A Review of Green Hydrogen for Economical

and Feasible Alternate Aligning with net-zero

Fatima Khan Dr. Ravishankar Dudhe
Ayush Kumar SOEIT SOEIT
SOEIT Manipal Academy Of Higher Manipal Academy Of Higher Education
Manipal Academy Of Higher Education Education Dubai,United Arab Emirates
Dubai,United Arab Emirates Dubai,United Arab Emirates [email protected]
[email protected] khanfatima.mohamed@dxb.
manipal.edu
2023 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET) | 978-1-6654-5474-2/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ASET56582.2023.10180439

Abstract – The development of energy has led to significant source of renewable energy for countries trying to catch up
leaps in the industrialization of the global economy however it with the Paris climate agreement.
has taken place at the expense of our environmental The use of renewable energy increased by 3% in 2020
surroundings. Renewable energy lays the groundwork for a because of decline in demand of other category of fuels, the
future generation towards a sustainable green world economy
that is increasingly less reliant on non-renewable sources of
primary driver was an almost 7% growth in electricity from
energy which with high consumption has declined in proportion renewable sources. Even with decreasing electricity demand,
and has become less economically viable in the long term. The supply chain issues, and building delays in many regions of
current scenario for renewable energy dictates a high the world, long-term contracts, priority access to the grid, and
dependency on wind and hydro energy for production yet a continual installation of new plants supported the rise of
general reliance on chemical energy to store and transport. renewable energy sources [2], As a result, from 27% in 2019
These steps though implemented to meet the Paris Agreement to 29% in 2020, the proportion of renewable energy sources
an individual SDG goals are hindered by the use of chemical in the world's electricity generation increased, this is precisely
energy as a means of storage for this energy. However, Green the reason why green hydrogen has become the new subject of
Hydrogen offers an eco-friendly solution to this predicament to
help reach a better, cleaner energy mix. This paper seeks to
interest in the renewable energy market which is constantly
expand on already existing knowledge on currently existing fuel evolving and searching desperately for alternatives to the
cell technologies, industrial impact across various sectors and current energy mix. [3].
research being conducted on various techniques of hydrogen
storage as well as the case-by-case study of adoption of hydrogen II. HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESS
economy in multiple regions across the globe. A. Hydrogen production
Keywords—Green Hydrogen Economy, Fuel Cells,
Electrolyzers, Decarbonization, Clean Energy, Zero Emission.

I. INTRODUCTION
A net zero energy system must include hydrogen, which also
plays a significant role in decarbonizing sectors like heavy
industrial and long-distance transportation that are
challenging to electrify.
All hydrogen types (green hydrogen), present a realistic
opportunity for reducing the carbon footprints of hard-to-
abate and hard-to-electrify sectors such as chemical, steel,
shipping, aviation, and long-haul transportation. Dependent Fig. 1: Electrolysis Steam Gas Reforming and Pyrolysis [3]
on the underlying technology used in production of this Although it is a plentiful element on Earth, hydrogen must be
hydrogen, it can be categorized into eight types labeled by converted into pure hydrogen (H2) before it can be used in
color, namely: black, brown, grey, turquoise, blue, yellow, fuel cells for electric vehicles since it is nearly always present
pink, and green hydrogen types. In these eight types, black, as a component of another chemical, such as water (H2O) or
turquoise, blue and brown hydrogen are derived from fossil methane (CH4).
fuels. Electrolysis is used to create yellow and pink hydrogen,
however electricity generated is sourced from nuclear plants
Reforming process, Electrolysis, Renewable Liquid
[1].
Reforming, and Fermentation shown in Fig. 1 are most
Green hydrogen is purely electrolysis-based, with the
widely used methods for hydrogen production from Natural
necessary electricity generated by renewable energy types
gas extraction and renewable sources. Apart from the
such as solar and wind. There is a significant amount of green
methods mentioned above there are several hydrogen
hydrogen potential in the world, which is equivalent to more
production methods are in development like High-
than 20 times the primary energy requirement in 2050.
Temperature Water Splitting, Photobiological Water
This study focuses on the potential for producing green
Splitting, and Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting [4], [5]
hydrogen as an alternative fuel in major carbon positive
sectors and expand on the potential for carbon as a driving

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
B. Fuel Cell • Molecular hydrogen may be adsorbed onto or into a
substance and be held there by comparatively weak
Fuel cell systems allow for the generation of clean energy
physical van der Waals bonds.
when used in conjunction with a fuel storage system and
• Atomic hydrogen may be chemically bonded
hydrogen recycling. Hydrogen fuel cells provide a wide
(absorbed). Additionally, it is helpful to break down
variety of power capabilities, from sub-kW individual cells to
chemically based storage systems into two
MW-scale virtual power plants [6]. The efficiency of
subcategories: metal hydrides and chemical
electrolysis is between 60 and 70 percent. Diesel engines can
hydrides [9].
use roughly 40% of the energy contained in the fuel,
compared to a modern gasoline engine's efficiency of about
24% [6].

There are now six major types of hydrogen fuel cells in use.
Depending on their working temperature, these fuel cell types
can convert various gases into electricity, employ various
electrolytes, and be categorized as low, medium, or high
temperature fuel cells. The following categories shown in
table 1 are explicitly attributed to each type of fuel cell:

Table 1: Comparison of different fuel cells [6], [7]. Fig. 2: Different categories of hydrogen Storage
Technologies [9].
Type Working Performance Cell IV. USING GREEN HYDROGEN TO STORE RENEWABLE ENERGY
temperature range efficiency
The aspect of green hydrogen that has attracted the most
Alkaline fuel 20℃ - 90℃ Up to 100 60% - attention in recent years is its use case as a storage facility for
cell (AFC) kW 70% renewable energy such as solar energy, hydro energy, and
wind energy. Mitsubishi power along with fuel cell storage
Proton 20℃ - 80℃ Up to 500 50% - company magnum development are working on a project in
exchange kW 70% Utah called Advanced Clean Energy Storage (ACES) Project
membrane shown in Fig. 3, the salt caverns of the project will be ableto
fuel cell store more than 5,500 metric tons of hydrogen. One cavernhas
(PEMFC) the capacity to store 150 gigawatt hours (GWh) of carbon-
free dispatchable energy or decarbonized fuel that can be
Direct 20℃ - Up to 100 20% - utilized in other sectors of the economy. Comparatively, the
methanol fuel 130℃ kW 30% installed base of battery energy storage in the United States is
cell (DMFC) estimated by the Energy Information Administration (EIA)
2020 report to be 1.2 GWh. As a result, exploiting saltcaverns
Phosphoric 160℃ - Up to 10 55% as energy storage presents a tremendous opportunityto extend
acid fuel cell 220℃ MW the availability of energy storage resources across the United
(PAFC) States and to support the expansion of renewable energy
sources [10].
Molten 620℃ - Up to 100 65%
carbonate fuel 660℃ MW
cell (MCFC)

Solid oxide 800℃ - Up to 100 60% -

fuel cell 1000℃ MW 65%
(SOFC)

III. HYDROGEN STORAGE

Development in the field of green hydrogen energy and fuel
cell technologies will prove to be a key factor in shaping up
the portable power industry, automotive industry, and
transportation industry [8].

Storage of hydrogen in salt taverns is already in full-scale use Fig. 3: Layout of ACES project[10]
across the industry, over the course of time other options have
shown the promise to be at full scale availability. These V. INDUSTRIAL IMPACT
Hydrogen storage technologies can be majorly kept in three A. Steel Industry
main categories as shown in Fig. 2 : 1) Current scenario
• Pure molecular hydrogen may be kept in storage as
a gas or a liquid with little to no physical or chemical
bonding to other substances.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
With modern technology, a lot of coal is needed to produce
iron and steel. On average, 1.85 tons of CO2 are emitted into
the atmosphere for every ton of steel produced.
Two steps are usually included in the manufacture of steel:
Using blast furnaces, for example, iron ore is first
transformed into iron, which is subsequently transformed into
steel using the basic oxygen converter process this is shown
in Fig. 5.

Fig. 4: Production Flow of Manufacturing Steel Using

Non-Renewable Energy [11].
Fig. 6: Cycle of Shipping Industry
In order to decarbonize the iron-making process,
carbon/carbon monoxide must be swapped out for a gas that 1) Effect on climate
produces less or no carbon emissions, like methane or Based on a freight model for the world's shipping routes, the
hydrogen. Methane (CH4), a chemical molecule that contains International Transport Forum presents baseline forecasts for
both carbon and hydrogen, could be used to partially replace the CO2 emissions in 2035 and for the year 2015.[12]
CO2 emissions with water vapor (H2O). Since hydrogen In contrast to domestic routes, container ships, bulk carriers,
(H2) only produces water vapor as a chemical by-product, and oil tankers are the main sources of GHG emissions in the
using it would enable the process to be totally decarbonized maritime industry as shown in Fig. 8. The IMO's targets are
this is shown in Fig. 6 [11]. normalized over transportation activities, and from this
perspective, international shipping emits less CO2 than other
modes of transportation.

Fig. 5: Production Flow of Manufacturing Steel Using

Renewable Energy [11].
2) Impact of green hydrogen steel production in
Germany.
Given a 50–55 kWh supply to 1 kg of hydrogen and 50 kg of
hydrogen to produce a ton of steel, the annual production of
42 Mt of steel in Germany—the top producer of steel in the
EU—would require around 100 TWh of renewable energy.
This extra 100 TWh of electricity would result in a 20% rise
in Germany's overall electricity demand.
Fig. 7: Greenhouse gas emission data comparison [13].
A ton of steel currently costs around €400 to produce,
including the roughly €50 needed for the coal used in Thus, green hydrogen will play an important role due to
manufacture. At current best rates (€3.6/kg), replacing this economies of scale, advancements in technology, and the use
coal with hydrogen would need roughly €180 in hydrogen, of renewable energy sources, the cost of producing green
which would raise the overall cost of a ton of steel by about hydrogen which is expected to drop dramatically over the
a third. By 2030, if hydrogen is produced on a big scale, the course of the next ten years. It should be noted that costs for
price might drop to €1.80/kg, which would result in a 10% creating green hydrogen have decreased by 50% since 2015
decrease in the cost of Steel production using green hydrogen and may further decrease by 30% by 2025. Currently, gray
versus conventional methods [11]. hydrogen costs €0.045/kWh while green hydrogen costs
B. Shipping industry €0.1-0.15/kWh. However, green hydrogen is "already cost
competitive" in narrow applications under the condition that
Since shipping accounts for between 80 and 90 percent of all current regulatory frameworks and market trends hold [13].
international trade, it is essential to the global economy.
Shipping contributes only 3% of the world's total greenhouse C. Transport industry
gas (GHG) emissions, thus the industry will likely undergo 1) Current Scenario
significant technological improvements as a result of severe The transportation industry is the second-largest source of
environmental rules governing NOx, SOx, and CO2 emissions, CO2 emissions, contributing around 25% of all emissions
entire cycle is shown in Fig. 7[12], [13].

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
worldwide. The problem of decarbonization is made much The sector will need to adapt technologies created for the
more difficult by the fact that the level of difficulty in automotive and space industries to commercial aviation
decarbonizing differs greatly throughout the sector, Fig. 9 operations while meeting comparable or higher safety
provides a layout of the different fuels used in different standards. Direct hydrogen utilization also shows promise.
sectors. These issues necessitate immediate solutions from industry
Up until now, initiatives for reducing emissions have been executives and legislators due to the extremely long lead
centered on increasing system- and vehicle-level efficiency, times for aircraft development and certification [14].
mode switching, and electrification. VI. GREEN HYDROGEN AND ITS ECONOMICAL SETBACKS
2) Potential of green hydrogen in transportation industry
Deploying enabling infrastructure to facilitate innovation at According to a UNEP report, the developing world has been
scale and switching to low-carbon fuels are however unable to participate in the research, development, and
necessary for sector-wide decarbonization paths. Research, deployment (RDD) of hydrogen and related technologies
Development and Commercial Success of Fuel Cell Electric Because of a shortage of resources and qualified engineers,
Vehicles (FCEVs) is key to unlocking the true potential of many emerging nations will experience the shift to a
green hydrogen [14]. hydrogen economy at a subsequently delayed pace.
This assumption is supported by the geography of the
implemented and proposed hydrogen policies.
An overall map of the amount of activity/level of growth in
the development of hydrogen strategies is shown in Fig. 9
below, along with a tabular representation of countries and
their total annual funding potentially available for hydrogen
(Table 2). This graph conclusively shows that, in comparison
to the rest of the globe, the hydrogen economic growth in
Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia is
significantly different from that in the rest of the world [1].

Fig. 8: Hydrogen Application in the Mobility Sector [14].

3) Road Transport
About 20% of the world's energy-related CO2 emissions and
75% of emissions specifically related to transportation are
produced by motor vehicles. The affordability of refueling
infrastructure and total cost of ownership will determine how
competitive renewable hydrogen is. Key benefits include
quick refilling times, minimal weight gain from stored
energy, and no tailpipe emissions. Due to their smaller
environmental impact when compared to lithium batteries,
fuel cells also exhibit promise. The greatest potential is in
Fig. 9: Country activities with respect to hydrogen
long-distance and heavy-duty vehicles, but expenditures are
development strategies[1], [15].
needed to reduce the supplied price of hydrogen. Taxis,buses,
and other captive fleets can assist in overcoming the Region Targeted Technology- Total annual
difficulties posed by poor refueling station use and leading support neutral funds funding
the adoption of hydrogen [14]. for H2 for which H2 potentially
4) Rail Transport (in projects can available for
One of the cleanest and most energy-efficient modes of billions) apply hydrogen
transportation is rail. Only 3% of the energy consumed and (in billions)
1% of the CO2 emissions for the entire transportation European <0.5 ~4.56 ~4.56 billions
industry are accounted for by trains, which carry 9% of all Union
motorized people and 7% of all freight globally. In rail freight Germany >1.75 ~0.5 ~2.25 billion
and rural/regional lines where large lengths and low network Australia <0.5 1.25-1.5 1.5-2 billion
utilization do not justify the high costs associated with track Netherlands <0.5 1.25-1.5 ~1.75 billion
electrification, renewable hydrogen-powered trains may be Japan 0.75-1.0 <0.5 1.0-1.25 billion
most competitive. However, to increase economics and France 0.75-1 <0.5 0.75-1 billion
scalability, innovation in hydrogen compression and storage Italy 0.75-1 <0.5 ~0.75 billion
will be required. United <0.5 <0.5 <1.0 billion
5) Aviation Transport Kingdom
Around 3% of the world's energy-related CO2 emissions and Republic 0.5-1 <0.25 0.5-0.75 billion
12% of the emissions from the transportation sector were of Korea
attributable to aviation in 2019.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 United <0.5 <0.25 ~0.5 billion electricity as energy storage for export purposes. This region
States is well suited for solar technologies like concentrated solar
Table 2: Average annual funding potentially available for power and photovoltaics due to its characteristics of high
hydrogen projects, 2020(in billions) [16]. solar irradiance and vast empty lands as demonstrated by Fig.
11 displaying the vast expanse of solar energy applicable
This can aggravate the issues of poverty and malnutrition in areas in the UAE. The management of concentrated solar
the corresponding areas and result in even bigger disparity power and photovoltaics in the UAE, as well as the
between the per capita income levels of advanced and optimization of hydrogen distribution routes based on the
developing countries. The UNEP experts propose a potential locations of hydrogen production sites, may spur further
remedy: wide ranging support from international advancement in the United Arab Emirates' usage of green
organizations, particularly international development hydrogen [17], [18].
agencies, for the introduction of hydrogen in underdeveloped
nations [1]. B. Africa

VII. CASE STUDIES

Africa, as a region with an abundance of renewable energy
This regional analysis seeks to inspect the potential sources and a growing energy demand creates a model
applications and the preexisting technology with regards to scenario for utilization of green hydrogen to promote
the progress made in countries across the world to highlight economic growth, increase employment and meet global
the scope of green hydrogen implementation. targets for CO2 reduction, which were previously expected to
A. Asia be difficult to achieve as per the current energy mix of the
region displayed in Fig. 12.
Owing to research done to increase scope in renewable Some African governments, such as South Africa, Egypt, and
energy sources, countries in Asia have made significant Morocco, have already begun to pursue more environmental
progress in regard to Green Hydrogen Technology. policies, believing that green hydrogen will aid in meeting
national energy and decarburization targets [21].
1) Middle East Example: United Arab Emirates Africa’s abundance of platinum with South Africa accounting
for 75% of the world platinum deposits can be ideal for
utilizing (PEM) electrolyzers which use platinum as catalyst.
This, and the many other resources present in this region can
help it implement green hydrogen as a critical component for
decarburization and although challenges such as production
cost routes, initial investments and ventures are posed, the
expected advantages from the developing hydrogen economy
on the country are undeniable [21].

Fig. 10: Solar energy applicable areas, suggested plant

location and export ports in the UAE [17].
A report conducted by IRENA in 2018 claimed that Fig. 11: Energy demand percentage in Africa [21].
renewable energies make up only 2 percent of the UAE's
energy mix, leaving it vulnerable to environmental C. EUROPE
consequences associated with such. Due to the increasing In late 2019, the European Commission (EC) unveiled the
need for clean alternative energy sources, renewable energy European Green Deal, which outlines the key legislative steps
technologies such as green hydrogen energy are a feasible to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. The Green Deal
choice for determining the direction of the region's energy names clean hydrogen as a top objective for reaching carbon
industry in the future. neutrality by 2050.However, to convert the 9.75 Mt of
One of the most advantageous routes for producing hydrogen hydrogen produced annually in the EU to electrolysis, would
at scale using solar energy is thought to be concentrated solar take 290 TWh of power (about 10 percent of current
power plants. The difficulty of a variable energy supply from production). Only a percentage of prime areas may be needed
solar technologies can be overcome by its compatibility with because of the technical capacity for producing green power
thermal energy storages (TES), which can store energy in the from wind, solar, and hydro that is easily enough to meet all
form of heat. present electricity usage as well as this increased demand for
Though current implementations are scarce, research into green hydrogen. Though current clean hydrogen costs are
potential execution of this technology in the Middle East currently deemed too high (at 2.5-5.5 EURkg1) when
Region is ongoing. The United Arab Emirates and the Middle compared to hydrogen produced from fossil fuels (at 1.5
East region may be pushed toward large-scale solar energy EURkg1), possible intermediate solutions (e.g., fossil-based
application due to hydrogen production from excess solar hydrogen with

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 [3] “Production of hydrogen: process and color theory,”
D. North America & South America
TUV NORD.
1) USA [4] US Department of Energy, “Hydrogen production
In the US, fossil fuels are now used mostly to generateenergy, and Distribution.”
with natural gas being the main source, accounting for 38 [5] B. Pilkington, “How is Green Hydrogen
percent of power generation in 2021. Produced?,” AZO CleanTech, Apr. 28, 2022.
Hydrogen might be a key component of a zero-carbon [6] TUV NORD, “Hydrogen Fuel Cell Function and
economy by taking the place of natural gas in the household Types.”
sector for cooking and heating. Understanding the global [7] “Comparison of Fuel Cell Technologies,” US
warming potentials (GWPs) of methane and hydrogen, as Energy.gov.
well as the leakage rates of the natural gas distribution system [8] “Hydrogen Storage,” USEnergy.gov.
and a hydrogen system that would replace it, are prerequisites [9] J. Andersson and S. Grönkvist, “Large-scale storage
for assessing this potential. The GWPs of hydrogen and of hydrogen,” International Journal of Hydrogen
methane over a 100-year time horizon were calculated using Energy, vol. 44, no. 23. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 11901–
a global chemistry-transport model, and the results show that 11919, May 03, 2019. doi:
hydrogen is the more ecologically friendly option with 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.063.
estimates of 29.2±8 and 3.3±1.4, respectively. [10] “Advanced Clean Energy Storage Project Invited to
Accordingly, substituting green hydrogen for natural gas in Submit Part II Application for up to $595 Million
the domestic energy sectors of this country should Financing from U.S. Department of Energy for
significantly reduce the effects of domestic energy use on Proposed Hydrogen Hub and Long-duration
global warming in the US, if hydrogen leakage is kept to a Renewable Energy Storage Project,” Mitsubushi
minimum. Storage and transportation problems continue to Power America, May 11, 2021.
be obstacles for green hydrogen. In addition, leakage from [11] “The potential of hydrogen for decarbonising steel
production, storage, transmission, and distribution might production,” European Parliament Briefings, 2020.
cause atmospheric hydrogen levels to rise in a future [12] B. Pilkington, “Does Hydrogen Have a Future in the
economy based on hydrogen. This leakage might have an Shipping Industry?,” AZO CleanTech, Jun. 2021.
impact on the ozone layer in the stratosphere and the climate [13] S. Atilhan, S. Park, M. M. El-Halwagi, M. Atilhan,
system on a global scale [21]. M. Moore, and R. B. Nielsen, “Green hydrogen as
an alternative fuel for the shipping industry,”
VIII. CONCLUSION
Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, vol. 31.
Green hydrogen demonstrates immense potential to be an Elsevier Ltd, Mar. 01, 2021. doi:
alternative fuel for a wide range of industrial sectors which 10.1016/j.coche.2020.100668.
are predominantly heavily reliant on fossil fuel-based energy [14] N. de Blasio, C. Hua, and A. Nuñez-Jimenez,
sources. This potential is evidently supported by the global “Sustainable Mobility: Renewable Hydrogen in the
funding into Green Hydrogen up to 4.56 billion by Transport Sector | Sustainable Mobility: Renewable
environmentally conscious countries as (shown) in the case- Hydrogen in the Transport Sector,” 2021. [Online].
by-case study of global green hydrogen implemented. The Available: https://www.
current applications of green hydrogen are limited by [15] “European Hydrogen Backbone HOW A
incomplete research into the fields of hydrogen storage and DEDICATED HYDROGEN INFRASTRUCTURE
fuel efficiency. Further improvements in hydrogen storage CAN BE CREATED,” 2020. [Online]. Available:
and fuel efficiency could lead to immense progress into https://transparency.entsog.eu/
transitioning to a mainstream application of green hydrogen [16] I. Renewable Energy Agency, GLOBAL
in steel, transportation and shipping industries cementing its HYDROGEN TRADE TO MEET THE 1.5°C
role as the fuel of the future. CLIMATE GOAL PART I TRADE OUTLOOK FOR
2050 AND WAY FORWARD. 2022. [Online].
References Available: www.irena.org/publications
[1] E. R. Sadik-Zada, “Political economy of green [17] A. Joubi, Y. Akimoto, and K. Okajima, “A
hydrogen rollout: A global perspective,” Production and Delivery Model of Hydrogen from
Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, no. 23, Dec. Solar Thermal Energy in the United Arab Emirates,”
2021, doi: 10.3390/su132313464. Energies (Basel), vol. 15, no. 11, Jun. 2022, doi:
[2] A. Velazquez Abad and P. E. Dodds, “Green 10.3390/en15114000.
hydrogen characterisation initiatives: Definitions, [18] A. Joubi, Y. Akimoto, and K. Okajima, “Techno-
standards, guarantees of origin, and challenges,” Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Hydrogen
Energy Policy, vol. 138, Mar. 2020, doi: Production in the United Arab Emirates,” Hydrogen,
10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111300. vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 389–401, Oct. 2022, doi:
10.3390/hydrogen3040024.
[19] “COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE
REGIONS A hydrogen strategy for a climate-
neutral Europe.” [Online]. Available:
https://www.eu2018.at/calendar-events/political-
events/BMNT-

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[20] J. DEIGN, “So, What Exactly Is Green Hydrogen?,”
gtm, Jun. 29, 2020.
[21] R. A. Field and R. G. Derwent, “Global warming
consequences of replacing natural gas with
hydrogen in the domestic energy sectors of future
low-carbon economies in the United Kingdom and
the United States of America,” Int J Hydrogen
Energy, vol. 46, no. 58, pp. 30190–30203, Aug.
2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.120.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Universidad Tecnologica de Panama. Downloaded on August 07,2024 at 20:39:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.