
measuring
a
battery
or
something
with
a
voltage
4
potential
to
test
if
your
myDAQ
is
working.
If
you
want
to
change
the
quantity
that
is
being
measured,
simply
toggle
the
Measurement
Setting
to
the
desired
5
quantity.
Using
the
same
resistive
divider
and
potentiometer
circuit
from
the
last
part,
replace
the
power
supply
with
the
myDAQ’s
15-‐V
supply.
Use
the
built-‐in
DMM
to
measure
the
voltage
across
the
potentiometer
and
show
the
setup
to
your
GSI
for
check
off.
Once
you
finish,
feel
free
to
play
around
with
the
other
equipment
and
the
myDAQ.
You
will
be
learning
about
them
soon
enough!
4 NEVER PROBE THE OUTPUT OF A WALL SOCKET. THIS IS POTENTIALLY VERY HARMFUL SINCE
17
Lab
1:
Resistive
Circuits
EE43/100
Spring
2012
V.
Lee,
T.
Dear,
T.
Takahashi
This
lab
is
at
the
beginning
of
the
lab
section.
Make
sure
you
have
completed
all
questions
and
drawn
all
the
diagrams
for
this
lab.
In
addition,
attach
any
loose
papers
specified
by
the
lab
and
submit
them
with
this
document.
These
labs
are
designed
to
be
completed
in
groups
of
two.
Only
one
person
in
your
team
is
required
to
submit
the
lab
report.
Make
sure
the
names
and
student
IDs
of
BOTH
team
members
are
on
this
document
(preferably
on
the
front).
Image Citations
Textbook
Images
are
courtesy
of
Fawwaz
T.
Ulaby
and
Michel
M.
Maharbiz
and
National
Technology
and
Science
Press.
Fawwaz
T.
Ulaby
and
Michel
M.
Maharbiz,
Circuits
©
2009
National
Technology
and
Science
Press
Additional
Citations
i www.parts.digikey.es
ii www.ca.digikey.com
iii www.constructionstore.co.uk
iv www.speedysigns.com
v home.agilent.com
vi www.triosmartcal.com.au
vii www.octopart.com
viii www.engr.astate.edu
ix http://www.ni.com/mydaq/specifications.htm
18