BBS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS

UNIT – 03
BCA
SECTION -B
 HISTORY
• IBM was looking for an operating system for their new line of
personal computers.
• Bill Gates’s mother Marry M Gates served on the national board
of United Way alongside the CEO of IBM.
• IBM got in touch with Bill Gates through his mother when he
convinced IBM that his company Microsoft could deliver the new
software for IBM’s personal computer.
• Bill Gates then bought an existing OS called 86-DOS also known
as QDOS for Quick and Dirty Operating System.
• He then adapted QDOS to run on the new IBM computers and
called the particular product as “Microsoft Disk Operating
System”.
WHAT IS MS-DOS OPERATING SYSTEM?
• MS-DOS Operating System also called the Disk Operating
system was Developed by Microsoft for x86 personal
computers.
• It works on the phenomenon of doing less and getting more.
It is a 16-bit operating system.
• A closed-source model was initially released on August 12,
1981, and the final release on September 14, 2000.
WHAT IS MS-DOS OPERATING SYSTEM?
 MS-DOS OPERATING SYSTEM USES
It is used for many purposes:
• Education and research: It is used in the Education and
research field to know how simple MS-DOS is and how it
works.
• The source code is available from Microsoft in two versions.
• Legacy systems: Some organizations prefer using MS-DOS
because it has been used reliably over decades whereas
others don’t have the budget to upgrade the application since
this process is costly.
 MS-DOS OPERATING SYSTEM USES
• Embedded systems: Embedded systems are dependent on
MS-DOS especially new devices with x86 processor
architecture.
• It is also used on legacy Embedded systems which have been
used for decades.
• Classic Computer Games: There are still some games that
were developed on MS-DOS and still support only MS-DOS
 FEATURES OF MS-DOS
• It is a minimalist OS which means it can boot a computer and
run programs.
• Still usable for simple tasks like word processing and playing
games.
• The mouse cannot be used to give inputs instead it uses basic
system commands to perform the task.
• It is a 16-bit, free operating system.
• It is a single-user operating system.
• It is very lightweight due to fewer features available and no
multitasking.
 FILES AND DIRECTORIES IN MS-DOS
• In MS-DOS, a file is a unit of data, while a directory is a special
type of file that contains information about other files or
directories:
• FILES : MS-DOS supports many types of files, including
executable files, configuration files, text files, and batch files.
• DIRECTORIES : A directory is a file that contains a series of
directory entries, each of which describes a single file.
• Directories take up less space than other types of files
because they only contain the information needed to access
other files or directories.
 DIRECTORY STRUCTURE
• A directory can contain files or other directories, and a
directory contained within another directory is called a
subdirectory.
• The home directory is the directory you start with when you
log in.
• The MS-DOS FAT file system supports a maximum of 12
characters for a file name, including the dot separator.
• This is commonly known as an 8.3 file name
 TYPES OF MS-DOS COMMANDS
There are mainly two types of MS-DOS commands:
INTERNAL COMMANDS
• Internal commands are those commands that are loaded
automatically in the memory when DOS is loaded into memory
during the booting process.
• These commands are easier to learn and use. They require no
external files for their storage as in the case of external commands.
• These are for performing a basic operation on files and in
directories.
• They do not need any external file support.
• These commands are used for common jobs such as copying and
erasing files.
 TYPES OF MS-DOS COMMANDS
EXTERNAL COMMANDS
• These external commands are for performing advanced tasks
and they do not need some external file support as they are
not stored in COMMAND.com.
• The external commands are used less frequently and are
stored in some external files which are stored in some
secondary storage devices.
• Whenever an external command is to be executed then the
external file in which that particular command is stored is
transferred from the secondary storage disk to the main
memory(RAM).
 HOW TO OPEN MS-DOS IN WINDOWS?

• Step 1: Click on Windows.

• Step 2: Search for ‘Run’ or directly use (Windows key+R) to
open.
• Step 3: Type ‘cmd’ in run and press ‘Enter’.
• Step 4: MS-DOS will open in many cases with default
command prompt i.e. c:\>
BASIC MS-DOS COMMANDS
Command Description Type

mem Display memory on the system. External

mkdir Command to create a new directory. Internal

mklink Creates a symbolic link. Internal

md Command to create a new directory. Internal

chdir Changes directories. Internal

Check the hard drive running FAT for

chkdsk External
errors.

Check the hard drive running NTFS for

chkntfs External
errors.

Specify a listing of multiple options within

choice External
a batch file.
BASIC MS-DOS COMMANDS
It Causes MS-DOS to look in other
append directories when editing a file or External
running a command.
Displays, adds and removes arp
arp External
information from network devices.
Assign a drive letter to an alternate
assign External
letter.

assoc View the file associations. Internal

Schedule a time to execute commands

at External
or programs.

Recovery console command that Recovery

batch
executes several commands in a file. Console

Modify the boot configuration data

bcdedit External
store.
 BASIC MS-DOS COMMANDS
Recovery console command that allows a
bootcfg user to view, modify, and rebuild the Recovery Console
boot.ini file.

break Enable and disable the Ctrl+C feature. Internal

del Deletes one or more files. Internal

Recovery console command that deletes a

delete Internal
file.

deltree Deletes one or more files or directories. External

Recovery console command that disables

disable Recovery Console
Windows system services or drivers.

lock Lock the hard drive. Internal

 BATCH FILES
• A batch file is a script file that stores commands to be
executed in a serial order.
• It helps automate routine tasks without requiring user input
or intervention.
• Some common applications of batch files include
loading programs, running multiple processes or performing
repetitive actions in a sequence in the system.
• Also known as a batch job, a batch file is a text file created in
Notepad or some other text editor.
• A batch file bundles or packages a set of commands into a
single file in serial order.
 BATCH FILES
• Without a batch file these commands would have to be
presented one at a time to the system from a keyboard.
• Usually, a batch file is created for command sequences when
a user has a repetitive need.
• A command-line interpreter takes the file as an input and
executes the commands in the given order.
• A batch file eliminates the need to retype commands, which
saves the user time and helps to avoid mistakes.
• It is also useful to simplify complex processes.
BATCH FILE IN WINDOWS AND OTHER
OPERATING SYSTEMS
• Microsoft's Windows operating system typically uses
the .bat filename extension for batch files. However, other
types of batch files are also available in Windows, including:
• *.ini: Initialization file that sets default variables for the
system and its programs
• *.sys: System files
• *.cfg: Configuration files
• *.com: Executable command files for DOS commands
• Batch files in Windows are also created using
the .cmd or .btm file extensions.
BATCH FILE IN WINDOWS AND OTHER
OPERATING SYSTEMS
• The .bat extension also applies to batch file in the Disk
Operating System (DOS).
• One of the best-known DOS batch files is Autoexec.bat that
initializes DOS at system startup.
• In Unix operating systems a batch file is called a shell script.
• To run typical commands, such as to modify system settings,
start apps or launch a website, batch files can be run
using command prompt.
• Tools like PowerShell and Bash (Bourne Again Shell) can be
used to create advanced batch file scripts.
•
BASIC COMMANDS IN BATCH FILES
• To create and execute a batch file, a user should understand
the basic commands. Some popular basic commands include:
• Echo: Echo allows the user to display messages and is usually
on by default, but it can be turned off. When echo is on, users
can view the characters entered on screen. When echo is off,
input cannot be seen.
• Title: This command changes the title text appearing on the
top of the command window.
• Rem: Rem statements are typically used to explain or
comment on the code. They do not form a part of the code
being executed.
• Cls: The cls command clears the prompt screen.
BASIC COMMANDS IN BATCH FILES
• Pause: The pause command stops the execution of the batch
file. After running this command, the window stays open
giving users the option of proceeding further or pausing
between each task. If this command is not used, the window
will close automatically when the script finishes executing.
• Start "" [website]: This command uses the default browser to
open a website as per the user's choice.
• Ipconfig: The ipconfig command displays network
information, e.g., MAC addresses, IP addresses and subnet
• Ping: The ping command tests an IP address by sending
out data packets and then gauging their location and latency.
•
 CREATING AND SAVING A BATCH FILE
• A batch file is ideal for users who regularly open a particular
website, create or rename files in bulk or check IP addresses
using the ipconfig command. It automates these routine tasks,
saving the user time and effort.
• Here are steps to create a batch file:
• Open Notepad or any text editor
• Start with the @echo off command
• Add these other commands, each one on a new line:
• title [title of the batch script]
• echo [first line]
• pause
 CREATING AND SAVING A BATCH FILE
At this point, the file will look like this:
@echo off
title My first batch file
echo Congratulations and welcome to your first batch file!
pause
• Once all commands are in, click on File and select the Save
As option
• Save the batch file with the .bat, .btm or .cmd extension. Put
the entire file name in double quotes ("")
• Double click the .bat file to run it and execute the commands
 CREATING AND SAVING A BATCH FILE
• Right-click the .bat file and select Edit to edit it -- the file will
open in Notepad (or other text editor application)
• When naming a batch file, the user should not leave spaces
because they can cause issues when the file is called from
other scripts.
• It is also important not to use common batch file names,
especially if those files are already available in the system,
such as ping.cmd.
 OPERATING SYSTEM DEFINITION
• An Operating System can be defined as an interface between
user and hardware
• It is responsible for the execution of all the processes,
Resource Allocation, CPU management, File Management and
many other tasks.
• The purpose of an operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user can execute programs in
convenient and efficient manner.
•
 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM
• An operating system is a well-organized collection of programs
that manages the computer hardware.
• It is a type of system software that is responsible for the
smooth functioning of the computer system.
 BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
• In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular. In this
technique, similar types of jobs were batched together and
executed in time.
• People were used to having a single computer which was
called a mainframe.
• In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one
person; they submit their respective jobs to the system for the
execution.
• The system put all of the jobs in a queue on the basis of first
come first serve and then executes the jobs one by one.
• The users collect their respective output when all the jobs get
executed.
BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
 BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM
• The purpose of this operating
system was mainly to transfer
control from one job to
another as soon as the job
was completed.
• It contained a small set of
programs called the resident
monitor that always resided in
one part of the main memory.
• The remaining part is used for
servicing jobs.
MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multiprogramming is an extension to batch processing where

the CPU is always kept busy.
• Each process needs two types of system time: CPU time and
IO time.
• In a multiprogramming environment, when a process does its
I/O, The CPU can start the execution of other processes.
• Therefore, multiprogramming improves the efficiency of the
system.
 MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING
SYSTEM
• In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved.
• There are more than one processors present in the system
which can execute more than one process at the same time.
• This will increase the throughput of the system.
MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING
SYSTEM
MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING
SYSTEM
 MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
• The multitasking operating system is a logical extension of a
multiprogramming system that enables multiple programs
simultaneously.
• It allows a user to perform more than one computer task at
the same time.
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM
– An Operating system, which includes software and
associated protocols to communicate with other
computers via a network conveniently and cost-effectively,
is called Network Operating System.
 REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
• In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline
within which the job is supposed to be completed, otherwise,
the huge loss will be there, or even if the result is produced, it
will be completely useless.

• The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of

military applications, if you want to drop a missile, then the
missile is supposed to be dropped with a certain precision.
REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM
 TIME-SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM
• In the Time Sharing operating system, computer resources are
allocated in a time-dependent fashion to several programs
simultaneously.
• Thus it helps to provide a large number of user's direct access to
the main computer.
• It is a logical extension of multiprogramming.
• In time-sharing, the CPU is switched among multiple programs
given by different users on a scheduled basis.
• A time-sharing operating system allows many users to be served
simultaneously, so sophisticated CPU scheduling schemes and
Input/output management are required.
• Time-sharing operating systems are very difficult and expensive to
build.
TIME-SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
• The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single
machine, it is divided into parts, and these parts are loaded
on different machines.
• A part of the distributed Operating system is installed on each
machine to make their communication possible.
• Distributed Operating systems are much more complex, large,
and sophisticated than Network operating systems because
they also have to take care of varying networking protocols.
DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM
 WHAT IS WINDOWS?
• Windows is a graphical operating system developed by
Microsoft.
• It allows users to view and store files, run the software, play
games, watch videos, and provides a way to connect to the
internet.
• It was released for both home computing and professional
works.
• Microsoft introduced the first version as 1.0
• It was released for both home computing and professional
functions of Windows on 10 November 1983.
• Later, it was released on many versions of Windows as well as
the current version, Windows 10.
 WHAT IS WINDOWS?
• In 1993, the first business-oriented version of Windows was
released, which is known as Windows NT 3.1.
• Then it introduced the next versions, Windows 3.5, 4/0,
and Windows 2000. When the XP Windows was released by
Microsoft in 2001, the company designed its various versions
for a personal and business environment.
• It was designed based on standard x86 hardware,
like Intel and AMD processor.
• Accordingly, it can run on different brands of hardware, such
as HP, Dell, and Sony computers, including home-built PCs.
 WHY IS MICROSOFT WINDOWS
CALLED WINDOWS?
• When Microsoft Windows was not introduced, all of the
Microsoft users were used MS-DOS operating system.
• Microsoft gave one word to most of its products; it required a
new Word that can represent its new GUI operating system.
• Microsoft decided to call it Windows because it has the ability
to perform several tasks and run applications simultaneously.
• Another reason behind calling it Windows was that you could
not trademark a common name like Windows.
• Its official name was Microsoft Windows, the first version 1.0
of Windows was introduced in 1995.
 HISTORY OF MICROSOFT WINDOWS
• Since 1983, Microsoft is producing Windows.
• The founder of Microsoft 'Bill Gates' announced for Microsoft
Windows on 10 November 1983 and released the first version
of Windows in 1985.
HISTORY OF MICROSOFT WINDOWS
 FEATURES OF WINDOWS
• Microsoft Windows includes a lot of features to help users.
Some of its excellent features are as follows:
•
 CONTROL PANEL
• Windows provides a Control Panel feature that includes many
tools to configure and manage the resources on their
computer.
• For example, users can change settings for audio, video,
printers, mouse, keyboard, network connections, date and
time, power saving options, user accounts, installed
applications, etc.
CONTROL PANEL
 TASKBAR
• Windows comes with a taskbar that displays currently opened
programs, it also allows users to access any specific programs.
• Additionally, it includes the notification area on the right side
that shows date and time, battery, network, volume, and
other background running applications.
 DESKTOP
• The desktop is a fundamental part of the
default GUI (Graphical User Interface) in Windows.
• It is a space where you can organize applications, folders, and
documents, which appear as icons.
• Your desktop is always in the background, behind any other
applications you're running.
• When you power on your computer and log in to Windows,
the first thing you see is your desktop background, icons, and
the taskbar.
• From here, you can access the installed programs on your
computer from the Start menu, or by double-clicking any
application shortcuts you may have on your desktop.
DESKTOP
WINDOWS APPLICATIONS
WINDOWS ICONS
WINDOWS ACCESSORIES
 MICROSOFT PAINT
• Included in Windows since November 1985, Microsoft Paint is
a simple image editor that you can use to create, view, and
edit digital images.
• It provides basic functionality to draw and paint pictures,
resize and rotate photographs, and save pictures as
different file types.
• To open Microsoft Paint in all versions of Windows, press
the Windows key, type mspaint, and press Enter.
• It's also available in your Start menu: in Windows 10, it's listed
under Windows Accessories, Paint.
•
MICROSOFT PAINT
 NOTEPAD
• Notepad is a simple text editor. You can use it to create, view,
and edit text files.
• For instance, you can use Notepad to write a batch file, or
a web page written in HTML (HyperText Markup Language).
• In Windows 10, Notepad is located in your Start menu
under Windows accessories.
• In all versions of Windows, you can start Notepad from the
Run box: press Windows key+R, type notepad, and
press Enter.
NOTEPAD
THE END