0% found this document useful (0 votes)

9 views125 pages

Final

The document presents a capstone design project focused on developing an extrusion molding machine aimed at redirecting municipal plastic waste for recycling. The machine utilizes a PLC and PID temperature control system to process plastic waste into usable products, addressing the issue of plastic pollution in the Philippines. The project was completed by students from Batangas State University as part of their Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering degree requirements.

Uploaded by

20-68875

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

0% found this document useful (0 votes)

9 views125 pages

Final

Uploaded by

20-68875

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

You are on page 1/ 125

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
G. Leviste Street, Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas, Philippines 4233
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 778-2170; 778-6633 loc 202

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

EXTRUSION MOULDING MACHINE FOR MUNICIPAL

PLASTIC WASTE REDIRECTION

A Capstone Design Presented to the Faculty of the College of Engineering

Batangas State University – The National Engineering University
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
Malvar, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering

ORTIZ, LANCE LAWRENCE V.

DIAZ, KATHYRINE A.
MAGDAONG, JOYCE M.

Engr. Rosana C. Lat

Adviser

May 2024

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
JPLPC-Malvar Campus
G. Leviste Street, Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas, Philippines 4233
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 778-2170; 778-6633 loc 202

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPROVAL SHEET
The Capstone Design entitled “EXTRUSION MOULDING MACHINE FOR
MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTE REDIRECTION”, prepared and submitted by
DIAZ, KATHYRINE A., MAGDAONG, JOYCE M., ORTIZ, LANCE
LAWRENCE V., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree of Bachelor of
Science in Mechatronics Engineering, has been examined and is recommended for Oral
Examination.

ROSANA C. LAT, MEng

Adviser

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____________.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

NORXINE L. MONTALBO, ASEAN Eng.

Chairperson

LARILYN L. ILAO, REE, RME DARWIN M. TIQUIO, BSMexE, RME

Member Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering.

_________________________________
NORXINE L. MONTALBO, ASEAN Eng
Date Dean, College of Engineering

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to convey their deepest appreciation and gratitude to

the following individuals who have contributed their unselfish efforts to the completion

of this study:

To Engr. Rosana C. Lat, the researchers’ adviser, for providing endless

motivation and invaluable assistance and for sharing her knowledge, which helped the

researchers develop a more reliable study.

To Engr. Norxine L. Montalbo, the chairperson of the panel of examiners, for

sharing her prolific analysis and expertise towards the improvement and realization of the

study.

To Engr. Larilyn Ilao and Engr. Darwin Tiquio, members of the panel, for their

invaluable guidance, steadfast support, and patience throughout the researchers' journey.

Their insightful feedback and unwavering encouragement were crucial in the successful

completion of this work.

To Mr. Renlet Gime, the fabricator, who assisted the researchers in developing

the project and creating the desired project output by sharing his ideas and talent.

iii

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
To their adoring parents for their unwavering support and understanding

throughout our academic journey. Their love and encouragement have been our driving

force.

To their colleagues, heartfelt appreciation is extended for their unwavering

support, encouragement, and for fostering a pleasant work atmosphere.

Above all, to God Almighty, for His boundless wisdom, blessings, and guidance,

as well as for bestowing the strength, patience, knowledge, and hope necessary for

success.

To all, both named and unnamed, sincere thanks and appreciation are extended for

everything contributed towards the researchers' endeavors.

-The Researchers

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEDICATION

This research is dedicated with deep gratitude to our parents, whose endless

sacrifices, unwavering motivation, and belief in our abilities have shaped our character

and growth. Their constant support and encouragement have driven our quest for

knowledge, and we are profoundly thankful for their enduring love and backing.

We also express our heartfelt appreciation to our instructors, who have not only

shared their knowledge but also sparked a passion within us to delve deeper into

understanding.

To our friends, whose unwavering support, laughter, and camaraderie have made

even the toughest moments enjoyable. Your encouragement and faith in us have been a

continual source of inspiration throughout this journey.

Above all, we dedicate this work to Almighty God, the source of all wisdom,

guidance, and inspiration. Without His divine grace and blessings, this research would

not have been possible. We acknowledge His infinite wisdom and mercy.

-Lance Lawrence,
-Kathyrine,
-Joyce

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
EXTRUSION MOULDING MACHINE FOR
MUNICIPAL PLASTIC WASTE REDIRECTION
Ortiz, L.V., Diaz, K.A., Magdaong J.M.
[email protected]; [email protected];
[email protected]

ABSTRACT

This study focused on designing and developing a Plastic Molding Machine to increase
the diversion of plastic waste from landfills. The researchers aimed to enhance plastic
recycling efforts by providing local government units with a means to process and
repurpose plastic waste into new products. They used plastic extrusion to recycle plastic
waste from materials recovery facilities into usable products. The machine was
controlled by two systems: the PLC unit managed most processes and responded to user
commands, while the PID temperature control unit maintained a user-designated
temperature. The operational sequence began with selecting either manual or automatic
mode. In manual mode, users could individually control each process by pressing
corresponding buttons, while automatic mode initiated a 5-cycle operation by pressing
start, with the option to halt via a stop button. Material processing started with the
material being fed through the hopper, passing through a screw feeder that regulated the
material input into the melting chamber. A melting timer was then triggered, allowing the
material to reach extrusion temperature. The molten material was propelled through the
nozzle and into the mold by the ram extruder. After numerous tests, the implementation of
a PID temperature control system facilitated the machine in achieving and maintaining
the required temperature within the specified time frame without overheating. The
combination of the screw feeder and ram extruder mechanism effectively controlled the
input material volume and final output volume. However, the pneumatic air compressor
needed enhancement, as occasional drops in extrusion pressure led to material loss.

Keywords: Plastic Molding Machine

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE .............................................................................................................. i

APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................ iii

DEDICATION............................................................................................................ v

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ vii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x

LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................... xii

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xiii

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1

Objectives of the Study .................................................................................... 3

Significance of the Study ................................................................................. 4

Scope and Limitation ....................................................................................... 5

Definition of Terms.......................................................................................... 6

vii

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature....................................................................................... 8

Related Studies............................................................................................... 18

Synthesis ........................................................................................................ 25

Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 34

III. DESIGN METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Pre-Design Stage ............................................................................................ 36

Design and Developments Stage ................................................................... 37

Components and Specification ...................................................................... 40

Testing Procedure .......................................................................................... 49

IV. PRESETATION OF THE PROJECT, DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT, TESTING AND EVALUATION

Project Development ...................................................................................... 52

Presentation of the Project ............................................................................. 52

Testing and Evaluation of Parts ..................................................................... 69

V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION,

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings ..................................................................................... 68

Conclusions .................................................................................................... 69

Recommendations .......................................................................................... 70
viii

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 72

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Title Page

1 The Plastic Extrusion Process Diagram ..............................................10

2 General Flood-fed Screw Feeder Design ............................................11

3 General Starve-fed Screw Feeder Design ...........................................12

4 P-Control Diagram ..............................................................................14

5 PI-Control Diagram.............................................................................14

6 PID Control Diagram ..........................................................................15

7 Screw Extruder ....................................................................................17

8 Ram Extruder ......................................................................................18

9 Comparison of flood fed(a) and starve fed(b) screw extruder ............21

10 Conceptual Framework of the Study ..................................................35

11 Process Flow Chart of Proposed Plastic Injection Machine ...............39

12 Isometric View of Machine Frame .....................................................43

13 Machine Frame Dimensions ...............................................................44

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
14 Screw Feeder Assembly ......................................................................44

15 Cross-sectional view of Screw Feeder Assembly ...............................45

16 Screw Feeder Assembly Dimensions ..................................................46

17 Ram Extruder Mechanism Assembly .................................................46

18 Injection Mechanism Assembly Dimensions .....................................47

19 Mould Holder Assembly .....................................................................48

20 Mould Holder and Positioner Assembly Dimensions .........................49

21 PLC Schematic Diagram .....................................................................55

22 PID Temperature Controller Schematic Diagram ...............................56

23 Plotted Data from Temperature Testing..............................................62

24 Plotted Data from Material Feeding Test ............................................65

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Title Page

1 OMRON CP1L-M30DR-A .................................................................40

2 REX C700 PID Temperature controller..............................................41

3 Double-Acting Cylinder ......................................................................41

4 Mica Band Heater ...............................................................................42

5 Magnetic Contactor .............................................................................42

6 Actual Image of Plastic Extrusion Machine .......................................53

7 Mica Band Heaters and Melting Chamber ..........................................57

8 Screw Feeder Assembly Chamber ......................................................58

9 Ram Extruder ......................................................................................58

xii

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page

1 Temperature Test Result .....................................................................60

2 Data from Material Feeding Test ........................................................63

3 Data from Extrusion Mechanism Test ................................................66

xiii

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter provides a general introduction to the topic. It includes the introduction,

objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope, limitations, and definition of

terms used.

INTRODUCTION

Plastic pollution poses a significant challenge in the Philippines, as it does globally.

The country ranks among the world's largest producers of plastic waste, generating an

estimated 2.7 million metric tons annually. Despite widespread environmental concerns,

comprehensive global data on the fate of plastics at the end of their lifecycle remains

limited. However, Geyer et al. (2017) conducted a groundbreaking study presenting the

first-ever global analysis of mass-produced plastics. Their methodology involved

synthesizing dispersed data on the production, use, and end-of-life management of

polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives. The findings revealed a staggering

estimate of approximately 8300 million metric tons (Mt) of virgin plastics manufactured,

with only a small fraction recycled, a larger portion incinerated, and a concerning

majority accumulating in landfills or the natural environment. Projections suggest that

without intervention, the volume of plastic waste could reach alarming levels by 2050.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
In the Philippines, inadequate waste management infrastructure exacerbates the

problem. Many areas lack proper systems for collecting and disposing of plastic waste,

leading to its indiscriminate dumping in rivers, oceans, and other natural environments.

Legislation such as Republic Act No. 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000, mandates the reduction of waste by 25%, starting from Local

Government Units (LGUs). In compliance, Municipal Environmental and Natural

Resources Offices (MENRO) have established Materials Recovery Facilities (MRFs).

However, challenges persist. MENRO-Malvar reported that in 2021, the

municipality generated nearly 8,000 cubic meters of waste, with only around 64%

diverted from sanitary landfills, falling short of their target. The build-up of bulky

polycarbonate water jugs poses a logistical challenge, leading to increased expenses for

waste disposal. In response, innovative solutions such as open-source machines, designed

for personal use and recycling plastic waste, have been developed by Hakkens (2013).

These machines, including plastic shredders and polyformers, address specific issues like

the buildup of water jugs in MRFs.

Plastic extrusion has emerged as a promising method for combating plastic

pollution. By melting down and reshaping plastic waste, this process significantly

reduces waste volume sent to landfills or the environment. It is a crucial procedure for

producing items in bulk from thermoplastics, which can be recycled and remolded
2

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
indefinitely. This study aims to integrate extrusion, melting, and injection processes in

a plastic injection machine for processing waste collected in MRFs. This integration

offers a potential solution for increasing waste diversion from sanitary landfills and

addressing challenges in material recovery facilities. Moreover, the machine's

adaptability makes it suitable for use in various facilities processing waste plastic

materials.

Objectives of the Study

This study on plastic extrusion aims to develop a machine capable of melting and

molding rejected plastic waste, predominantly consisting of polyethylene,

polycarbonates, and polypropylene, into new products. The following specific objectives

have been formulated:

1. To maintain a set temperature as required by the input material by utilizing a

PID temperature control system;

2. To control the amount of plastic shreds fed to the heating chamber using a

screw feeder;

3. To facilitate extrusion using mechanically linked pneumatic cylinders; and,

4. To test and evaluate the functionality of the plastic extrusion machine.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Significance of the Study

This study holds significant implications for addressing the pressing issue of

plastic waste management through the development of a plastic extrusion machine.

Specifically, it benefits the following:

Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) of Malvar LGU. The study enables on-site

recycling of rejected waste, cutting transportation costs and logistical challenges.

Converting streamline into new products streamlines waste management, boosting

operational efficiency and reducing the facility's environmental footprint.

Other LGUs. Similar LGUs can leverage the insights and solutions from this study to

enhance their waste management practices. Sharing knowledge and best practices

facilitates collaboration among LGUs, fostering more effective solutions to plastic waste

management challenges at regional or national levels.

Municipal Environmental and Natural Resources Office (MENRO) of Malvar LGU.

With the plastic extrusion machine, MENRO can streamline waste management

operations, reducing reliance on traditional disposal methods like landfills. This proactive

approach aligns with the municipality's environmental goals, demonstrating leadership in

addressing plastic pollution. Additionally, MENRO can promote sustainable waste

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
management practices and educate the community on recycling and resource recovery,

leveraging the machine's capabilities.

City Residents. The promotion of recycling and sustainable waste management practices

fosters a sense of environmental responsibility among residents, empowering them to

actively contribute to the municipality's sustainability efforts.

Future Researchers. The insights and innovations from this study are valuable

contributions to future research and development in plastic waste management.

Researchers and practitioners can use these findings to explore new technologies,

strategies, and policies for addressing plastic pollution on a larger scale. This continuous

advancement accelerates progress towards achieving sustainable waste management

systems globally.

Scope and Limitation

The study focused on designing and developing a plastic extrusion machine that

addresses the issue of accumulating rejected plastic wastes in the Materials Recovery

Facility (MRF) of Malvar municipality. The primary objective was to provide a practical

solution for managing and reducing the build-up of rejected waste, supporting the Local

Government Unit (LGU) in achieving their plastic waste redirection targets. The

machine's specifications were tailored to meet the facility's area and material

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
requirements, including a maximum temperature limit of 400°C for processing plastic

materials. Pre-processing involved shredding input materials into sizes less than 5mm to

prevent blockages in the screw feeder.

However, the study did not address operational issues and maintenance associated

with feeding the machine with materials other than those recommended. Additionally,

long-term electrical consumption considerations were not accounted for in the study.

Definition of Terms

To aid in the understanding and interpretation of the study, the researchers provide

the following operational definitions:

Dummy Batch. A batch utilized during the machine's operation, produced during

calibration and initial start-up. Typically, the first batch is processed to cleanse leftover

material in the barrel from the last use.

Rejected Wastes. Plastic waste categorized by MRF personnel as too bulky for

transportation to sanitary landfills and rarely purchased by junk shops or traders.

Thermoplastics. Polymer materials soften and become moldable when heated,

solidifying upon cooling. They can be melted and reshaped multiple times without

significant chemical change.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Polyformers. Machines employed to recycle PET bottles into 3D printer filaments,

predominantly utilizing mechanical components to reform PET waste into 3D printer

polymers.

Extrusion Moulding. The process of using pressure or any driving force to push molten

materials through a die, shaping the material. The die profile dictates the output product,

such as tubes, rods, and strings.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of available related literature and studies, local and

foreign. Likewise, the discussion of this chapter is derived from extensive research efforts

and readings from books, journals, other published and unpublished papers and excerpts

from meetings and conferences that have bearing on this study.

Conceptual Literature

This chapter serves as the springboard for the project development of the study on

the plastic extrusion machine. Additionally, this chapter entails the conceptual literature,

related studies, synthesis, conceptual framework, and conceptual paradigm.

Plastic Waste Redirection

Precious Plastics, initiated by Hakken (2013), aims to tackle the escalating plastic

waste issue by promoting the recycling of plastic waste into valuable new products. This

involves designing various devices and machines that can be constructed at home by

individuals with limited technical expertise. These machines enable hobbyists and

businesses to replicate parts and engage in manufacturing processes. By providing the

public with tools to repurpose 100% recycled plastic, this initiative encourages waste

reduction and product creation, thus diverting waste from landfills. These machines

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
include shredders, injectors, extruders, and compactors. While there are existing efforts

by organizations and recycling facilities on a moderate to large scale, empowering the

public to contribute to recycling efforts and offering business opportunities can greatly

benefit both the environment and people.

Another project that is being used to combat the plastic waste problem is Action

Box, specifically with the machine Injekto, with the first iteration released in 2022.

Injekto offers a design that requires some technical knowledge from the users but is more

compact. Injekto is part of a line of machines that would enable an individual or a small

business to manufacture plastic products using only plastic waste.

Both projects provide the public with tools to contribute to conservation efforts.

However, most iterations of both projects are operated manually using hand levers or

two-handed push buttons to start the operation for simplicity and accessibility for the

public.

Plastic Extrusion

Melito (2023) defines plastic extrusion as the process of pushing molten plastic

under pressure through a die. This technique is predominantly employed for mass-

producing plastic products with a consistent cross-section, utilizing thermoplastics as raw

materials. Typically, the process entails uniformly melting thermoplastics and exerting

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
pressure to propel the molten material through a die, shaping it before the material cools

and solidifies into its final form.

Figure 1 depicts the plastic extrusion process, which can be broken down into

three primary steps. Initially, material feeding regulates the entry of raw material into the

process and conveys it to the subsequent stage. Subsequently, the raw material undergoes

melting in the barrel, facilitated by electric heaters with controlled heating and cooling

mechanisms. A consistent temperature is maintained to meet the raw material's

requirements and prevent material burning within the barrel. Finally, extrusion occurs,

where a driving force applies pressure inside the barrel to propel the molten plastic

through the die, shaping the final product.

Figure 1. The Plastic Extrusion Process Diagram

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Screw Feeders

Screw feeders, defined as positive displacement devices, are employed to transfer

materials from one process to another. According to the Screw Conveyor Engineering

Guide (2016), screw feeders are typically positioned at the onset of processes to provide

metered movement, controlling the quantity of bulk material by adjusting rotation speed,

screw pitch, and control duration.

Screw feeders can be further categorized based on their feeding mechanisms.

Flood-fed screw feeders, described in Types of Screw Feeders (2022), utilize gravity to

feed bulk material from a container into the screw feeder. Consequently, the screw feeder

remains fully always filled with material. As depicted in Figure 2, this characteristic

makes the screw design crucial in determining the feed rate. Such a screw feeder design

is well-suited for applications prioritizing bulk material metering over precision.

Figure 2. General Flood-fed Screw Feeder Design

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Additionally, as highlighted in Understanding Feeding Mechanisms in Extruders

(2024), flood-fed systems offer several key advantages, notably their simplicity and

longevity. Their straightforward design facilitates easier maintenance, while the reduced

number of mechanical components lowers susceptibility to wear and tear. It also

highlighted that this feeding method is particularly well-suited for accurately controlling

the feed rate of materials with poor flow characteristics, such as fine powders. However,

the higher cost associated with such systems limits their applicability to processes

requiring high-precision feed rate control. In contrast, flood-fed systems offer consistent

and cost-effective feed rate control for a wide range of applications.

On the other hand, starve-feeding, or force-fed systems, as depicted in Figure 3,

rely on a secondary feeder to regulate material input into the primary feeder, ensuring

precise control over the material entering subsequent processes. While this method is

ideal for accurately controlling the feed rate of materials with poor flow characteristics,

such as fine powders, its higher cost limits its use to processes requiring precise feed rate

control.

Figure 3. General Starve-fed Screw Feeder Design

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PID Temperature Control

According to A Complete Guide to Temperature Controllers (2023), PID

controllers utilize a feedback system that measures errors in the process variable and

adjusts the output components until the error reaches zero. This process ensures self-

correction of the system until the process value stabilizes at a fixed point. PID control

employs three behavioral controllers to maintain zero error between the set value (SV)

and the process value (PV).

P-Controller

The P-Controller functions as a closed-loop feedback control system, detecting

the process error as the variance between the set value and the actual process value. It

subsequently adjusts the controlled variable in proportion to this calculated error.

Although the proportional controller cannot independently attain a steady-state condition,

it delivers stable operation with a consistent steady-state error, often recognized as the

fastest among comparable controllers. Fine-tuning the P-controller can diminish error by

elevating the proportional constant, thereby augmenting the controller's response time.

Figure 4 illustrates the P-control diagram.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Figure 4. P-Control Diagram

I-Controller

I-Controller provides essential functions to address the constraints of the P-

Controller. This controller integrates the error magnitude over time and feeds back the

accumulated value to the control device until the error is reduced to zero. Moreover, it

reduces the output during negative errors and constrains the response time to enhance

system stabilization. Figure 5 illustrates the PI-Control Diagram.

Figure 5. PI-Control Diagram

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
D-Controller

D-Controller anticipates the future behavior of error by measuring the rate of

change in error and multiplying it by the derivative constant. It kick-starts the output

response about the rate of change in error, which increases the speed of response of the

system. By combining the controllers, the settling time of the process value can be

decreased. Figure 6 illustrates the PID-Control Diagram.

Figure 6. PID Control Diagram

Extrusion Methods

Extrusion is a manufacturing process where material is pushed through a die to

create products with a consistent cross-sectional profile. The die determines the shape

and characteristics of the final product, whether it's a simple rod, a complex tube, or even

a structural component. By controlling factors like temperature, pressure, and material

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
composition, manufacturers can produce a wide range of extruded products for various

industries, from plastic pipes to metal rods.

According to Goettfert (2022), screw extrusion and ram extrusion stand as two

primary methodologies within the realm of extrusion processes, each distinguished by its

unique driving force mechanism. In screw extrusion, the molten material is propelled

through the die via the rotational force generated by electric motors. This method

harnesses the power of continuous rotation, facilitating a steady and controlled extrusion

process. Conversely, ram extrusion relies on the direct application of pressure exerted by

a piston or plunger to push the molten material through the die. This forceful approach

eschews rotational motion in favor of straightforward linear pressure, suitable for

applications where precise control over extrusion speed and force is paramount. By

understanding the nuances between these methods, manufacturers can tailor their

approach to suit the specific requirements of their extrusion processes, ensuring optimal

efficiency and product quality.

Screw Extruder

As shown in Figure 7, a screw extruder’s material flow is perpendicular to the

driving force; this creates a relatively slower process that is ideal for materials with

continuous profiles, such as tubes. However, this method also has a chance of dispersion

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
or non-continuity after the hardening of the material due to the lack of compaction during

the process.

Figure 7. Screw Extruder

Ram Extruder

Alternatively, ram extruders deliver the requisite compaction force for bubble

elimination within the molten material, thereby averting dispersion in the cooled product.

This technique employs a piston to initially compact the material during the heating

phase, followed by the piston's subsequent propulsion of the molten material through a

die at a consistent velocity after a predetermined duration. One notable advantage of ram

extruders lies in their capacity to manufacture items with reduced volume and minimal

material wastage, contingent upon the piston's positioning relative to the die.
17

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Additionally, depicted in Figure 8, material flow aligns with the driving force direction,

facilitating swifter material extrusion.

Figure 8. Ram Extruder

Related Literature

In this chapter section, the study provides insights and supporting information

drawn from various sources such as books, journals, and papers obtained from online

platforms. The authors of the study, focusing on Plastic Extrusion Molding Machines,

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
meticulously outline and expand upon essential concepts, theories, and principles relevant

to the subject matter.

Foreign Studies

Huang and Peng (2021) emphasized the indispensability of mechanical recycling in

extending the lifespan of plastic products and mitigating their environmental impact.

They highlighted the multifaceted nature of mechanical recycling, which encompassed

various operations aimed at producing secondary plastic materials of high quality that

could be processed using conventional methods. However, they cautioned that certain

processes, such as extrusion, might induce rearrangement of polymer molecules,

potentially altering the thermo-mechanical properties of materials. The authors noted that

during extrusion, polymer chains underwent splitting, necessitating concurrent cross-

linking processes. Consequently, the properties of mechanically recycled polymers were

influenced by the interplay between these conflicting mechanisms.

Meanwhile, Bradley et al. (2021) focused on fostering plastic manufacturing

awareness among students and promoting recycling as a crucial strategy in combating

plastic waste. They advocated for the use of hobby-scale plastic molding machines to

facilitate hands-on learning experiences, proposing the creation of custom injection

molds from aluminum using similar tools. The authors shared their experiences in

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
introducing injection molding in classroom settings and senior design projects, offering

guidance on machine utilization and mold creation procedures.

Jimoh et al. (2017) asserted that thermoplastics recycled for various applications

exhibited consistent attributes, highlighting the material's enduring qualities even after

processing. They suggested that the addition of oil during heating and melting stages

aided in preserving the material's physical properties. This finding was corroborated by

Morar and Popescu (2017), who employed simulation software to analyze the effects of

melting and cooling processes during injection molding. They found that discrepancies in

cooling rates across different mold sections could contribute to product warping.

Furthermore, Sonjaya et al. (2020) concentrated on the design and evaluation of an

extruder machine tailored for recycling polyethylene plastic waste. Their study

demonstrated the efficient processing of plastic waste into solid filaments for subsequent

use. Through experimentation, they determined that heating plastic to 190°C yielded

optimal filament quality and surface roughness. This device represented a practical

solution for managing plastic waste and supported community and industrial recycling

endeavors.

Yeole et al. (2021) explored the development and evaluation of molds using additive

manufacturing (AM) with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFPC). The

study focused on harnessing the high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios of

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CFPC for tooling applications. Results revealed that the infill pattern significantly

influenced the thermal conductivity of the molds. Specifically, the 0° infill pattern

exhibited the highest thermal conductivity, with a surface temperature of 79.2°C, whereas

the 90° infill pattern demonstrated the lowest thermal conductivity, with a surface

temperature of 66.4°C. The alternate 0°/90° pattern displayed intermediate thermal

properties.

In the study by Nastaj and Wilczynski (2019), two feeding methods for a hopper

to extruder assembly were compared. Flood feeding allowed the screw to intake as much

material as possible, filling the bottom section of the screw. Starve feeding, on the other

hand, provided better control over the material input by incorporating an additional

feeding mechanism. This approach minimized the risk of blockage and reduced pressure

on the screw since the input material did not fully occupy the barrel. However, it resulted

in a lower extruder output compared to flood feeding. Figure 9 depicts the comparison

between flood-fed (a) and starve-fed (b) screw extruders.

Figure 9. Comparison of flood fed(a) and starve fed(b) screw extruder

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Another essential aspect of plastic molding involves heating and melting the input

material. Sonjaya et al. (2021) investigated the impact of temperature on the straightness

and continuity of plastic extrusion. Their experiments revealed that surpassing the

required temperature, while avoiding material burning due to indirect heating, led to

discontinuities in the output. Such discontinuities could adversely affect molding

processes, potentially resulting in gaps in the final product.

As defined by Murali (2019) the extruder is a critical machinery in the polymer

processing industry, melted solid thermoplastic material, forced it through a die, and

cooled it to produce the extrudate. Material extrusion stands as an efficient additive

manufacturing process for thermoplastic materials, widely employed in rapid

prototyping, rapid tooling, rapid manufacturing, and rapid repair applications. Fischer et

al. (2022) focused on additively manufactured parts crafted from acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene (ABS Terluran GP 35), aiming to achieve mechanical properties akin to the

specifications outlined in injection-molded parts' datasheets. They developed an internal

process chain, starting from plastic pellets and culminating in the finished additive-

manufactured product. This process allowed for the meticulous monitoring and definition

of process parameters at each processing step involving the terpolymer.

Fadzly et al. (2019) identified warping and shrinkage as common issues,

underscoring the importance of adequate mold cooling to prevent excessive shrinkage.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
While Feng et al. (2021) delved into designing molds with conformal cooling channels to

enhance heat transfer, improving product quality, and reducing cycle times.

Moving on to studies exploring various molding processes, Wang et al. (2023)

explored the molding process' impact on rubber product uniformity, analyzing various

techniques and factors such as temperature, pressure, and mold design. Additionally,

Beluci et al. (2023) investigated the production of biodegradable films through extrusion

blow molding, aiming to achieve specific properties by blending PBS, PBAT, and TPS

materials. Meanwhile, Phan et al. (2019) focused on enhancing thin rib product flow

length in injection molding through external gas-assisted mold temperature control,

showing significant improvements in flow length and thin rib height.

Ruiz et al. (2023) developed an automated extrusion machine for PET plastic

production, emphasizing its construction and operational aspects. Simultaneously,

Sonjaya et al. (2022) detailed the construction of a plastic waste extruding machine for

3D printing filament production, highlighting its design and benefits. In another

technological advancement, Holler et al. (2024) explored rapid tooling for rubber

extrusion molding using DLP 3D printing and vitrimers, showcasing its precision and

efficiency.

Moreover, research on process optimization and material properties was

conducted. Liparoti et al. (2020) modulated cavity temperature to control plastic object
23

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
properties, enhancing product sustainability. Meanwhile, Ding et al. (2022) investigated

the properties of a ternary polymer blend system using a twin-screw extruder,

emphasizing the influence of microstructure and process parameters.

Local Studies

In Barraga et al.'s (2018) study, "Design and Fabrication of Plastic Shredder

Machine with Portable Extruder," the process after shredding involves pushing small

plastic bits through an extruder pipe using a screw-type compressor. Subsequently, these

shredded bits undergo heating and compression facilitated by attached heating elements

within the extruder. Once melted, the plastic is shaped into long strips as it passes

through the nozzle.

In addition, development of spinneret machines that produce PET fibers from

recycled PET bottles by Gumila et al. (2024) showcase advancements in extrusion

technology tailored for specific recycling applications. These studies demonstrate the

versatility of extrusion processes in transforming waste materials into valuable products,

contributing to the circular economy and sustainable resource management initiatives.

Similarly, in a study published in the International Journal of Mechanical and

Industrial Technology (2020), titled "Development of the Plastic Tile-Making Machine

with Isolated Cylinder for Extrusion Process," the significance of melting time for plastic

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
waste emerges as a crucial factor in determining material suitability for the prototype. For

PET plastic waste, a melting time of 10-25 minutes is deemed unacceptable, while both

PE and Nylon plastic waste are considered acceptable within the range of 15-20 minutes

and 15 minutes, respectively.

Furthermore, insights from the International Research Journal of Modernization in

Engineering Technology and Science (2021), titled "Design and Fabrication of Plastic

Extrusion Machine," shed light on the operational process. Plastic recycling initiates with

feeding the material into the hopper, followed by its movement facilitated by a rotating

screw driven by a motor. External heat, provided by band heaters, melts the plastic,

enabling it to pass through the die. The study underscores the importance of maintaining

adequate temperature levels to achieve the desired product and prevent melted plastic

from adhering to the barrel. Through these findings, a comprehensive understanding of

the plastic extrusion process emerges, spanning from initial material preparation to final

product formation.

Synthesis

These studies and developments in plastic extrusion molding technology reveal a

comprehensive landscape of innovations and strategies aimed at addressing the

challenges of plastic waste management and promoting sustainability.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Murali (2019) defined plastic extruders as a machine that processes and melts

thermoplastic and forces the material through a die while being cooled to create products

which are called extrudate. This definition served as the framework for the researchers in

identifying the processes needed while designing machine.

Ruiz et al. (2023) delved into the design and development of extruder machines

tailored for recycling plastic waste, offering practical solutions for waste management.

This led the researchers to consider the designing of a plastic extrusion machine that will

help in assisting the plastic waste redirection efforts of municipal materials recovery

facilities.

Researchers like Huang and Peng (2021) also underscored the importance of

mechanical recycling in extending the lifespan of plastic products and decreasing the

effects of plastic production to the environment. However they also emphasized that

processes like extrusion can alter the properties of these plastic products upon recycling

which prompted the researchers to take note of the properties that are most susceptible to

these changes and the ways to mitigate this phenomenon.

The studies of Wang et al. (2023) and Beluci et al.(2023) also supported this by

emphasizing the importance of temperature, pressure, and mold design in the uniformity

of molded products. Considering this, the researchers focused this study on these factors

in the machine design to achieve the desired product.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
These property changes are further elaborated by Fadzy et al (2019). Their study

identified the primary defects that come with plastic molding which are warping and

shrinkage. Both defects are caused by the lack of adequate cooling of the final product

from its melting temperature down to room temperature.

These are further proven by Morar and Popescu (2017), who employed

simulations in the analysis of the effects of different heating and cooling rates in the

quality of the product. Their study revealed that uneven cooling along the different areas

of the mold causes warping in the product. This study then used heat dissipation as the

primary cooling mechanism to ensure minimal discrepancy with the different sections of

the mold.

To minimize such defects Feng et al. (2021) focused on the designing of molds

with cooling channels to introduce air flow which maximizes heat transfer and speeds up

the cooling time. This also served as a design consideration for the researchers in

designing the cooling system of the product.

Moreover, advancements in additive manufacturing, as demonstrated by Yeole et al.

(2021) explore the effects of tooling in-fill patterns in the thermal conductivity of the

molds. These findings served as a consideration for the researches with regards to the

mold design which could assist in the proper cooling of the product and achieve the ideal

properties.
27

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
The study such as those by Sonjaya et al. (2020) also helped the researchers in the

same regard. Their study revealed that 190°C is the optimal temperature to achieve the

ideal properties from polyethylene waste material after extrusion. This served as the

primary consideration of the researchers in designing the temperature control system of

the project.

In addition, Phan et al. (2019) considered the effects of external temperature control

assistance which helped in improving the rib length of the extruded material. Similarly

this study also included materials that can assist the temperature control system in

achieving and maintaining the necessary temperature as required by the researchers.

Meanwhile Bradley et al. (2021) with advocacies for educational initiative in

promoting recycling awareness among students involves teaching design considerations

in the creation of hobby molding machines in a school setting. These design

considerations served as a basis for the researchers in the initial designing of the plastic

extrusion machine aimed to increase plastic waste redirection.

Similarly Liparoti et al. (2020) analyzed the effects of modulating the cavity

temperature in controlling the physical properties of the plastic product. In this study the

researchers will utilize a closed-loop feedback system that will monitor and control the

barrel temperature to ensure that the desired properties of the product are achieved upon

extrusion.
28

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Holler et al. (2024) showcased the potential of novel techniques in molding and

tooling applications. With emphasis on the importance of mold design in achieving the

ideal properties of the product, this study offered techniques in the designing and

fabrication of the molds for testing and prototyping. However due to material availability

the researchers only focused on the design considerations specified in the study rather

than the use of rapid tooling in the prototyping of the mold.

Beside temperature control, measuring the amount of input material fed into the

machine and mold is essential to ensure that the ideal product attains its ideal properties.

Nastaj and Wilczynski (2019) compared two feeding methods, offering researchers

criteria to guide their selection of a feeding method for the machine.

Jimoh et al. (2017) then considered the use of additives such as oil in maintaining the

properties of thermoplastic and minimize defects after extrusion. However this study

focused on the enduring properties of thermoplastics and refrained from the addition of

oil in the process.

Ding et al. (2022) on the other hand considered the blending of different materials to

achieve the desired properties of the output product. Contrary to this the researchers only

focused on the use of a single type of material in the process specifically PET wastes.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
On the other hand Fischer et al. (2022) provided the researchers with a guide in

testing the functionality of the different processes involved in the machine. By defining

the process flow from the input up to the final product the researchers are able to design

testing procedures that helped evaluate the functionality of the machine in all of its

processes.

Local studies, such as those by Barraga et al. (2018) entitled "Design and Fabrication

of Plastic Shredder Machine with Portable Extruder," aims to manage plastic waste by

shredding and extruding plastic bits using a screw-type compressor. These bits are heated

and compressed by heating elements, then shaped into strips through a nozzle. Both

studies share the goal of managing plastic waste through shredding and extrusion. The

present study is specifically designed for the Malvar MRF, using a PID temperature

control system and a screw feeder for controlled feeding, while Barraga et al.'s study

focuses on a portable design without specific constraints and lacks detailed control

mechanisms. The present study also includes mechanically linked pneumatic cylinders

for extrusion, a feature not discussed by Barraga et al. Additionally, it highlights

limitations such as operational and maintenance issues and long-term electrical

consumption, which Barraga et al.'s study does not explicitly address.

As reported by Gumila et al. (2024), they discussed the development of spinneret

machines that produce PET fibers from recycled PET bottles. his study showcases

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
advancements in extrusion technology tailored for specific recycling applications,

demonstrating the versatility of extrusion processes in transforming waste materials into

valuable products. The similarities between the two studies lie in their common goal of

utilizing extrusion technology to convert waste materials into useful products,

contributing to the overall objective of reducing plastic waste and promoting sustainable

resource management. However, the differences lie in the specific materials and

applications targeted by each study, with the present study focusing on a broader range of

plastic waste types and the past study concentrating on the recycling of PET bottles into

PET fibers.

The present study and the past study published in the International Journal of

Mechanical and Industrial Technology (2020) both focus on developing machines to

process and repurpose plastic waste, highlighting the importance of addressing the issue

of plastic waste accumulation. The primary objective in both cases is to provide practical

solutions for managing and reducing plastic waste, aligning with the sustainability goals

of the local government. A key similarity is the emphasis on tailoring the machine's

specifications to match the local material requirements and processing constraints. Both

studies consider the composition of the plastic waste, with the present study targeting

polyethylene, polycarbonates, and polypropylene, while the past study examines PET,

PE, and Nylon plastics. Additionally, both studies incorporate pre-processing steps, such

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
as shredding the input materials, to facilitate smooth operation and prevent blockages.

However, the studies differ in their specific technical approaches. The present study aims

to maintain a set temperature using a PID temperature control system, control the plastic

shred feed using a screw feeder, and facilitate extrusion through mechanically linked

pneumatic cylinders. In contrast, the past study highlights the significance of melting

time as a crucial factor in determining material suitability, with specific time ranges

recommended for different plastic types.

The present study and the study of International Research Journal of Modernization

in Engineering Technology and Science (2021) share several key similarities in their

approach to plastic extrusion machine design and development. Both studies recognize

the importance of addressing the issue of plastic waste accumulation and the need for

practical solutions to manage and reduce this build-up. The primary objective of both

studies is to develop a machine that can effectively melt and mold rejected plastic waste,

predominantly consisting of materials such as polyethylene, polycarbonates, and

polypropylene, into new products. In terms of the specific objectives, the present study

and the past study exhibit considerable alignment. The present study aims to maintain a

set temperature as required by the input material, control the amount of plastic shreds fed

to the heating chamber using a screw feeder, facilitate extrusion using mechanically

linked pneumatic cylinders, and test and evaluate the functionality of the plastic extrusion

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
machine. Similarly, the past study highlights the importance of maintaining adequate

temperature levels to achieve the desired product and prevent melted plastic from

adhering to the barrel, underscoring the critical role of temperature control in the plastic

extrusion process. However, the present study and the past study also differ in certain

aspects. The present study specifically mentions the inclusion of a PID (Proportional-

Integral-Derivative) temperature control system, whereas the past study does not provide

this level of detail. Additionally, the present study acknowledges that it did not address

operational issues and maintenance associated with feeding the machine with materials

other than those recommended, as well as the long-term electrical consumption

considerations, which the past study does not explicitly mention.

Incorporating insights from these studies, the synthesis culminates in the design and

development of an efficient plastic extrusion molding machine equipped with

temperature control and safety features. This machine aims to repurpose rejected plastic

waste, aligning with waste management regulations and ecological sustainability

objectives. Through such initiatives, researchers and practitioners contribute to the

ongoing efforts to mitigate plastic pollution and promote responsible resource utilization.

In conclusion, the synthesis of the provided data paints a vivid picture of the

multifaceted efforts and advancements in the realm of plastic extrusion molding and

waste management. From the foundational importance of mechanical recycling

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
highlighted by researchers like Huang and Peng to the innovative technological solutions

developed by Sonjaya et al. and Ruiz et al., it is evident that addressing the challenges of

plastic waste requires a holistic approach encompassing research, education,

technological innovation, and community engagement.

Conceptual Framework

In constructing the project, the researchers developed a concept in the form of a diagram

to follow through the project.

Figure 10 depicts the project's input, method, and output elements. Each unit has

boxed sub-elements. It also explains how the project will be developed.

First are the inputs, which include the necessary data and other requirements

essential for the success of the project. This paper involves the kinds of thermoplastics

and their melting points. The basic principles of plastic extrusion and injection molding

processes and the specifications of the needed materials and components.

Next are the procedures undertaken to complete the project. First, the design of

the machine's hardware and electrical components will be created. The design will then

be fabricated, and the necessary components will be assembled. Lastly, the system will be

programmed and tested for further improvements.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
By the end of the study, the output column represents the desired product of the

study, which has passed the tests set by the proponents, proving its functionality.

Figure 10. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research methods and procedures employed and

incorporated in this paper on a plastic extrusion molding machine. In addition, this

chapter includes the stage-by-stage setup and development of the study toward its

accomplishment as projected by the study's undertakers, which are Pre-Design, Design

and Development, Components and Specifications, Architectural Design, and Testing

Procedures. This also includes details on how these processes were carried out.

Pre-Design Stage

In this stage, the researchers garnered and studied relevant information and

research to better comprehend their chosen topic and chosen fields of the topic,

specifically about the processes involving extrusion and plastic molding. This was also

accomplished by conceptualizing and visualizing the projected output of the proponents

through the construction and assemblage of materials and system components to develop

a desktop plastic molding machine. An initial concept and design were developed using

related research papers and other resources as references while considering the

benefactors’ requirements.

The researchers first visited MENRO-Malvar. Upon consultation, the Head of

MENRO-Malvar introduced the office's working organizational structure. Documents the

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
office’s records for the past year were also released, containing the total volume of

materials retrieved by the MRF and the corresponding strategies and expenditures

involved in sorting, trading, and disposing of the materials. Lastly, instructions on the

time and possible dates for an ocular inspection were given.

The following step was an ocular inspection of the city’s MRF. The volunteers at

the site first offered a tour of the entire MRF site and the machines currently used in its

processes. After this, they explained its processes, from sorting to disposal, and the

different routes each type of garbage goes to.

Lastly, the volunteers were interviewed, and information about past machines and

their preferences, specifications, and requirements was provided. The data acquired was

considered in the final machine’s design.

Design and Development Stage

During this stage, the researchers delved into constructing the prototype, focusing

on choosing suitable components and materials, initial physical architectural design,

assigning system roles to chosen components, and combining electrical and mechanical

elements for prototype development.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
The researchers carefully assessed component availability, quality, size,

classifications, and specifications, as well as the necessary software for processing inputs

to achieve the desired output, such as in the case of a plastic extrusion molding machine.

The proposed machine included a system that maintains the appropriate

temperature set by the operator through a PID temperature controller. The machine

melted the shredded plastic using a screw feeder and a cylinder heated by mica band

heaters. The melted plastic was extruded or molded into a clamped mold, cooled, and

ejected after a set amount of time. This process was further detailed in the block diagram

Figure 11, which was a graphic representation of the process done by the machine.

As illustrated in Figure 11, the machine needed pre-heating time to reach its set

temperature. Once heated, the operator could control the process by choosing between

two modes through a selector switch. An Automatic mode could be chosen to let the

machine run and respond to sensor data automatically, which was ideal for fast

production. In contrast, the Manual mode could be chosen for the initial clean-up of the

dummy batch or routine calibration. The process involved pre-heating, melting, injection,

cooling, and ejection, with a PLC controlling all these processes.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Figure 11. Process Flow Chart of Proposed Plastic Injection Machine

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Components and Specification

In this section, the researchers indicated and presented the salient components,

their specifications, and functions in the plastic extrusion molding machine.

Controller

A programmable logic controller controlled the machine’s processes, while a

separate controller reached and maintained a set temperature.

Plate 1 shows the OMRON-CP1L-M30DR-A, which accommodates the input and

output devices installed in the machine. In this system, the PLC monitored most of the

sensor data and controlled all mechanical aspects of the machine.

Plate 1. OMRON CP1L-M30DR-A

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
In this specific design, the temperature controller compares the temperature

detected by the thermocouple with the set value to infer the appropriate action and control

a contactor that operates the mica band heaters. Plate 2 shows the temperature controller,

which monitors the surface temperature of the melting cylinder and controls the

machine's heating element.

Plate 2. REX C700 PID Temperature controller

Plate 3 shows a double-acting cylinder, which acts as the ram extruder's driving

force, enabling the molten material to extrude. A separate cylinder will also act as a mold

positioner, holding the mold ready to receive the extruded material from the nozzle.

Plate 3. Double-Acting Cylinder

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Plate 4 shows the band heaters, which will be the heating element installed in the

heating cylinder. This will provide indirect heating that will melt the shredded plastic

without burning it. The core material will be mica, providing a max temperature of 400℃

and resistance to harsh conditions.

Plate 4. Mica Band Heater

Plate 5 shows the magnetic contactor. The contactor facilitates the switching of

the high-powered electric heaters regarding the signal transmitted by the temperature

controller. The contactor also acts as a protective device that prevents the temperature

controller from overloading due to the high load current of the electric heaters.

Plate 5. Magnetic Contactor

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Architectural Design

The following figures present the various views of the proposed study on

designing a plastic injection machine.

Machine Frame

Figure 12 shows an isometric view of the machine’s frame and the material used

for each part. The machine frame consists of (1) solid steel plates that act as the base, (2)

1-inch angle bars for structure and support, and (3) 5mm checkered steel plate to enclose

the heating chamber. A prefabricated (4) control panel houses the electronic control

systems.

Figure12. Isometric View of Machine Frame

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Figure 13 shows the outline and the frame's Front, Side, and Top views. It also

shows the frame's dimensions to help visualize its overall size and shape, which helps

plan placement and integration in a work environment.

Figure 13. Machine Frame Dimensions

Figure 14 shows the screw feeder assembly composed of a kyz-60 motor, and an

extruder screw is responsible for controlling the amount of shredded plastic entering the

melting chamber. The assembly utilizes a flood-feeding design, emphasizing increasing

the materials' feed rate.

Figure 14. Screw Feeder Assembly

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Figure 15 shows the Hopper and the kyz-60 motor connected to the melting

chamber. The kyz-60 motor will drive an auger bit that pushes the plastic shreds received

from the hopper into the melting chamber. The mica band heaters will provide indirect

heating, melting the plastic without burning it.

The KYZ-60 motor is connected to an auger bit by a flexible coupling to reduce

the risk of material failure. The assembly will employ a flood-fed system wherein the

materials in the hopper will fill the screw feeder, as the Auger bit will push the material

toward the melting chamber.

Figure 15. Cross-sectional view of Screw Feeder Assembly

Figure 16 shows the front, side, and top view of the screw feeder assembly with

its dimensions to allow for replication. The isometric view is also presented to illustrate

the placement of the components in the assembly to show the proper assembly of the

components and visualize the overall shape and size of the assembly.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Figure 16. Screw Feeder Assembly Dimensions

Figure 17 shows the ram extrusion mechanism. The mechanism uses a set of two

mechanically linked pneumatic cylinders as the driving force to push the molten material

through the nozzle. The cylinders are set up to be extended at their normal position and

retract when activated manually or through the program.

Figure 17. Ram Extruder Mechanism Assembly

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Figure 18 shows the isometric view of the injection mechanism. Two pneumatic

cylinders are connected mechanically by a steel plate. The cylinders move a steel rod as a

plunger to push the melted plastic material out through the nozzle in the melting

chamber. It also shows the front, side, and top views of the injection mechanism. This

illustrates the parts' placement in the assembly and indicates their proper assembly and

mounting.

Figure 18. Injection Mechanism Assembly Dimensions

Figure 19 shows the pneumatic mold holder and positioner, which hold the mold

template directly under the nozzle to receive the injected material. The mechanism

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
comprises a double-acting cylinder and a 5/2-way valve attached to the solid steel plate

base.

Figure 19. Mould Holder Assembly

Figure 20 shows an isometric view of the mold holder and positioner assembly. A

double-acting cylinder holds the mold using a mount connected to its threaded rod. The

cylinder raises the mold towards the nozzle to receive the molten plastic and retracts to

enable the ejection and replacement of the mold while it cools.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
It also shows the front, side, and top views of the mold holder and positioner

mechanism. The dimensions of the assembly are indicated to illustrate the placement of

the parts in the mechanism.

Figure 20. Mould Holder and Positioner Assembly Dimensions

Testing Procedures

Tests were conducted to evaluate whether the machine met its intended outcomes

and objectives. It went through multiple trials, guaranteeing a comprehensive assessment

of its functionality and reliability. To verify the machine's performance, the researcher

carried out a variety of tests to evaluate the different processes in the machine, namely,

temperature control, material feeding, and extrusion.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Temperature Test

The machine's temperature control system was tested over 30 minutes to

determine whether the machine could reach and maintain the set temperature in a

specified time. The test was done without loading inside the melting chamber to simulate

pre-heating conditions.

The researchers recorded the process value or current temperature as measured

and displayed in the temperature controller. This was done at an interval of 1 minute for

30 minutes. Two trials were conducted to simulate different conditions. The first trial was

done with minimal insulation in the heating chamber, while the second trial was done

with full insulation.

The gathered data was then tabulated and graphed to visualize the rise time and

response time of the temperature control system.

Material Feeding Test

The material feeding tests aims to test the reliability of the screw-feeding method

used in the machine. The tests measured the difference in the amount of material fed by

measuring the volume of the material fed at a given control duration.

The researchers utilized a PLC program that controlled the duration that the

screw feeder was activated to ensure consistency during each trial. The tests were done in

10 trials for the three control durations, which were 10 seconds, 15 seconds, and 20

seconds. The amount of material was then measured in grams using a scale.
50

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
The gathered data was then tabulated and graphed to visualize the variances in

the feed rate of each control duration of the screw feeder.

Extrusion Test

The extrusion test aims to determine the material loss during the extrusion process

by measuring the difference in weight between the fed materials and the output product.

The researchers measured the amount of material to be fed to the melting chamber before

each trial. After each process cycle, the output material was weighed to compare it to its

initial weight before processing. Ten trials were conducted to identify the average

material loss every cycle. The gathered data was then tabulated and graphed to visualize

the material loss measured in each trial.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION OF THE PROJECT, DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT,

TESTING AND EVALUATION

This chapter presents the project's final design, which aligns with the study's

objectives. It encompasses the hardware requirements, circuit diagram, and the diverse

testing and evaluation procedures undertaken to ascertain the machine's capabilities.

Project Development

This part discusses how the project was built to reach its final goal. It is divided into

two main sections: the hardware and the software. This section shows how the project was

put together and tested to ensure everything worked as intended.

Presentation of the Project

The proposed plastic extrusion machine is the focal point of this research. It

shows the actual image of each mechanism of the machine, including the screw feeder

mechanism, heating chamber, injection mechanism, and the finished machine.

The proposed plastic extrusion machine was designed to help the MRF reach its

goal of plastic waste redirection. This machine utilized a sequential mechanism

composed of a synchronous motor, heating bands, and pneumatic cylinders that melted

shredded plastic wastes and injected them into a mold. The importance of this study lay

in its potential to significantly increase the efficiency of waste redirection of the said

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Facility with minimal labor, ensuring that the city government could reach its set goal of

minimizing wastes dumped in landfills.

Plate 6 shows the actual image of the assembled Plastic Extrusion Machine, aside

from the actual machine, an air compressor will be used to provide the pressure needed to

actuate the pneumatic cylinders necessary for the operation of the machine.

Plate 6. Actual Image of Plastic Injection Machine

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
The machine allows the user to choose between Automatic mode, and Manual

mode by a 3-position switch depending on the requirements for operating the machine.

The manual mode allows the user to calibrate the machine, run a dummy batch to cleanse

the barrel, or perform routine maintenance on each process.

The temperature controller installed in the control panel also allows the user to

adjust the temperature inside the temperature using the set button. This would allow the

processing of multiple kinds of plastic materials within the machine’s temperature range.

The machines controls were also installed with a cooling mechanism to enable the

machine to maintain higher temperatures while keeping the electronic components within

operational temperature range ensuring the reliability of the machine and preventing

damage in the said components.

Schematic Diagram

Below are the figures illustrating the connection of various components with their

respective controllers. This section is divided into two parts: the PLC schematic diagram

and the PID temperature control diagram. Additionally, the program for identifying the

inputs and outputs is provided. This program categorizes the types of devices connected

to the controllers' input/output pins and is segmented into two modes: manual and

automatic.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PLC Schematic Diagram

The OMRON-CP1L PLC unit processes sensor data from Push Buttons,

Selector, and Limit switches while controlling output components such as relays and

Signaling devices. An emergency switch also enables operators to stop the machine in

case of a breakdown. Figure 21 shows the primary control system used in the Machine.

Figure 21. PLC Schematic Diagram

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
PID Temperature Controller Schematic Diagram

The PID temperature controller, depicted in Figure 22, utilizes a REX C700. A K-

type thermocouple serves as the input device to monitor the surface temperature of the

melting chamber. The temperature controller's output pins activate the coil of a magnetic

contactor. The contactor, in turn, controls three units of band heaters connected in

parallel. This contactor is essential to safeguard the temperature controller from

overloading due to the combined power of the heating elements.

Figure 22. PID Temperature Controller Schematic Diagram

Heating Chamber

The heating chamber utilizes a set of mica band heaters wrapped around a metal

tube. The metal tube has a diameter of 1.5 inches and a containment height of 3.2 inches.

This tube contains the shredded plastic material fed by the screw feeder, which is then

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
heated by the electric band heaters to provide indirect heating, melting the plastic shreds

inside the tube before extrusion. As depicted in Plate 7, this assembly is enclosed by steel

plates to minimize heat dissipation towards the surroundings. This enables the machine to

achieve and maintain a temperature of up to a maximum of 400°Celsius.

Plate 7. Mica Band Heaters and Melting Chamber

Screw Feeder Assembly

The screw feeder operates with a KYZ 60Hz motor. Plate 8 illustrates how an

auger bit connects to the motor through a flexible coupling, facilitating the movement of

plastic shreds from the feeder to the heating chamber. The motor maintains a constant

speed of 20 rotations per minute, with its switching regulated by a relay, responding to

signals from the PLC. Furthermore, the assembly utilizes a flood fed system, as precise

volume control is unnecessary for the mold's operation, allowing for some margin of

error.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Plate 8. Screw Feeder Assembly

Ram Extrusion Mechanism

Plate 9 presents the ram extrusion mechanism, a departure from the traditional

screw extruder. In this setup, a plunger, powered by two mechanically linked cylinders,

takes center stage. These cylinders exert the necessary pressure to propel molten material

from the barrel through the nozzle and into the mold. Connecting the cylinders is a steel

plate, with a metal rod responsible for injecting molten plastic into the melting chamber.

Furthermore, the plunger features its own electric heater to prevent plastic solidification

along its sides, mitigating friction in the barrel and potential plunger jamming.

Plate 9. Ram Extruder

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Testing and Evaluation of the Project

To ensure the functionality of the proposed Plastic Injection Machine, a series of

tests were conducted to evaluate each assembly. This approach enabled the proponents to

assess the functions of the machine and identify errors attributed to each part and/or

assembly.

Temperature Test

The temperature test was conducted at the same location, with both trials

beginning from a cold start to ensure uniform conditions. Each trial lasted for 30 minutes,

encompassing the predetermined pre-heat time and a set target temperature of 250

degrees Celsius. The initial temperature, or room temperature, was designated as the 0-

minute mark, with subsequent data points representing temperature readings for each

subsequent minute.

As indicated in Table 1, the temperature inside a non-insulated chamber only

reached 158°C, equivalent to 63.2% of the set value, while the insulated chamber

achieved the required temperature with only a 3-degree deviation from the set value. This

indicates that the temperature control system alone is unable to meet the temperature

requirements for the machine’s purpose and necessitates assistance to mitigate heat loss.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Table 1

Temperature of the Heating Chamber

Non-Insulated
Time (s) Insulated (°C)
(°C)

0 35 34

1 44 46

2 63 57

3 79 68

4 93 77

5 109 85

6 118 94

7 136 103

8 139 112

9 136 125

10 143 137

11 155 144

12 152 156

13 148 168

14 161 178

15 154 186

16 145 196

17 158 204

18 144 212

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
19 152 221

20 157 229

21 157 235

22 158 236

23 156 238

24 158 241

25 157 243

26 156 247

27 154 250

28 155 252

29 156 250

30 158 253

Comparing the data values plotted in Figure 23, the temperature inside the non-

insulated chamber plateaued at 63.2% of the set value. In contrast, the insulated chamber,

despite a slower start, managed to reach the required temperature. This demonstrates that

simply setting up a temperature control system is insufficient to meet the temperature

requirements of the machine due to heat loss to the environment. However, with the

addition of insulation, the machine achieved the set temperature and maintained heat

inside the chamber, satisfying the requirement to melt plastics. Furthermore, upon

reaching the target temperature, the PID controller exhibited a response time of 1 minute,

minimizing temperature overshoot to a maximum of 3 degrees.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

300

250

200 300
250
Temp Non-
200 Temp Non-
Insulated(°C)
150
150 Insulated(°C)
Temp Insulated
100 Temp
100
50 Insulated
0
50
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31

0
1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931

Figure 23. Plotted Data from Temperature Testing

Material Feeding Test

The Material feeding test aims to determine the degree of variance in the amount

of materials fed by the screw feeder. By conducting multiple trials to a specific duration,

the researchers were able to assess the linearity of the data, indicating the effectiveness of

the screw feeder in metering the amount of materials processed in the melting chamber.

Table 2 demonstrates minimal variance within the trials for each set, ranging from

1 to 2 grams, indicating a direct linear relationship between duration and the amount fed

by the screw feeder. This suggests that the screw feeder effectively controls the amount

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
of material fed to the melting chamber, allowing the machine’s operator to regulate

material feeding by adjusting the screw feeder’s control duration.

Furthermore, the mold has a capacity of holding 12-17 grams of material, with an

upper limit of 18 grams. Molding materials with less than 12 grams may result in

brittleness due to the minimal thickness of the product and potential material failure.

Exceeding the upper limit of 18 grams, however, may cause the molten material to

overflow and spread through the surface of the machine. This overflow poses risks to the

operator, potentially causing burn-related injuries, and may impede the movement of the

machine’s mechanical parts when solidified in the machine’s linkage.

Table 2

Data from Material Feeding Test

(Accepted Range: 12-17 g)

Quantity in Quantity in Quantity in

Trial Grams (10 s) Grams (15 s) Grams (20 s)

1 15 27 35

2 16 29 36

3 16 27 36

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
4 16 27 38

5 17 30 36

6 18 28 38

7 16 30 36

8 19 25 36

9 19 26 35

10 18 26 34

This is further illustrated by Figure 24, which displays the distribution of data for

all 10 trials of each set. As depicted in the graph, the values for each set only deviate by

approximately 2 grams from their respective mean value. This result underscores the

consistency and precision of the screw feeder across multiple trials.

Additionally, the graph indicates that the ideal setting for the screw feeder is a

duration of 10 seconds, as it aligns with the requirements of the mold.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

40
35
30
25 Feed Rate at 10s
20 Feed Rate at 15s
15 Feed Rate at 20s
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Figure 24. Plotted Data from Material Feeding Test

Extrusion Mechanism Test

The injection mechanism test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and

efficiency of the injection mechanism. It involved comparing the input weight with the

weight of the output to determine the amount of plastic material remaining inside the

chamber after injection. By comparing the amount of material fed into the melting

chamber with the amount of extruded material after each cycle, the researchers were able

to measure the average material loss between each extrusion.

As indicated in Table 3, 6 out of 10 trials showed approximately 1 to 2 grams

of leftover plastic material inside the melting chamber. This suggests that the profile of

the plunger allows molten material to escape rather than exiting through the nozzle

during extrusion. It implies that at certain points during extrusion, there is a non-zero

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
distance between the sides of the plunger and the inner diameter of the heating chamber,

creating an air pocket through which molten material seeps, resulting in material loss.

Furthermore, the leftover material can also be attributed to variance in the ram

pressure. Insufficient ram pressure may fail to fully extrude the melted plastic through the

nozzle, causing a mass of plastic material to resist the ram pressure and form a gap

between the end of the plunger and the bottom of the melting chamber. This gap provides

space for the melted material to settle, leading to material loss.

These findings underscore the need for an air compressor with a larger capacity

and higher power to provide consistent pressure, thus preventing variance in ram pressure

and minimizing material loss during the extrusion process.

Table 3

Data from Extrusion Mechanism Test

Trial Input Weight Output Weight Difference

1 18 17 1

2 17 17 0

3 17 16 1

4 18 17 1

5 18 17 1

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
6 17 17 0

7 18 16 2

8 17 17 0

9 17 17 0

10 18 16 2

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the researchers' findings and conclusions after analyzing

the data presented in the preceding chapter.

Summary of Findings

After a series of Tests through actual trials, the researchers came up with the

following findings.

1. The machine, utilizing mica band heaters controlled by a PID controller, achieves

and maintains temperatures of up to 300°C. The machine requires a rise-up time

of 30 minutes for pre-heating and stabilization. Upon reaching the pre-set

temperature, the machine exhibits an overshoot/error of ±4°C, which can be

attributed to the proportional band of the PID settings. After the first 30 minutes

of pre-heating and stabilization, the system's temperature remains steady with

only an error of ±1°C.

2. The Screw Feeder driven by a KYZ-60 synchronous motor can extrude the plastic

materials fed through the hopper. The feed rate tests show minimal variance in

each trial with only ±2 g of error for each trial. The trials also show a fixed flow

rate increase directly attributed to duration, approximately 1.6 grams/s.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
3. Extrusion tests indicated minimal leftover material in the melting chamber,

evidenced by slight differences in input and output product weight.

Approximately 1-2 grams of leftover material were present in 50% of trials, while

the remaining 50% exhibited complete injection of melted material.

4. Despite consistent and satisfactory results, a small degree of error persisted in

each trial.

Conclusions

Based on the findings obtained, the researchers came up with the following

conclusions:

1. Band heaters controlled by a PID temperature controller are sufficient to achieve

and maintain a set temperature up to a maximum of 400°C. This ensures the

machine's functionality, as the input materials only require a range of 280°C up to

320°C to melt and enable injection.

2. The screw feeder mechanism, driven by a KYZ-60 motor, can extrude the

materials fed by the hopper. With minimal error, the current setup is enough to

push through shredded plastic effectively. This ensures the accuracy of the

amount of material inside the melting chamber by varying the duration for which

the screw feeder is activated.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
3. Tests on the extrusion mechanism show that the profile of the steel rod used as a

plunger is ideal for building up the pressure necessary for injection. The small

degree of error, on the other hand, can be attributed to the decrease in pressure

inside the compressor after consecutive injections and the slight imperfections in

the plunger, which may provide a route of escape for the melted material.

4. Despite satisfactory results, inconsistencies and errors in the machine underline

the importance of further refinements to minimize or eliminate such errors.

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn from the research on the extrusion molding machine

for municipal plastic waste redirection, several recommendations can be made for further

advancement and application:

1. To decrease rise time, it is advisable to augment the number of band heaters

within the melting chamber. Nonetheless, this approach necessitates additional

calibration of the PID control system.

2. Boosting the motor's RPM can accelerate the flow rate, coupled with the

utilization of a variable-frequency drive equipped with a flow meter to precisely

monitor the quantity of material introduced into the melting chamber.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
3. Employing an end effector crafted via CNC machining diminishes imperfections

in the plunger, while integrating an air compressor with greater horsepower and

tank capacity minimizes pressure variance across successive injections.

4. Identify hot surfaces and install protective guards to mitigate the risk of burn-

related injuries among operators.

5. Incorporate vents and axial flow fans to enhance airflow and decrease the cooling

duration required for the machine before barrel cleanup.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Complete Guide to PID Temperature Controllers. (2023, March 27). Ph.rs-Online.com.

https://ph.rs-online.com/web/content/discovery/ideas-and-advice/pid-temperature-

controllers-guide

Barraga, J. S. S., Contreras, J. P. A., Olivar, G. L. (2018). Design and Fabrication of

Plastic Shredder Machine with Portable Extruder.

https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=19070

Beluci, N. de C. L. de, Santos, J. dos, Carvalho, F. A. de, & Yamashita, F. (2023).

Tailored biodegradable films via extrusion blow molding using PBS, PBAT,

and TPS. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 139(5), e54820.

https://doi.org/10.1002/app.54820

Bradley, R. K. (2021) Education in plastics manufacturing: Aluminum mold making and

injection molding

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/03064190211051105?fbclid=IwAR

0lLszDGmbW0hixFHdIUV9s0GPh4USfCNWFbvcaFlnYSKkn7jXfkoIPGts

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Chen, D.-C., Chen, D.-F., Huang, S.-M., & Shyr, W.-J. (2022). The investigation of key

factors in polypropylene extrusion molding production quality. Applied

Sciences, 12(10), 5122. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12105122

Ding, Y. (2022). Effects of Extrusion Parameters and Blend Composition on LDPE/PS

PMMA Ternary Polymer Blends. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing

Engineering, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aime.2021.1000677

Fadzly, M. K., Natasha, A., & Nordin, F. (2019). Experimental investigation of plastic

part defect from plastic injection molding machine. In APPLIED PHYSICS

of CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118157

Feng, S., Kamat, A. M., & Pei, Y. (2021). Design and fabrication of conformal cooling

channels in molds: Review and progress updates. International Journal of

Heat and Mass Transfer. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2021.121082

Fischer, D., Eßbach, C., Schönherr, R., Dietrich, D., & Nickel, D. (2022). Improving

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
inner structure and properties of additive manufactured amorphous plastic parts:

The effects of extrusion nozzle diameter and layer height. Additive

Manufacturing, 51, 102596.

Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all

plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), e1700782.

Goettfert (2022). RAM- vs. Screw Extrusion?

https://www.goettfert.com/fileadmin/assets/Downloads/EN/PDF/Rheo_Info/goett

ertrheo-info-RAM-vs-Screw-Extrusion-en.pdf

Gumila N., Macahiya E., Manalo C., Oruga K., and Soriano S. (2024), Development of

PET Fibers from recycled plastic bottles through impovised spinneret

Hakkens, D. (2023). Precious Plastic Mission. Precious Plastics.

https://www.preciousplastic.com/about/mission#:~:text=Precious%20Plastic%20e

xists%20to%20reduce,by%20adopting%20zero%20waste%20lifestyles.v

Holler, R., Hrbinic, K., Reisinger, D., Alabiso, W., Schuschnigg, S., Fleisch, M.,

Waly, C., Rossegger, E., & Schlog, S. (2024). Rapid tooling for rubber

extrusion molding by digital processing 3D printing with dual curable vitrimers.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
*Applied Polymer Science*. Advance online publication.

https://doi.org/10.1002/app.202300133

Huang, P.-W., & Peng, H.-S. (2021). Number of Times Recycled and Its Effect on

the Recyclability, Fluidity and Tensile Properties of Polypropylene

InjectionMoldedParts.Sustainability,13(19),11085.https://doi.org/10.3390/

su131911085

International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology (2020). Development of

the Plastic Tile-Making Machine with Isolated Cylinder for Extrusion Process.

https://www.researchpublish.com/upload/book/paperpdf-1594297489.pdf

International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

(2021). Design and Fabrication of Plastic Extrusion Machine.

https://www.academia.edu/50897139/DESIGN_AND_FABRICATION_OF_PLA

STIC_EXTRUSION_MACHINE?auto=download

Jimoh, A., Tazou, O. L., Kimeng, H. T., & Rahmon, R. (2017). Comparative Analysis

of Recycled Waste Plastic Tiles and Alumina Ceramic Tiles with ANSYS

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
15 [Review of Comparative Analysis of Recycled Waste Plastic Tiles

and Alumina Ceramic Tiles with ANSYS 15]. https://www.researchgate.net/

publication/320811261_Comparative_Analysis_of_Recycled_Waste_Plastic_

Tiles_and_Alumina_Ceramic_Tiles_with_ANSYS_15

Liparoti, S., Speranza, V., Titomanlio, G., & Pantani, R. (2020). Effect of Rapid

Mold Heating on the Structure and Performance of Injection-Molded

Polypropylene. Polymers, 12(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020341

Melito, S. (2023, May 31). Plastic Extrusion Explained. Fictiv.

https://www.fictiv.com/articles/plastic-extrusion-explained

Morar, C., & Popescu, A. (2017, June). The Design of a Plastic Injection Mold for the

Part “TENSILE TEST SPECIMEN” [Review of THE

DESIGN OF A PLASTIC INJECTION MOLD FOR THE PART “TENSILE

TEST SPECIMEN”]. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/THE-DESIGN-

OF-A-PLASTIC-INJECTION-MOLD-FOR-THE-PART-Morar-Popescu/

bd37476e56d42348e7edbb249034146030696b56

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Murali, M. D. (2019). MODULE III -EXTRUSION PROCESSESS D.

Department of Polymer Engineering 1 PIPE EXTRUSION PROCESS Principle.

https://crescent.education/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/MODULE-III-

%E2%80%93-EXTRUSION-PROCESSES.pdf

Nastaj, A., & Wilczynski, K. (2019, December 17). Optimization for Starve Fed/

Flood Fed Single Screw Extrusion of Polymeric Materials [Review of

Optimization for Starve Fed/Flood Fed Single Screw Extrusion of

Polymeric Materials]. Andrzej Nastaj and Krzysztof Wilczyński. https://www.

semanticscholar.org/paper/Optimization-for-Starve-Fed-Flood-Fed-Single-Screw

-Nastaj-Wilczy%C5%84ski/f8f8b0dfa3ea1969998e6141e036d00cbc2610c4

Phan, T. N., Do, T. T., Son, T. A., & Minh, P. S. (2019). Study on External Gas-Assisted

Mold Temperature Control for Improving the Melt Flow Length of Thin Rib

Products in the Injection Molding Process. Advances in Materials Science

and Engineering, 2019, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5973403

Rabbi, M. S., Islam, T., & Islam, G. S. (2021). Injection-molded natural fiber-reinforced

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
polymer composites–a review. International Journal of Mechanical and Materials

Engineering, 16, 1-21.

RAM-vs. Screw Extrusion? Screw Extruder. (n.d.). Retrieved June 3, 2024, from

https://www.goettfert.com/fileadmin/assets/Downloads/EN/PDF/Rheo_Info/goettf

ert-rheo-info-RAM-vs-Screw-Extrusion-en.pdf

Ruiz, J. E. C., Cortes, H. V., Romero, E. A. M., González, L. A. C., & Velasco, H. E. C.

(2023). Development of Automated Extrusion Machine for the Production ofPET

Plastic Figures. *International Journal of Research in Engineering and Innovative

Science Studies*, 2(4), 230-238. Retrieved from https://indusedu.org/

pdfs/IJREISS/IJREISS_4130_56414.pdf

Screw Conveyor Engineering Guide. (2016, April 1). https://www.kwsmfg.com/wp-

content/themes/va/pdf/Screw-Conveyor-Engineering-Guide.pdf

Sonjaya, M. L., Mutmainnah, & Hidayat, M. F. (2022). Construction of Plastic

Waste Extruding Machine to Produce Filaments of 3D Printing Machine.

Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Muh-Hidayat-

8/publication/361955206_Construction_of_Plastic_Waste_Extruding_

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Machine_to_Produce_Filaments_of_3D_Printing_Machine/links/

63101a815eed5e4bd136ff12/Construction-of-Plastic-Waste-Extruding-Machine-

to-Produce-Filaments-of-3D-Printing-Machine.pdf

Sonjaya M., Hidayat M. (2020). Construction and Analysis of Plastic Extruder

Machine for Polyethylene Plastic Waste. International Journal of Engineering,

13(8), 715-722. https://doi.org/10.25042/epi-ije.082020.07

Types of Screw Conveyors. (2022, February 2). Screw Conveyor Parts.

https://www.screwconveyorparts.com/articles/types-of-screw-conveyors/

Types of Screw Feeders. (2022). KWS Conveying Solutions.

https://www.kwsmfg.com/engineering-guides/screw-conveyor/types-of-screw-

feeders/

Understanding Feeding Mechanisms in Extruders. (2024, January 20). Feeding

Mechanisms in Extruders – Single Screw Type. https://jfextruder.com/feeding-

mechanisms-in-extruders/

Wang, T., Jiao, D., Zhan, M., Lv, W., Gai, M., & Zong, D. (2023). Study on the

effect of the molding process on the uniformity of rubber products. Journal of

Applied Polymer Science, 139*(5), e54700. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.54700

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Yeole, P., Kim, S., Hassen, A. A., Kumar, V., Kunc, V., & Vaidya, U. (2021).

Large-scale additive manufacturing tooling for extrusion-compression molds.

Additive Manufacturing, 39, 101899.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDICES

A. PROGRAM OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING MACHINE

B. LIST OF MATERIALS

C. ACTUAL IMAGE OF PLASTIC INJECTION MOLDING

MACHINE

D. OPERATIONAL MANUAL

E. CURRICULUM VITAE OF RESEARCHERS

F. ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR THESIS/DISSERTATION ADVISER

G. ACCEPTANCE FORM AS THESIS/DISSERTATION ADVISER

H. REQUEST FOR THESIS/DISSERTATION PROPOSAL/ORAL

DEFENSE SCHEDULE

I. CERTIFICATE OF EDITING OF CAPSTONE DESIGN

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX A
PROGRAM OF THE PLASTIC
EXTRUSIONMOLDING MACHINE

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX B
LIST OF MATERIALS USED

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Item Description Specification

Mica Band Heater

PLC Module
Power Relay 24 to 220 V 24 to 220V
24V Power Supply
5/2 way Single solenoid valve w/ spring
return
Double-acting cylinder 100mm stroke
Axial Flow cooling fan 220V
Circuit Breaker
Micro Limit Switch Roller-type
Terminal Box Connector 2 in 12 out
Micro Limit Switch 2 in 6 out
Wire Terminal 15 amps
Terminal Block (Plastic Wire Connector) 20 amps
Wire Terminal 20 amps
Yellow, NC + NO
Push Button
Red, NC
Push Button Green, NO
Selector Switch Latching, 3 positions
PID temperature controller Rex-c700
K-type thermocouple
Pilot Light 24V

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Pneumatic Brass fittings
Wire Insulation
Foam Insulation
Pneumatic Hose 6x4
Foam Insulation 8x5
Pneumatic Hose 12x8
Pneumatic Y adaptor PW12-8
Pneumatic Quick Connector PCF12-02
3/2 way valve
Cable Gland
Auger Drill Bit
Cable Duct
Din Rail
Control Panel
Coupling

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX C
ACTUAL IMAGE OF PLASTIC EXTRUSION
MOLDING MACHINE

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX D
OPERATIONAL MANUAL

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
I. Temperature Control Manual

Operating Procedures

1. Ensure that the temperature controller display shows all the necessary

information i.e. Set Value, Process Value, Output Indicator, and

Alarm.

2. When changing the Set Value or target temperature access the device’s

settings by pressing on the set button.

3. Change the temperature by using the up and down button to increase

or decrease the numerical value, and the left button to change unit

place. Press the Set button to enter the current value.

4. During calibration access the device’s advanced settings by holding

the Set button for 3 seconds.

5. To choose a control band to calibrate use the Left button to change the

band displayed in the screen.

6. To calibrate a specific band, choose the band that is needed to be

adjusted and press the Set button. This would enable the adjustment of

the band’s value using the arrow keys.

7. After calibration hold the set button for 3 seconds to enter the updated

values.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
II. Extruder Machine Manual

Operating Procedures

1. During start up pre-heat the machine for 30 minutes or until the Set

temperature has been reached as indicated by the Temperature

controller display.

2. When the machine is at the required temperature use the3-position

selector switch to choose between 3 states, Automatic Mode, Manual

Mode, and the Idle Mode.

3. The Idle mode will not allow the user to operate the machine no matter

which button is pressed.

4. The Manual mode will activate a green light indicating that it will

allow the user to press and hold specific buttons to manually activate

the machine’s processes.

5. Press and Hold the Motor Button to start the operation of the screw

feeder. The mechanism will stop upon the release of the button.

6. Press the mold holder to put the mold in position and latch it in place.

Press the button again to release the mold and replace it.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
7. Press the Extrude Button to actuate the ram extruder and facilitate

extrusion.

8. The Automatic Mode will only start if the Start button is pressed.

9. Upon pressing the Start button a green indicator light will turn on and

the machine will start 5 cycles using pre-programmed timers and

counters before stopping and activating a red light.

10. The user can also manually stop the Automatic mode in between

cycles by pressing the Stop Button.

Maintenance

1. Maintain cleanliness within the area.

2. Avoid water and/or other liquids to make contact with the machine to

prevent rust and corrosion.

3. Check if the plunger and melting chamber has a tight fit. If the plunger

has room for movement inside the chamber consider replacing the

plunger.

4. Align the plunger and the melting chamber properly when replacing or

reinstalling the ram.

5. Check if the pneumatic cylinder and Hoses are puncture and/or

leaking.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
6. Lubricate the bushing of the screw feeder motor and tighten the

coupling.

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM VITAE

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

KATHYRINE A. DIAZ
Saimsim, Malabanan, Balete Batangas
0977-441-6423
[email protected]

CAREER OBJECTIVE:

Gain practical experience in applying theoretical knowledge of mechanical, electrical,

control, and computer engineering to solve real-world problems in mechatronics systems.

PERSONAL INFORMATION EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY TNEU JPLPC –
Birthdate: December 08, 2001 MALVAR

Age: 22 years old Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering

Sex: Female S.Y 2020-Present

St. Augustine School of Nursing Lipa Campus

Birthplace: Lipa City
Science, Technology, Engineering Mathematics (STEM)
Status: Single
S.Y 2018-2020
Height: 167 cm
Bulacnin Integrated National high school
Weight: 55 kgs.
S.Y 2014-2018
Citizenship: Filipino Bulacnin Integrated Elementary School

Religion: Roman Catholic S.Y 2008-2014

SKILLS

• Knowledge in using Arduino

• Willing to learn and be trained
• Long Patience
• Trustworthy Person
• Approachable and Flexible
• PLC
• Basic Knowledge of Solidworks

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AWARD/RECOGNITION

• Basic Occupational Safety and Health (SO2)

• Computer System Servicing NCII

WORK EXPERIENCE

• On-the-job training at the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS AND TRAINING ATTENDED

Basic Occupational Safety and Health Mechatronics Servicing NCII Training

and Review Workshop
Batangas State University – TNEU
Batangas State University – TNEU
JPLPC Malvar- Poblacion, Malvar, JPLPC Malvar, Batangas
December 02, 2023
Batangas
Computer System Servicing NCII
July 03-06, 2023 Training
TM Kalaw St. Balintawak, Lipa City
February 13-March 22, 2024

CHARACTER REFERENCE Mark Lester Guray

Teacher
Mr. Raymond G. Blanco – AOSHC
0905-831-6732
DOLE Accredited OSH Consultant Engr. Darwin Tiquio
[email protected]
ATCS Training Director 0909-372-6280

0968-683-6450

DIAZ, KATHYRINE A.
Researcher

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MAGDAONG, JOYCE M.
560. San. Antonio, Sto Tomas City, Batangas
[email protected]
(0910) 413 1642
OBJECTIVES
To acquire a challenging position that can harness and
maximize the skills and knowledge to be the best of my
abilities. I had acquired with an end goal of obtaining the
necessary skill for future advancement.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
College: Batangas State University JPLPC – Malvar
Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering
G. Leviste St. Poblacion, Malvar, Batangas
A.Y. 2020 – Present

Senior High: Sto. Tomas Senior High School

Academic Track (Science Technology Engineering &
Mathematics)
San. Miguel, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas
With Honors
A.Y. 2018 – 2020

Junior High: San. Pedro National High School

San Pedro, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas
With Honors
A.Y. 2016 – 2018

Sta. Clara National High School

Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas
With Honors
A.Y. 2014 – 2016

Primary Sta. Clara Elementary High School

Sta. Clara, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas
With Honors
A.Y. 2008 – 2014

100

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATION
• Certified Safety Officer 2 (SO2) AVIE Training and
Consultancy Services
Control No. ATCS – BOSHTO723 – JMM – 1786 July 06, 2023

WORK EXPERIENCE
• Mariwasa Siam Ceramics, Inc.
Barangay San Antonio, Sto. Tomas City, Batangas
Maintenance Department
(Mechatronics Intern)
February 06, 2024 – May 6, 2024

SKILLS & TECHNOLOGIES

• Arduino Programming
• AutoCAD
• PLC
• Strong written and verbal communications skills
• Fast learner with a positive attitude
• Organize, Accurate, and Detail Oriented
• Determined
• Flexible
• Patience
• Computer literate

SEMINARS/TRAININGS AND WORKSHOP ATTENDED

• Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH)
Batangas State UniversityTNEU Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar Batangas

• Exploring the Synergy: Robotics in Mechatronics Engineering and the

Kinematics and Dynamics of Robots
Batangas State UniversityTNEU Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar Batangas

• SmartMesh: Wireless Sensor Network for Tough Industrial IoT Applications

Batangas State UniversityTNEU Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar Batangas

101

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• Mechatronics Servicing NCII Training Review and Workshop

Batangas State UniversityTNEU Leviste St., Poblacion, Malvar Batangas

CHARACTER REFERENCE
Raymond Blanco
Licensed DOLE OSH Consultant
[email protected]
0968 683 6450

Darwin Magpantay Tiquio

Mechatronics Engineer
09093726280

MAGDAONG, JOYCE M.

Researcher

102

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Lance Lawrence V. Ortiz

237 Zone 2, Natatas, Tanauan city, Batangas
0965 648 5434
[email protected]
[email protected]

PROFILE
A Mechatronics Engineering student who has passion for Automation and Robotics; A
keen problem solver and leader that seeks to further improve by applying the techniques
and theories learned from school in a professional environment.

SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATION AND SKILLS

• Certified Safety Officer II
Serial No. ATCS-BOSHT0723-LVO-1802

• Mechatronics Servicing NCII

Reference No. MEC240434110000009
• Working knowledge of PLC programming and troubleshooting
• PLC Hardware and Programming
• Arduino and ESP based Robotics
• Java, Python, and C++ Programming
• Strong written and verbal communication skills

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

• TERTIARY
Batangas State University-TNEU, JPLPC Malvar campus
(2020 - Present)

103

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

• SECONDARY
La Consolacion College Tanauan
(2018-2020)

Natatas National High School

(2014-2018)
• PRIMARY
Natatas Elementary School
(2008-2014)

ATTENDED TRAININGS AND SEMINARS

• On-Job-Training
Mariwa Siam Ceramics, Inc.
February 2024 – April 2024
• Mechatronics Servicing NCII Training and Review
December 2, 2023
• Smartmesh Wireless Sensor Network for Tough IoT Applications
October 2, 2023
• Mastering the Art of Kinematics and Dynamics of Robots - Erovoutika
October 1, 2023
• 40-Hour Basic Occupational Safety and Health Seminar and Training
July 2-6, 2023

CHARACTER REFERENCE

• ENGR.DARWIN M. TIQUIO RME, MEXE

Instructor-Batangas State University-TNEU JPLPC Malvar Campus
[email protected]
0909 372 6280

Ortiz, Lance Lawrence V.

Researcher
104

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX F
ENDORSEMENT FORM FOR
THESIS/DISSERTATION ADVISER

105

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

106

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX G
ACCEPTANCE FORM AS
THESIS/DISSERTATION ADVISER

107

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

108

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX H
REQUEST FOR THESIS/DISSERTATION
PROPOSAL/ORAL DEFENSE SCHEDULE

109

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

110

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPENDIX I
CERTIFICATE OF EDITING OF CAPSTONE
DESIGN

111

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

112

Leading Innovation, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

Physics by National Book Foundation
50% (2)
Physics by National Book Foundation
7 pages
Salted Egg Cleanser Machine Manuscript
No ratings yet
Salted Egg Cleanser Machine Manuscript
86 pages
PET Bottle Crusher With Bottleneck and Base Cutter Engr. Aldrin Bernardo 1
No ratings yet
PET Bottle Crusher With Bottleneck and Base Cutter Engr. Aldrin Bernardo 1
84 pages
Development of Strips Extracting Machine Using Recycled PET Bottles at Binay Subdivision
No ratings yet
Development of Strips Extracting Machine Using Recycled PET Bottles at Binay Subdivision
140 pages
The Design and Fabrication of A Plastic - Sand Brick Machine
No ratings yet
The Design and Fabrication of A Plastic - Sand Brick Machine
105 pages
PikachuV8 Agus 29 2024
No ratings yet
PikachuV8 Agus 29 2024
98 pages
Dela Cruz Lennon Methods
No ratings yet
Dela Cruz Lennon Methods
30 pages
Single Motored Plastic Shredder With Integrated Extruder - Docx Joshua Thesisi Gogogog 1
100% (1)
Single Motored Plastic Shredder With Integrated Extruder - Docx Joshua Thesisi Gogogog 1
20 pages
(Manuscript) Development of Essential Oil Extraction Machine That Utilize Direct Steam Distillation
No ratings yet
(Manuscript) Development of Essential Oil Extraction Machine That Utilize Direct Steam Distillation
107 pages
Final Binding
No ratings yet
Final Binding
98 pages
Automatic Waste Plastic Recycle Machine Integrated With Extrusion Hopper Mechanism
No ratings yet
Automatic Waste Plastic Recycle Machine Integrated With Extrusion Hopper Mechanism
10 pages
Markmanuel Agbezibe 19eng06035
No ratings yet
Markmanuel Agbezibe 19eng06035
84 pages
(##) Waste Plastic Into Brick Making Machine
No ratings yet
(##) Waste Plastic Into Brick Making Machine
76 pages
Fin Irjmets1729501423
No ratings yet
Fin Irjmets1729501423
6 pages
Clutch and Braking Mechanism Design For Wind Turbine (3 Bladed HAWT)
No ratings yet
Clutch and Braking Mechanism Design For Wind Turbine (3 Bladed HAWT)
96 pages
Plastic Pulverizer
No ratings yet
Plastic Pulverizer
23 pages
Design, Fabrication, Commissioning and Maintenance of Reciprocating Ice Cream Mixer (Sorbetes)
No ratings yet
Design, Fabrication, Commissioning and Maintenance of Reciprocating Ice Cream Mixer (Sorbetes)
7 pages
FULL MANUSCRIPT BSMEXE Design of Optimized Mid Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade DelMundoJ.L DubloisM.M LunaN.O NajitoCG.D RosalesA.M 1
No ratings yet
FULL MANUSCRIPT BSMEXE Design of Optimized Mid Scale Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade DelMundoJ.L DubloisM.M LunaN.O NajitoCG.D RosalesA.M 1
171 pages
For Bookbindemel
No ratings yet
For Bookbindemel
82 pages
Acknowledgement
No ratings yet
Acknowledgement
1 page
Designing of Plastic Shredder
80% (5)
Designing of Plastic Shredder
32 pages
Berhanu 1
No ratings yet
Berhanu 1
92 pages
Construction and Analysis of Plastic Extruder Machine For Polyethylene Plastic Waste
No ratings yet
Construction and Analysis of Plastic Extruder Machine For Polyethylene Plastic Waste
6 pages
Nueva Vizcaya State University: Epublic of The Philippines Bambang Campus Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
No ratings yet
Nueva Vizcaya State University: Epublic of The Philippines Bambang Campus Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
31 pages
Robotic Vacuum Cleaner Design To Mitigate Slip Errors in Warehouses
No ratings yet
Robotic Vacuum Cleaner Design To Mitigate Slip Errors in Warehouses
84 pages
E KATIG Whole Manuscript
No ratings yet
E KATIG Whole Manuscript
86 pages
Tgfewsagt
No ratings yet
Tgfewsagt
12 pages
Plastic Granulated Machine
No ratings yet
Plastic Granulated Machine
51 pages
PreFinalYearProject Hemanth
No ratings yet
PreFinalYearProject Hemanth
41 pages
Ilovepdf Merged PDF
No ratings yet
Ilovepdf Merged PDF
77 pages
Design and Development of Plastic Recycle Machine Ijariie4084
No ratings yet
Design and Development of Plastic Recycle Machine Ijariie4084
6 pages
Thesis Sheets
No ratings yet
Thesis Sheets
12 pages
Design of A Manually Operated Waste Plastic Recycling Machine-1
No ratings yet
Design of A Manually Operated Waste Plastic Recycling Machine-1
19 pages
Development of Cost-Effective Injection Molding Machine For Producing Plastic Wares Product Using Recycled Thermoplastic Wastes
No ratings yet
Development of Cost-Effective Injection Molding Machine For Producing Plastic Wares Product Using Recycled Thermoplastic Wastes
28 pages
Project Report - 1 Garbage Collector Report 1
100% (1)
Project Report - 1 Garbage Collector Report 1
7 pages
Acknowledgement: Bataan Peninsula State University
No ratings yet
Acknowledgement: Bataan Peninsula State University
1 page
Plactic Crushing Recyle Machine Thesis
100% (2)
Plactic Crushing Recyle Machine Thesis
126 pages
Acknowledgement
No ratings yet
Acknowledgement
1 page
Automatic Waste Plastic Recycle Machine
No ratings yet
Automatic Waste Plastic Recycle Machine
10 pages
Sand Cleaning Machine
No ratings yet
Sand Cleaning Machine
6 pages
EDITED PrelemsFinalNaSana 1
No ratings yet
EDITED PrelemsFinalNaSana 1
11 pages
Asphalt Cleaner Machine
No ratings yet
Asphalt Cleaner Machine
85 pages
PLASTIC SHREDDE-WPS Office-Merged
No ratings yet
PLASTIC SHREDDE-WPS Office-Merged
29 pages
Research Paper
No ratings yet
Research Paper
4 pages
Research Proposal
No ratings yet
Research Proposal
4 pages
Manually Controlled Beach Cleaning Machine
75% (4)
Manually Controlled Beach Cleaning Machine
32 pages
Project Report 1,2,3
No ratings yet
Project Report 1,2,3
6 pages
Design and Fabrication of Plastic Shredder
100% (2)
Design and Fabrication of Plastic Shredder
56 pages
Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production From Banana Pseudostem
No ratings yet
Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production From Banana Pseudostem
6 pages
Fabrication of Plastic Brick Manufacturing Machine and Brick Analysis
No ratings yet
Fabrication of Plastic Brick Manufacturing Machine and Brick Analysis
75 pages
Zeroth Review by Aathi's Project Group
No ratings yet
Zeroth Review by Aathi's Project Group
14 pages
Solar Documents
No ratings yet
Solar Documents
46 pages
University of Gondar Institute of Technology School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
No ratings yet
University of Gondar Institute of Technology School of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
102 pages
Cassava Chips Slicing and Drying Machine
No ratings yet
Cassava Chips Slicing and Drying Machine
167 pages
Proposal Report
No ratings yet
Proposal Report
26 pages
IN 17-ME4202-FYP-Final-Report-Group-07
No ratings yet
IN 17-ME4202-FYP-Final-Report-Group-07
92 pages
3d Printer Filament Extruder
No ratings yet
3d Printer Filament Extruder
5 pages
PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT BY MECHANICAL SHREDDER MACHINE Ijariie10182
100% (1)
PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT BY MECHANICAL SHREDDER MACHINE Ijariie10182
6 pages
Safety 12 02
No ratings yet
Safety 12 02
114 pages
Toolbox Solidworks 2016
No ratings yet
Toolbox Solidworks 2016
53 pages
Shock Absorber Dynamometer
100% (2)
Shock Absorber Dynamometer
19 pages
Chemistry Form Four: Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry
No ratings yet
Chemistry Form Four: Chapter 9: Manufactured Substances in Industry
18 pages
PSCON01-02 (HPCL Nagaon) PDF
100% (1)
PSCON01-02 (HPCL Nagaon) PDF
120 pages
Tle
No ratings yet
Tle
7 pages
Agricultural Engineering
No ratings yet
Agricultural Engineering
5 pages
problems-A.C. Circuit Complex
No ratings yet
problems-A.C. Circuit Complex
2 pages
Proposal For 365 Farms Nig. LTD
No ratings yet
Proposal For 365 Farms Nig. LTD
12 pages
Dežela Celjska in Your Pocket
No ratings yet
Dežela Celjska in Your Pocket
85 pages
Dynamic Response Analysis of Induction Motor Drive Influenced by Controller Design Methods
No ratings yet
Dynamic Response Analysis of Induction Motor Drive Influenced by Controller Design Methods
9 pages
The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology RobertGreenway
No ratings yet
The Wilderness Effect and Ecopsychology RobertGreenway
13 pages
Geometry Exercises 2: Parallelogram Rule
No ratings yet
Geometry Exercises 2: Parallelogram Rule
2 pages
Skyscrapers
No ratings yet
Skyscrapers
23 pages
Wecall Catalog
100% (2)
Wecall Catalog
20 pages
Stoic H Practice Key
No ratings yet
Stoic H Practice Key
2 pages
Specification of UCS & Point Load Test
No ratings yet
Specification of UCS & Point Load Test
48 pages
Lec 4
No ratings yet
Lec 4
15 pages
Anthotypes Explore The Darkroom in Your Garden and Make Photographs Using Plants 1466261005 9781466261006 - Compress
No ratings yet
Anthotypes Explore The Darkroom in Your Garden and Make Photographs Using Plants 1466261005 9781466261006 - Compress
100 pages
Resume Film
No ratings yet
Resume Film
1 page
How The Rib of Adam Is Incorrectly Translated
No ratings yet
How The Rib of Adam Is Incorrectly Translated
5 pages
MAT301 Lecture Notes 2018version
No ratings yet
MAT301 Lecture Notes 2018version
99 pages
VASTU
100% (1)
VASTU
53 pages
MATLAB Solution To Microwave Engineering Pozar 4th Ed. Example 1.5
No ratings yet
MATLAB Solution To Microwave Engineering Pozar 4th Ed. Example 1.5
5 pages
Mastertop 1210i M 12-04
No ratings yet
Mastertop 1210i M 12-04
3 pages
The Cost of Obesity and Related NCDs in Brazil
No ratings yet
The Cost of Obesity and Related NCDs in Brazil
9 pages
Controller and Io Port
No ratings yet
Controller and Io Port
3 pages
Understanding Contours - Handout PDF
No ratings yet
Understanding Contours - Handout PDF
5 pages
City School Itep Test
100% (4)
City School Itep Test
4 pages