C Programming
Introduction
week 11: Pointers
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Lecturer : Cao Tuan Dung
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Dept of Software Engineering
Hanoi University of
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Technology
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For HEDSPI Project
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Memory address
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• Computer's memory is made up of
u
bytes. Each byte has a number, an
cu
address, associated with it.
• In the picture below, addresses 924
through 940 are shown.
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Memory address
The unary operator & gives the
address of a variable
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float fl=3.14;
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printf("fl's address=%u\n", (unsigned int) &fl);
return 0;
}
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Exercise 12.1
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• Write a C program to input three
u
integers. Set up a single pointer to
cu
point to each of these integers in
turn. Display the value dereferencing
the pointer.
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Exercise 12.2
• Write a program that print out the
address (in hexadecimal format) of
first 5 elements of the array
predefined as below:
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int a[7]= {13, -355, 235, 47, 67, 943, 1222} ;
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Declaring a pointer variable
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type *variable_name;
u
cu
• A pointer is declared by adding a *
before the variable name.
• Pointer is a variable that contains an
address in memory.
• The address should be the address of
a variable or an array that we
defined.
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Pointers
• Here ptr is said to point to the
address of variable c
C
… 7 3 4 …
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172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
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P
… 174 3 4 …
832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841
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Referencing
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• The unary operator & gives the
u
address of a variable
cu
• The statement: ptr = &c;
• assigns the address of c to the
pointer variable ptr, and now ptr
points to c
• To print a pointer, use %p format.
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Referencing
int n;
int *iptr; /* Declare P as a pointer to int */
n = 7;
iptr = &n;
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n
… 7 3 4 …
172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181
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iptr
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… 174 3 4 …
832 833 834
co 835 836 837 838 839 840 841
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Dereferencing
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• The unary operator * is the
u
dereferencing operator
cu
• Applied on pointers
• Access the object the pointer points
to
• The statement: *iptr = 5;
puts in n (the variable pointed to by
iptr) the value 5
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Exercise 12.3
• Write a program asking the value
from user for 3 float variable a, b, c.
Then add 100 to the content of them
by using just a pointer.
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Pass arguments by value
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• The functions we saw until now
u
received their arguments “by value”
cu
• They could manipulate the passed
values
• They couldn’t change values in the
calling function
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Wrong Swap
• A swap that gets integers as variables
does not change the value in the
original variables.
void swap(int x, int y)
{
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int tmp = x;
x = y;
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y = tmp;
}
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How can we fix it?
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• We can define swap so it gets pointers
u
to integers instead of integers
cu
void swap(int *x, int *y)
{
int temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
}
• We then call swap by swap(&x, &y);
• This is pass by reference
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Caller Called
main swap
X X by value
Y Y
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swap
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*X by reference
*Y
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Exercise 12.4
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• Write a function that takes three
u
variable (a, b, c) in as separate
cu
parameters and rotates the values
stored so that value a goes to be, b,
to c and c to a. Test this function in a
program
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Exercise 12.5
Introduce int variables x, y, z and int*
pointer variables p, q, r. Set x, y, z to
three distinct values. Set p, q, r to the
addresses of x, y, z respectively.
1) Print with labels the values of x, y, z, p, q, r,
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*p, *q, *r.
2) Swapping values of x, y, z. Print with labels
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the values of x, y, z, p, q, r, *p, *q, *r.
3) Swapping values of p, q, r. Print with labels
the values of x, y, z, p, q, r, *p, *q, *r.
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Exercises 12.6
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• To increase salary for an employee,
u
write a function incomeplus that is
cu
based on the current salary and the
number of years passed from the
beginning years (must > 3) of
current salary.
• Test it in a program.
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