Kulaks
Wealthy peasants accused by Stalin of hoarding grain,
causing shortages. He believed eliminating them was
necessary for modernizing farms.
The Duma
The Tsar created an elected consultative parliament in 1905
but dismissed and restructured it to maintain his power,
packing it with conservatives.
Women Workers between 1900 and 1930
Women comprised 31% of the factory workforce but earned
lower wages than men.
The Liberals
They viewed all religions as equal, believed only property-
owning men should vote, and supported an elected
parliamentary government.
Stalin’s Collectivization Programme
Started in 1929 to improve grain supplies by forcing peasants
into collective farms called 'Kolkhoz,' but it worsened food
supply.
The Age of Social Change
French Revolution: Started new ideas about how
society should be.
Europe's Reaction: People split into conservatives
(who didn't want much change), liberals (who wanted
more freedoms), and radicals (who wanted big changes).
Who Were They?
Conservatives: Didn't like change and wanted things to
stay the same, but sometimes agreed to slow changes.
Liberals: Wanted everyone to be able to practice their
religion freely, liked having a government chosen by
voting, and wanted courts that weren't controlled by
rulers.
Radicals: Wanted a government decided by what most
people wanted, didn't like rich people having all the
land, but were okay with some private property.
Industrial Society and Social Change
Changes in how things were made meant more men,
women, and kids worked in factories for little pay.
Most factory owners were liberals or radicals who
supported workers' rights.
The Coming of Socialism to Europe
Socialists: Didn't like private property, had different
ideas about the future, some thought cooperatives
(where people share ownership) were best.
Marx and Engels: Said society with factories was
capitalist (where businesses are owned privately).
Support for Socialism
By the 1870s, socialism was popular in Europe. Workers
in England and Germany made groups to fight for better
conditions.
The Russian Revolution
1914: Nicholas II was the ruler of Russia.
Economy and Society: Most people farmed, not many
factories, workers sometimes joined together, and
peasants shared land.
Socialism in Russia
Political parties were illegal before 1914.
1900: Russian Socialist Democratic Labour Party started
to give peasants land.
Lenin's View: Thought peasants were different from
workers, split the party, and led the Bolsheviks.
A Turbulent Time: The 1905 Revolution
Liberals: Wanted to end the Tsar's control, demanded a
constitution.
Bloody Sunday: Workers protested bad pay, over 100
were killed, and they wanted a new government.
Duma: Made by the Tsar but controlled by him too.
The First World War and the Russian Empire
At first, people liked the war, but then support went
down. People didn't like Germans.
Russia lost wars, which hurt factories and made less
food.
The February Revolution in Petrograd
Winter 1917: Not enough food, workers and women
protested.
Government Response: Tried to stop protests, but
failed.
Outcome: Tsar gave up his power, a new government
formed, and people got more freedom.
The Revolution of October 1917
Lenin's Leadership: Got the Soviet (workers' group) to
take control, made a committee to lead.
24th October Uprising: Took over government
buildings, arrested leaders.
Effects: Took over factories and banks, gave land to
people, and made one party in charge.
The Civil War
Giving land made the army weaker, and other groups
fought against the Bolsheviks.
Making a Socialist Society
Bolsheviks kept control, made more factories, and
taught more kids.
Stalin and Collective Farming
Collectivization: Made farmers share land, punished
those who didn't.
Global Influence
More countries made groups like the Bolsheviks.
By 1900s, Russia as a socialist place wasn't as strong.
Key Figures and Their Roles
Nicholas II: Last Tsar of Russia (ruled 1894-1917).
Karl Marx: Socialist theorist.
Friedrich Engels: Co-author with Marx.
Lenin: Leader of the Bolsheviks.
Prime Minister Kerenskii: Head of Provisional
Government during October Revolution.
Birth of the Weimar Republic
First World War: Germany lost the war, and its
monarchy ended.
The Weimar Republic: A new democratic government
formed in Germany after the war.
Treaty of Versailles
Effects: Germany lost territories, had to pay huge sums,
and its military was reduced.
Criticism: Many Germans blamed the new government
for accepting this treaty.
Economic and Political Challenges
Political Radicalism: Groups like the Spartacists and
Communists clashed with the government.
Economic Crisis: Inflation soared due to war debts and
economic instability.
Rise of Hitler
Hitler's Background: Born in Austria, served in World
War I.
Nazism: Hitler joined and transformed the German
Workers' Party into the Nazi Party, gaining support
during the Great Depression.
Destruction of Democracy
Hitler's Leadership: Became Chancellor in 1933,
dismantled democratic institutions.
Control Measures: Suspended civil rights, banned
opposition parties, and set up concentration camps.
World War II and Nazi Ideology
Expansion: Germany invaded countries and aimed for
racial dominance.
Holocaust: Systematic persecution and mass murder of
Jews and others considered inferior.
Nazi Control and Propaganda
Indoctrination: Controlled education, media, and public
life to spread Nazi beliefs.
Crimes Against Humanity: Many supported or
tolerated Nazi actions, while some resisted.
The Holocaust
Mass Killings: Jews and others were targeted in a
genocide aimed at racial purification.
Legacy: Survivors documented these horrors to ensure
the world remembered.
