Object Oriented

Programming with C++

Unit-7
I/O and File
Management
Dr. Pawan Kumar Singh, Department of Information Technology
+91-6291555693
[email protected] / [email protected]
I/O and File Management
 Concept of streams
 cin and cout objects
 C++ stream classes
 Unformatted and formatted I/O
 Manipulators
 File stream
 C++ File stream classes
 File management functions
 File modes
 Binary and random Files
Concepts of Streams
Concept of Streams

Keyboard Display / Printer

File Input Output File

Stream C++ Program Stream

Program Program

Input source Output target

to stream from stream
Concept of streams(Cont…)
 A stream is a general name given to a flow of data.
 A stream is a sequence of bytes.
 The source stream that provides data to programs is called input
stream.
 The destination stream receives output from the program is called
output stream.

 In header <iostream>, a set of class is defined that supports I/O

operations.
 The classes used for input/output to the devices are declared in
the IOSTREAM file.
 The classes used for disk file are declared in the FSTREAM file.
Input/Output streams

Input stream
Input
device

Program
Output stream
Output
device
Stream class for console I/O operations
General input/output
input stream ios stream class
class
pointer
output stream class
istream streambuf ostream
input output

iostream input/output stream class

istream_withassign Iostream_withassign ostream_withassign

 istream_withassign, ostream_withassign and iostream_withassign

 ios class contains
iostream basic properties
class inherits facilities that are used ostream
of istream, by all other input
class and
through
 add assignment
istream
ostream class operators
classinherits
inherits to its base
properties
properties ofofiosclasses.
ios
output classes(Necessary
multiple inheritance. for formatted input/output).
 cout which
Extraction
Insertion is directed
operator
operator <<,
>>, toget(),
put()video
and display,
getline()
write() isare
and predefined
read() are object
members members
of of of
ostream
 Alsoclass
The contains
ios pointer
declared to
as athe
buffer object(streambuf)
virtual base class so that only one copy
ostream_withassign.
istream
class class
 streambuf
of provides
its members an interface
inherited to physical device through buffers.
by the iostream.
 Similarly cin is an object of istream_withassign.
Unformatted and Formatted I/O
put(), get(), getline(), write() - Unformatted I/O Operations
char ch; Get a character from keyboard
cin.get(ch); Similar to cin.get(ch);
ch=cin.get(); The operator >> can also be used to read a
cin>>ch; character but it will skip the white spaces
cout.put(ch); and newline character.
cout.put('x'); put() function can be used to display value of
variable ch or character.
char name[20];
cin.getline(name,10); getline() reads whole line of text
line size that ends with newline character or
cin>>name; upto (size-1).
cin can read strings that do not contain white
spaces. write() displays string of given size, if
cout.write(name,10);
the size is greater than the length of
line, then it displays the bounds of
line.
ios Format Functions
Function Task
width() To specify the required field size for displaying an output value
precision() To specify number of digits to be displayed after the decimal point of
a float value.
fill() To specify a character that is used to fill the unused portion of a field.
setf() To specify format flags that can control the form of output.
unsetf() To clear the flags specified

Example: output:
output:
cout.precision(6);
cout.fill('*');
cout.width(6);
cout.setf(ios::left,ios::adjustfield);
* * * 5 42 3. 6 4 5 7 5
cout.width(10);
cout.width(6);
cout<<"543";
cout.width(6);
cout<<sqrt(7);
cout<<"543"; output:
cout.fill('#');
cout<<"543"; 5 4 3 # # #
Flags and bit fields
Format required Flag (arg1) Bit-field (arg2)
Left justified output ios::left ios::adjustfield
Right justified output ios::right ios::adjustfield
Scientific notation ios::scientific ios::floatfield
Fixed point notation ios::fixed ios::floatfield
Decimal base ios::dec ios::basefield
Octal base ios::oct ios::basefield
Hexadecimal base ios::hex ios::basefield

setf(arg1, arg2)
arg-1: one of the formatting flags.
arg-2: bit field specifies the group to which the formatting flag belongs.
Manipulators for formatted I/O operations
 Manipulators are special functions that can be included in the I/O
statements to alter the format parameters of a stream.
 To access manipulators, the file <iomanip> should be included in
the program.
Function Manipulator Meaning
width() setw() Set the field width.
precision() setprecision() Set the floating point precision.
fill() setfill() Set the fill character.
setf() setiosflags() Set the format flag.
unsetf() resetiosflags() Clear the flag specified.
“\n” endl Insert a new line and flush stream.
File stream classes
File input output streams

read data
Input stream
data
input

Disk Files Program

Output stream data
output
write data
File input output streams
File stream classes for file operations
ios

iostream istream streambuf ostream

file

iostream

fstream ifstream fstream ofstream filebuf

file
fstream base

To read content To write content

from the file to the file
File stream classes
class contents
fstreambase  Provides operations common to the file streams.
 Contains open() and close() functions.

ifstream  Provides input operations.

 Contains open() with default input mode.
 Inherits get(), getline(), read(), seekg() and tellg() functions from
istream.

ofstream  Provides output operations.

 Contains open() with default output mode.
 Inherits put(), seekp(), tellp() and write() functions from
ostream.

fstream  Provides support for simultaneous input and output operations.

 Inherits all the functions from istream and ostream from
iostream.

filebuf  Its purpose is to set the file buffers to read and write.
File handling steps
1. Open / Create a file
2. Read / Write a file
3. Close file
Create and Write File (Output)
Create object of ofstream class
ofstream send;

Call open() function using ofstream object to open a file

send.open("abc.txt"); This will open existing file, if not exist
then it will create file.

Write content in file using ofstream object

send<<"Hello, this is India";

Call close() function using ofstream object to close file

send.close();
Open and Read File (Input)
Create object of ifstream class
ifstream rcv;

Call open() function using ifstream object to open a file

rcv.open("abc.txt");

Read content of file using ifstream object

rcv>>name; rcv.getline(name);

Call close() function using ifstream object to close file

rcv.close();
Opening a file
ofstream outFile("sample.txt"); //output only
ifstream inFile("sample.txt"); //input only
ofstream outFile;
outFile.open("sample.txt");
This creates outFile as an ofstream object that manages the output
stream.
ifstream inFile;
This object can be any valid C++ name such as myfile, o_file .
inFile.open("sample.txt");

 Syntax file open() function:

stream-object.open("filename", mode);
 By default ofstream opens file for writing only and ifstream
opens file for reading only.
File open() function
File open() function
Syntax:
stream-object.open("filename", mode);

 By default ofstream opens file for writing only

 By default ifstream opens file for reading only.

Three ways to create a file

1 ofstream send("abc.txt"); //constructor
ofstream send;
2
send.open("abc.txt"); //open() function

ofstream send;
3 send.open("abc.txt",ios::out); //open()
function with mode
File opening modes
Parameter Meaning
ios :: in Open file for reading only
ios :: out Open file for writing only
ios :: app Append to end-of-file
ios :: ate Go to end-of-file on opening
ios :: binary Binary file
ios :: trunc Delete content of file if exists
ios :: nocreate Open fails if the file does not exists
ios :: noreplace Open fails if the file already exists
File operations
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{
ofstream myfile;
myfile.open("example.txt",ios::out);
myfile << "This is India.\n";
myfile.close();
}
example.txt

.cpp This is India

File operations (Cont..)
int main ()
{
char line[50];
ifstream rfile;
rfile.open("example.txt",ios::in)
rfile.getline(line,50);
// rfile>>line is also valid;

cout<<line;
rfile.close();
}
example.txt
This is India
.cpp This is india
int main()
{ File operations program
char product[20];
int price;
cout<<"Enter product name=";
cin>>product;
cout<<"Enter price=";
cin>>price;
Opening a file to write
ofstream outfile("stock.txt");
outfile<<product<<endl; data into file
outfile<<price;

ifstream infile("stock.txt"); Opening a file to read

infile>>product; data from file
infile>>price;

cout<<product<<endl;
cout<<price;
}
File handling Program
 Write a program that opens two text files for reading data.
 It creates a third file that contains the text of first file and then
that of second file
(text of second file to be appended after text of the first file, to
produce the third file).
int main() {
fstream file1,file2,file3;
file1.open("one.txt",ios::in);
file2.open("two.txt",ios::in);
file3.open("three.txt",ios::app);
char ch1,ch2;
while(!file1.eof())
{
file1.get(ch1); cout<<ch1<<endl;
file3.put(ch1);
}
file1.close();
while(!file2.eof())
{
file2.get(ch2); cout<<ch2<<endl;
file3.put(ch2);
}
file2.close(); file3.close();
}
File pointers
 Each file has two associated pointers known as the file pointers.
 One of them is called input pointer (or get pointer) and the other
is called output pointer (or put pointer).
 Input pointer is used for reading the content of a given file
location.
 Output pointer is used for writing to a given file location.
 Functions for manipulation of file pointers
Function Meaning
seekg() Moves get pointer (input) to specified location
seekp() Moves put pointer (output) to specified location
tellg() Gives current position of the get pointer
tellp() Gives current position of the put pointer

ifstream rcv;
ofstream send;

rcv.seekg(30); //move the get pointer to byte number 30 in the file

send.seekp(30);//move the put pointer to byte number 30 in the file
int posn = rcv.tellg();
int posn = send.tellp();
Functions for manipulation of file pointers
Another prototype
seekg ( offset, direction );
seekp ( offset, direction );

Function Meaning
ios::beg offset counted from the beginning of the stream
ios::cur offset counted from the current position of the
stream pointer
ios::end offset counted from the end of the stream
write() and read() functions
 The functions write() and read(), different from the
functions put() and get(), handle the data in binary form.
infile.read ((char * ) &V,sizeof(V));
outfile.write ((char *) &V ,sizeof(V));
 These functions take two arguments. The first is the address of the
variable V, and the second is the length of that variable in bytes.
 The address of the variable must be cast to type char*(i.e pointer
to character type).
 Reading & Writing class objects
class inventory
{
char name[10];
float cost;
public:
void readdata()
{
cout<<"Enter Name=";
cin>>name;
cout<<"Enter cost=";
cin>>cost;
}
void displaydata()
{
cout<<"Name="<<name<<endl;
cout<<"Cost="<<cost;
}
};
 Reading & Writing class objects
int main()
{
inventory ob1;
cout<<"Enter details of product\n";

fstream file;
file.open("stock.txt",ios::in | ios::app);

ob1.readdata();
file.write((char *)&ob1,sizeof(ob1));

file.read((char *)&ob1,sizeof(ob1));

ob1.displaydata();
file.close();
}
Thank You