Presentation Transcript

1. AQUACULTURE NAME – NAVNEET KAUR

2. CONTENTS 1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION 2. FISH SEED 3. TECHNIQUES OF FISH
CULTURE 4. MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF FISHES AND THEIR PRODUCTS 5.
LATEST ADVANCEMENTS IN AQUACULTURE
3. INTRODUCTION • Aquaculture is also known as Aquafarming, is the farming of fish,
crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants and other organisms. • Aquaculture involves
cultivating freshwater and saltwater populations under controlled conditions, and can be
contrasted with commercial fishing, which is harvesting of wild fish.
4. 1.FISH SEED PRODUCTION • FISH SEED– Fish seed is a term used in pisciculture for
spawn (fertilized egg), hatchlings (just hatched young ones with yolk sac), sac fry (larvae
with yolk sac), fry (3-14 days old young ones), fingerling (youngones of large fishes
measuring 4- 12 cm in length). But commonly this term means spawn.
5. NATURAL FISH SEED RESOURCES • The natural fish seed resources include the fish
seed obtained from Rivers and Streams and from Natural bundh breeding spawns. • (1)
The Ganga river system – present in states of U.P., Uttranchal, M.P., Bihar (a) Egg
collection – The egg collection at large scale is possible only at such location where
breeding grounds are known.
6. (b) Spawn collection – The Ganga river system contribute about 50% of country’s total
production in spawn collection. (c) Fry and fingerling collection – There are more than 200
centres for fry and fingerling collection at the Ganga river system. • (2) Brahmputra river
system- The fish seed production is poor in this system due to fast flowing river , heavy silt
and coarse bed of north tributaries.
7. (3) The Indus River System- The Indus river system is rich for seed production as
compared to Brahmputra river system. • (4) The West Coast River System- The river
Narmada contributes in spawn collection of Indian major carps and mahseers. • (5) The
East Coast River System- The seed collection on river Mahanadi is not very good. The
delta region of Godavary and Krishna are rich in carps.
8. RIVERINE SPAWN RESOURCE INVESIGATION TECHNIQUE • (a) Selection of spawn
collection site – • The distribution and combination of fish fauna in selected stretch of river.
• Topography of river bed and river bank. • Accesibility of the site. • (b) Gears used for
collection of spawn – Thespawn is collected by a spawn collecting net called Shooting net
or Benchi jal
9. (c)Methods of colletion of spawn- 1.Identify spot of maximum availability of spawn.
2.Full battery of nets should be commisioned. 3.The spawn should be accumulated in
gamcha and collected. • (d) Methods of measuring spawn quantity and temporary storage-
collection is to be measured in 200ml, 100ml, 50ml, or 30ml measuring containers. The
collected spawn may be kept hapas fixed in ponds or in rivers close to bank. • (e) Indices
of spawn quantity and quality- The index of quantityof spawn is amount of spawn captured
per hour. The quality index depends upon – 1.The desirable spawn catch 2. Amount of
major carps and minor carps in the catch.
10. HATCHERY SEED PRODUCTION collected fish seed also contain eggs of predatory fish
spawn and is difficult to separate them. So methods devised to obtain fish seed by
breeding methods. The fish breeding is of two types- • NATURAL BREEDING OR BUNDH
BREEDING – This is breeding of fishes in reverine or natural resource condition. These
bundhs are of three types – (a) Wet bundhs – These are perennial ponds situated in slope
of vast catchment area.
11. (b) Dry bundhs – These are shallow seasonal bundhs. These filled by water during
monsoon period. All the indian carps breed in special type of bundhs as decribed above. •
INDUCED BREEDING – The old method of collection of fish seed from natural breeding
places and then putting into water bodies to rear was having many drawbacks like mixing
 of eggs of predatory fishes. To overcome these problems, method of artificial fertilization
were introduced.
12. ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION • It is a method of collection of ova or sperms and mixing
them for fertilization by mechanical means. In this method breeding is induced in fishes. •
METHODS OF INDUCING IN BREEDING FISHES • 1.Induced bundh breeding- by heavy
showers • 2.By hypophysation- by injecting pituitary extract containing gonadotrophins.
Precautions taken for collecting of pituitary hormone (a) The gland should be collected
from fully mature fish (b) The pituitory of same species should be used.
14. BREEDING HAPA • These are rectangular structures, formed by cloth and supported by
the bamboo sticks from all sides. The cloth used is mainly close meshed mosquito net •
The selected breed is held in hand net and introduced in hapa. SPAWNING • The
spawning occurs 5-7 hours after injection. The eggs swell up in water. The fertilized eggs
are transparent and look like pearl whereas unfertilized eggs look opaque and whitish.
15. SPAWN BEING RELEASED IN HAPAS
16. ECOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING INDUCED BREEDING • (a) Hydrological factors
– • Temperature of water should be between24 to 31˚C.The warm water stimulates
maturation of gonads. • The constant flow of water promotes breeding. • The oxygen
content should be high • (b) Light factors – the intensity and increases in light hours induce
early maturation and spawning in fish. • (c) Nature of habitat – the presence of stones,
plants for egg laying stimulates the fish to breed. • (d) Seasonal changes – this affect
hypothalamus, which in turn effect secretion of pituitary hormone.
17. 2.FISH SEED • Fishes are adapted to have wide range of feeding habits. Some fishes are
herbivorous, some are carnivorous and majority of are omnivorous. • Some fishes are
plankton feeders e.g. Cirrhinus reba, Hilsa hilsa. • Schaperclaus classified natural food in 3
groups- • Main food – it is called natural food. • Occasional food – the food is also liked
and consumed when available. • Emergency food – this food is taken when prefered food
is not available.
18. NATURAL FISH FEED CYCLOPSDAPHNIA MOSQUITO LARVA
19. ARTIFICIAL FOOD • The artificial food is given to fishes, in addition to natural food. So
supplementary food is required to survival and growth. It is called artificial food. • The
commonly used artificialfood for carps are rice bran and oil cakes of groundnut,coconut,
etc. • The artificial feed is of different types – • The artificial feed of spawn is powdered oil
cakes. The feed should pass through fine meshed sieve. • The artificial feed of Catla catla
consists of mustard oil cake wheat mixture and silk worm pupae.
20. iii. The poultry feed consists of crude protein 16%, ash 3.5%, acid unsoluble ash 2%,
phosphate 0.8%, moisture 10%,other extracts 11% and added vitamin A, B2 and D3 also
gave satisfactory results in spawn rearing. iv. The powdered algae and aquatic weeds also
used as artificial feed. • The artificial feed should have following characteristics – • Readily
acceptable d) Easy transportation • Easy digestibility e) Abundantly available • Low cost
21. Conversion rate = Quantity of feed Weight increases It is also called food quotient , food
coefficient or growth coefficient.
22. PELLETING • The dry feed is called pellet. The compressed pellet are formed initially by
steam and later by moist heat, having temperature around 80-90%. The ingredients of
pellet includes fibre and carbohydrates and spraying of fat or oil. • The various types of
mechanical feedersare used for distribution of pellet. The mechanical feeder includes a
hopper, a motor, and device with timer for regulation of supply of pellets to the pond.
23. ARTIFICIAL FISH FEED BAGS OF FISH FEED FISH FEED PELLETS FLOAT IN WATER
24. USE OF GROWTH PROMOTING HORMONES FOR FISH GROWTH • The hormones are
also used in modern fish culture to incease the growth rate of fishes. • The main hormones
used are – • Sex steroids – Natural oestrogen and androgens • Thyroid hormone • Growth
hormone(bovine growth hormone) • Insulin
25. 3.TECHNIQUES OF FISH CUUTURE • INTRODUCTION - Fish culture in india is very old.
Upto 19th century, the fish culture involving collection and transport of carp spawn from
 rivers and stocking of ponds was mainly confined to Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Later it
gradully spread to other states. In 1911, Madras state formed a big fish farm for breeding,
rearing, and stocking carps. Following this example, many states like Bengal,
U.P.,Mysore, Punjab, etc. developed pond culture.
26. I.POND CULTURE • Pondsare small and shallow water bodies of standing water with
slight wind action. No exact limit of size and depth are laid down for a pond. The ponds are
of 3 types – • The small water bodies, remanant of lakes earlier. • The small shallow
bodies, which not develop as lake. • Those bodies which are constructed or excavated. •
The ponds also classified as village ponds, irrigation ponds, spill ponds, rain water ponds.
The ponds also called perennial pond if water is always present and if water is present
seasonally, called temporary ponds.
27. VARIOUS TYPES OF PONDS • NURSERY POND – Where hatchlings and fries are kept
for growth. These are small water reservoirs near the hapas. These prepared before
hatching of hatchlings. The nursery ponds should be kept free of predatory and weed
fishes. • In nursery ponds heavy mortality of fries due to – • Lack of suitable food . •
Decreased O2 level due to overgrowyh of planktons • sudden changes in the quality of
water. • Presence of predatory fishes. The precautions should be taken.
28. NURSERY POND AND FINGERLINGS
29. ii. REARING PONDS – The rearing ponds are to maintain proper growth of
fingerlings.these are longer and narrower to provide long distance swimming to the fishes.
It helps in proper growth of fishes. The food supply should be according to population of
the fingerlings. These ponds should not have any type of predators. When fingerlings
attain size of more than 20cm, these are tansferred to the stocking ponds. To avoid
transportation of parasites antibiotics like methyl blue, copper sulphate, etc.,are used.
30. REARING POND
31. iii. STOCKING PONDS – These are large sized ponds where fingerlings are allowed to
attain full size and kept there till harvesting. In these ponds, the fishes are provided
artificial food in the form of oil cakes, mustard, powdered rice, groundnut, etc.
HARVESTING – The process in which the full grown fishes are captured from water is
called harvesting. The metohod of capturing fishes from water is called as fishing.
32. STOCKING POND
33. ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF FISH PONDS - • ROSARY SYSTEM – In
this, the various types of ponds are consructed in a series. All ponds are linked by channel
which supplied to first pond by water source, it is drained by a channel which supplies
water to other pond.
34. ii. PARALLEL SYSTEM – In this type of arrangement, the ponds may be built in a
single series or two parallel series. All ponds are arranged in parallel lines. But they have
separate inlets and outlets.
35. 2.RUNNING WATER CULTURE • To increase the fish growth, the running water system
can also be applied. • In this culture water of the ponds is changed regularly by the flowing
water system. • ADVANTAGES OF RUNNING WATER CULTURE – • Small ponds are
sufficient if enough water supply is there. • Fish growth occurs at higher rate so shortening
of time. • Income of farmers increases due more growth of fishes. • The main fish variety
used for this culture is Cyprinus carpio. • This culture is also performed in reservoirsformed
across the rivers and lakes present on the way of rivers.
36. 3.RECYCLED WATER CULTURE • The recycled water culture is a technique to conserve
water while performing the fish culture. • In this technique, nursery ponds,rearing ponds
and stocking ponds are interconnected by the channels. • This helps in conservation of
water and pisciculture can be performed with small amount of water. • This culture of
fishes practised as recirculation aquaculture sysetm(RAS). • There is continous supply of
clean water. • The dissolved oxygen(DO) level is maintained. • The optimum temperature
is maintanined • The fishes can be grown thoroughout the year.
37. 4.CAGE CULTURE • The rearing of spawn to produce fry or fingerlings in cages is called
cage culture. • This technique was first time used in poonger swamp in Tamil Nadu. • The
cages are made of galvanisedsteel wire frames with nylon meshes or simply bamboo
frames are used. • In india the fishes cultured are channa sps., Clarius, Anabas, Mystus,
Sardinella. • the bottom of cages just kept above to prevent entry of predatory fishes and
escape of fry. • Optimum use of resources by doing many culture at same place •
convenient to monitor.
38. CAGE CULTURE
39. 5.POLYCULTURE • During fish culture, two or more complementary species of fishes are
cultured together in a pond or water body. It is called composite fish culture or polyculture.
• In india is very old practice in which Catla catla (surface feeder) Labeo rohita (column
feeder) and Cirrhinus mrigla (bottom feeder) are cultured. • ADVANTAGES – • All niches
are completely exploited. • Among different species of fishes no competition occurs. •
These fishes are beneficial to each other. • This results in more fish production at low cost.
40. 4.MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING OF FISHES AND THEIR PRODUCTS •
MANAGEMENT OF FISHERY –To get maximum yeild and good quality of fishes from any
type of fishery,the proper fishery management should be done. • It is more successful in
culture fishery than capture fishery.
41. It can be performed in 4 steps – • Proper selection of culturable fish – the culturable
fishes should be selected on the basis of cropping pattern of fishes. • Fish selection for
single cropping – if single fish crop is produced in a year the following factors should be
looked into – • Monoculture or polyculture • Place in food chain b) Fish selection for
multiple cropping – to reduce unproductive period, the fish varieties producing multiple
cropsshould be used.
42. ii. Management of pond- by pond drying, pond oxygenation, liming of pond,control of
weeds, control of fish predators and pathogens, control of pollution, addition of fertilizers
for fish growth. iii. Proper use of supplementary food – feed once a day during autumn
months and twice a day in other two seasons. iv. Proper stocking of ponds – to get
optimum size of fish the pond should be stocked much below its carrying capacity.
43. ECONOMICS OF FISH FARMING • Fishery is of great importance to human beings by
providing food, most of fishing industries yield a number of by products of commercial
importance. • Fish as food – Fishes are of great importance to humans in form of food.
Fish contains less calories, good amount of proteins and less fat. Fish meat also contains
omega-3 fatty acids; vitamins like A, D and E; minerals like zinc, iodine and selenium.
44. FISH AS FOOD
45. Liver oil - it is extracted from liver of fishes. It is main source of vitamin-A though some
fihes also contain vitamin C,D and E. vitamin-E acts as an antioxidant of vitamin-A. • Fish
meal – it is prepared from waste of fish oil or canning industry or from the whole fish of
non-oil type. Fish meal is used as major food of domestic animals like pig, cattle, poultry,
etc. • Fish protein - it is in the form of white powder extracted from fish wastes by removing
fat and contains 80 to 90%of soluble proteins.
46. LIVER OILFISH MEAL FISH PROTIEN CONCENTRATE
47. Fish fertilizer– the waste of fish meal preparation is widely used as manure for coffee,
tea and tobacco plantation. • Fish glue - it is obtained from skin and ones of fishes like
cod, haddock, pollock and hake. • Pharmacopoeia - these are those by products which are
used in ayurvedic an unani system of medicine. • Health benefits - fish contain omega-3
fatty acid which are heart friendly and make improvements in brain development and also
prevent osteoarthritis.
48. FISH GLUE
49. 5. LATESTADVANCEMENTSIN AQUACULTURETECHNOLOGY • The fisheries and
aquaculture in asia contribute about 45% of world fish production. The production of
cultured fish can be increased by introduction of transgenic fish, which can grow faster and
have more nutrients.
50. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FISHERIES • Biotechnology offers great promises for fish
production, increasing nutritive value of fishes and fish disease control. • Biotechnology in
fisheries is done by various techniques. • Genetic identification and genetic manipulation
act as very potent tools. These techniques are -