What is Globalization?

emphasize the commonalities of cultural

beliefs and values rather than their
It is the communication and assimilation among differences.
individuals, ethnicities, race, institutions,
governments of various nations supported by COMMUNICATION APPROACH TO
technology and compelled by international trade. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Due to globalization, the more you become ● Personality Strength
exposed to diversity--- the valuing of uniqueness
of differences in gender preference, color, age,  The main personal traits that affect the
religion, affiliation, ethnicity, education, social, intercultural communication are self-
economic status, and political beliefs. concept, self-disclosure, self-monitoring,
and social relaxation.
TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
● Communication Skills
1. Financial Globalization
 Individuals must be competent in verbal
2. Economic Globalization and non-verbal behaviors. Intercultural
communication skills require message
3. Technological Globalization skills, behavioral flexibility, interaction
4. Political Globalization management, and social skills.

5. Cultural Globalization ● Psychological Adjustment

6. Sociological Globalization  Effective Communicators must be able to

acclimate to new environments. They
7. Ecological Globalization must be able to handle the feelings of
“culture shock” such as frustration, stress,
8. Geographical Globalization
and alienation in ambiguous situations
STRATEGIES TO BECOME EFFECTIVE caused by new environments.
COMMUNICATOR
● Cultural Awareness
 Review communication principles.
 To be competent in intercultural
 Analyze the message receiver
communication, individuals must
 Be open to accepting other’s culture.
understand the social customs and the
 Learn about cultures and apply what is
social system of the host culture.
learned.
Understanding how people think and
 Consider language needs
behave is essential for effective
ETHICS ACROSS CULTURES (KALE, 1997) communication with them.

 Ethical communicators address people of BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL

other cultures with the same respect that COMMUNICATION
they would like to receive themselves.
● Anxiety
Intercultural communicators should not
demean or belittle the cultural identity of  When you are anxious because of not
others through verbal or non-verbal knowing what you are expected to do, it is
communication. only natural to focus on that feeling and
 Ethical communicators seek to describe not be totally present in the
the world as they perceive it as accurately communication transaction
as possible. What is perceived to be the
truth may vary from one culture to another, ● Assuming Similarity instead of Differences
truth is socially constructed. This principle  Each culture is different and unique to
means that ethical communicators do not some degree. Boucher (2004), as stated
deliberately mislead or deceive. by Jandt (2010), has shown how cultures
 Ethical communicators encourage people differ as to whom it is appropriate to
of other cultures to express themselves in display emotions. If you assume the
their uniqueness. This principle respects display of emotions is similar to your
the right of people to expression culture, you might see people of different
regardless of how popular or unpopular cultures in certain circumstances as
their ideas may be. lacking emotions inappropriately.
 Ethical communicators strive for
identification with people of other cultures.
Intercultural communicators should
● Ethnocentrism OBSERVATION, ACTIVE STRATEGIES,
and SELF-DISCLOSURE.
 It is negatively judging aspects of another
culture by the standards of one’s own
culture.
● Stereotyping
MODULE 3: INTERCULTURAL
 The term “stereotype” is the broader term COMMUNICATION
commonly used to refer to negative or
positive judgments made about individuals Intercultural Communication VS. Intracultural
based on any observable or believed Communication
group membership. Jandt (1998) introduced intercultural and
● Prejudice intracultural communication. Intercultural
Communication refers to interaction with people
 Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike or from diverse cultures. On the other hand,
hatred of a particular group, race, religion, Intracultural Communication is the interaction
or sexual orientation (Rothenerg, 1992). between or among members of the same racial or
Persons in the group are viewed not in ethnic group or co-culture.
terms of their individual merit but
according to the superficial characteristics Forms of Intercultural Communication
that make them part of the group. ● Interracial Communication
● Motivation ○ It refers to the interaction of people belonging to
 The desire to communicate successfully different races.
with strangers is an important start. For ● Interethnic Communication
example, people high in willingness to
communicate with people from other ○ It is the interaction among people of different
cultures report a greater number of friends ethnic origins.
from different backgrounds than those
● International Communication
who are less willing to reach out. Having
the proper motivation is important in all ○ It is the interaction between representatives
communication, but particularly so in from different nations.
intercultural interactions because they can
be quiet challenging.
● Tolerance for Ambiguity Improving Intercultural Competence

 Communicating with people from different The following guidelines may help you enhance
backgrounds can be confusing. A your ability to communicate effectively across
tolerance for ambiguity makes it possible cultures (Gamble & Gamble, 2008).
to accept, and even embrace, the often 1. Recognize the validity and differences of
equivocal and sometimes downright communication styles among people. 2. Learn to
incomprehensible messages that eliminate personal biases and prejudices.
characterize intercultural communication.
3. Strive to acquire communication skills
● Open-mindedness necessary in a multicultural world.
 Principled communicators are not likely to Varieties of Language
compromise deeply held beliefs about
what is right. At the same time, Lin (2016) presents the following nature of
competence requires an attitude that language variation as prescribed by most linguists
recognized that people who behave based on the ideas of Mahboob (2014).
differently are most likely following rules
that have governed their whole lives. 1. Language varies when communicating with
people within (local) and outs (global) our
● Knowledge and Skill community. 2. Language varies in speaking and in
writing.
 Communication Theorist Charles Berger
outlines three strategies for moving 3. Language varies in everyday and specialized
forward to a more mindful, competent style discourses
of intercultural communication: PASSIVE
Characteristics of Spoken Language
The situation in which the spoken variety of
language is used and in which it develops
presupposes the presence of an interlocutor. ● The written language is more carefully
organized and more explanatory. Most often, the
● The spoken language is mostly maintained in word choice is more deliberate.
the form of a dialogue
● The written language is able to live forever with
● The spoken language utilizes the human voice the idea it expresses.
and all kinds of gestures which give additional
nformation. ● The written language can be detached and
objectively looked at. The writer has an
● The spoken language is spontaneous but opportunity to correct and improve what has
momentary. It vanishes after having fulfilled its been put on the paper.
purpose, which is to communicate the thought,
no matter how trivial or important. ● The written language bears a greater volume of
responsibility than its spoken counterpart.
● The spoken language cannot be detached from
the user of it.
Spoken and Written Language
● The spoken language widely uses intensifying
words. These are interjections and words with Both varieties, however, may be different in terms
strong emotive meanings, such as oaths, swear- of their phonetics, morphology, lexicon, and
words, and adjectives which have lost their syntax. Yet, the most striking difference between
primary meaning. the spoken and written language is in the
vocabulary used. There are words and phrases
● The spoken language is characterized by the
typically colloquial, on one hand, and typically
insertion into the utterance of words without any
bookish, on the other hand. If colloquial words
meaning, which are called “fill-ups” or empty
and phrases find their way in the written
words such as “well”, “and all”, “so to say”,
language, they immediately produce a marked
“whatever”, etc.
stylistic effect and can be used for the speech
Varieties of Spoken Language characterization.
Language varies when communicating with
people within (local) and outside (global) our
community. There are five types of spoken
language.
Characteristics of Written Language
● The written variety presupposes the absence of
an interlocutor.
● The written language is mostly maintained in
the form of a monologue.

Spoken Language Examples

1. Interactional - It is used for having social function. This

makes use of informal type of speech which aims to
develop relationships between interlocutors.

2. Referential - It is providing the listener some

information referring to objects or abstract concepts. The
speaker assumes that the listener has knowledge on the
matter at hand. In return, the listener has to know the
context before they can understand the references.

3. Expressive - It is showing the speaker’s judgments or

feelings about a person, event, or situation.
4. Transactional - It is used for getting information or
making a deal. It has a specific purpose and is driven by
needs and wants rather than sociability. Unlike
interactional language, transactional spoken language
has its intention to achieve a give-and-take relationship
between the speaker and the listener. Here, a specific
query is a given specific answer.

5. Phatic - It means engaging in small, plain talk. The

speaker and listener use a minimal amount of language
to engage in the conversation. This spoken language
variety poses familiarity of topic and context between the
speaker and the listener.

1. Formal - Formal language is less personal Contractions

than informal language. It is used when writing for Informal:
professional or academic purposes like university I donʼt believe that the results are accurate.
assignments. Formal language does not use Formal:
colloquialisms, contractions or first person The results are not believed to be accurate.
pronouns such as ‘I’ or ‘We’.
Phrasal verbs
Informal:
The balloon was blown up for the experiment.
Formal:
The balloon was inflated for the experiment.

Slang/Colloquialism
2. Informal - Informal language is more casual Informal:
and spontaneous. It is used when communicating Lecturers still count on students to use correct grammar and
with friends or family either in writing or in punctuation in essays.
conversation. It is used when writing personal Formal: Lecturers expect students to use correct grammar
emails, text messages and in some business and punctuation in essays
correspondence. The tone of informal language is
more personal than formal language. First person pronouns
Informal:
During the interview, I asked students about their experiences.
Formal:
During the interview, students were asked about their
experiences

3. Neutral- are used with non-emotional topics When greeting others avoid
and information. Neutral register is used to deliver Gentlemen, ladies, ma’am, sir, girls, guys Consider using
facts. It means that they are not specifically context:
formal or informal. Thanks friends, have a great night, Good morning Folks, Hi
It is used in articles, reviews, essays, technical everyone
writing reports, business letters, and others

Types of Words Forms/Types of Spoken and Written Language

Culturally Responsive, Engaging, and Appropriate
Language
How to Choose Appropriate Language
“Calling an illegal alien an undocumented immigrant is
like calling drug dealer an undocumented pharmacist.” 1. Notice and reflect on disrespectful language,
– Anon thoughts and actions.

The choice of words is a powerful strategy in 2. Respect people of different races.

communication. When Confucius said, “when words 3. Use language that includes the LGBTQIA+ people.
lose their meanings, people lose their freedom”, the
control of language is an essential tool for an engaging 4. Avoid exclusionary, gender-specific language.
and responsive communication. Hence, cultural
appropriateness of language is conforming to a 5. Avoid using explicitly religious terms in mixed-
culture’s acceptable expressions and standards of religious company.
behavior and thoughts. This is referred to as
6. Avoid expressions that devalue people with physical
“POLITICAL CORRECTNESS”.
or mental disabilities.
Important Terms to Know:
7. Refrain from language that groups people into one
large category.
Cultural Cultural Awareness is knowing that
Awareness there are multiple different cultures – Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity Guidelines
and based on religion, ethnicity,
Cultural nationality, and other factors- that 1. View human difference as positive and a cause for
have different attitudes and outlooks. celebration.
Sensitivity Cultural sensitivity involves accepting
those differences without insisting 2. Have a clear sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and
your own culture is better , or that racial identity;
everyone should do it your way
(Sherman, 2018). 3. Be aware that in order to learn about others, you
need to understand and be prepared to share your
Cultural Cultural Appropriation of images is the own culture;
Appropriation adoption of the iconography of
another culture, and using it for 4. Be aware of your own discomfort when you
purposes that are unintended by the encounter differences in race, color, religion, sexual
original culture or even offensive to orientation, language, and ethnicity;
that culture’s mores. This poses
deeper concerns and issues of 5. Be aware of the assumptions that you hold about
communication in which the origin of people of cultures different from your own; 6. Be
that particular culture gets offended. aware of your stereotypes as they arise and develop
personal strategies for reducing the harm that they
cause;
Gender Gender Sensitivity refers to the aim
Sensitivity of understanding and taking 7. Be aware of how your cultural perspective
account of the societal and cultural influences your judgments about what appropriate,
factors involved in gender-based normal, or superior behaviors, values, and
exclusion and discrimination in the communication styles are;
most diverse spheres of public and
private life. 8. Accept that in cross-cultural situations, there can be
uncertainty, and that uncertainty can make you
Gender- Gender-sensitive language is the anxious. It can also mean that you do not respond
sensitive realization of gender equality in quickly and take the time needed to get more
Language written and spoken language. It is information;
attained when women and men and
9. Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where
those who do not conform to the
you can learn about differences and create
binary gender system are made
relationships;
visible and addressed in language
as persons of equal value, dignity, 10. Understand that you will likely be perceived as a
integrity, and respect. person with power and racial privilege (or the
opposite), and that you may not be seen as unbiased
Political Political correctness is used to or as an ally.
Correctness describe language, policies, or
measures that are intended to Gender-sensitive Language
avoid offense or disadvantage to
members of particular groups in Language plays an important role in achieving a more
society. effective communication. Using appropriate terms also
avoids conflicts and misunderstanding.
 Gender biased Bias-free retardation development disorder

forefathers ancestors body odor nondiscretionary fragrance

Man-made, mankind artificial, humanity homeless outdoor urban

common man average/ordinary person fat people of mass

chairman chair, chairperson, pervert sexually dysfunctional

coordinator
psychopath socially misaligned
freshman first-year student
computer technologically challenged
manpower human resources illiterate

congressman legislator, representative short, blind vertically challenged, visually

challenged
mail-man, postman mail carrier, letter carrier,
postal worker

businessman, business person, sales

salesman representative

man person, individual

policeman police officer

waiter/waitress, Server, author, flight

authoress, stewardess attendant

Political Correctness
 Political correctness has an important purpose:
it promotes equality by demonstrating an
understanding that all people and groups are
valuable to society regardless of race, culture,
religion, gender, or sexual orientation
.
Biased Bias-free

Cheating, academic dishonesty, ethnically

dishonest disoriented

ugly aesthetically challenged

negra black

bald comb-free

disabled differently abled

drug addict drug dependent

broken dysfunctional family

home/family

poor economically marginalized

old elderly, senior

deaf hearing impaired

squatters informal settlers

mental intellectual disability, intellectual