SoM Lecture 2
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Amir Hamza NurSoM Lecture 2
Uploaded by
Amir Hamza NurCrystal Structure
Dr. Mehnaz Sharmin
Department of Physics
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
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Lattice: In 1848 Bravais introduced the concept of
space lattice. Lattice is an imaginary mathematical
concept.
“Lattice is an infinite, periodic array of points in
space arranged such that the points about any
given point are arranged identically with that
about any other point.”
It may consider as removal of the atom but the
center remains there.
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1D or Linear lattice
2D or Planer lattice 3D or Space lattice
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Translation Vector: Lattice is a mathematical abstraction which is defined by 3
fundamental translation vectors 𝑎,
Ԧ 𝑏 , 𝑐Ԧ along 3 crystallographic directions, X, Y
and Z, such that the atomic arrangement looks the same in every respect when
viewed from the point 𝑟Ԧ as when viewed from the point 𝑟´.
𝑟´= 𝑟Ԧ + 𝑛1 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑏 + 𝑛3 c ...................(1)
Where n1, n2, n3 are arbitrary integers and the
set of points 𝑟´ defined by (1) for all n1, n2, n3
defines a lattice.
𝒄
Lattice point can thus be defined by 3-
fundmental basis vectors called primitive
translation vector in X, Y, Z crystallographic
direction as 𝒃
𝛕 = 𝑛1 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑏 + 𝑛3 c ........................(2)
𝒂
So that 𝑟´= 𝑟Ԧ + 𝛕 , Here, 𝛕 is the translation
vector.
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Crystal Lattice
Bravais Lattice Non-Bravais Lattice
• All lattice points are • Some of the lattice points are
equivalent not equivalent.
• All atoms in the crystal • Atoms in the crystal are of the
are of the same kind different kind.
• Combination of 2 or more Bravais
lattice.
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Basis: A crystal structure is formed when a group of atoms or molecules
are attached identically to each lattice point. This group of atoms or
molecules are called basis.
Basis is identical in composition, arrangement and orientation, which is
repeated periodically in space to form the crystal structure.
Lattice + Basis = Crystal structure
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Unit cell
The smallest structural unit or building block that
describes the crystal structure is called a unit cell of
that structure.
Primitive cell Non-primitive/ conventional cell
The minimum volume unit cell The minimum volume unit cell
that can hold only one lattice that can hold more than one
point. lattice point.
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1 2 3 4 5
6
8
7 10
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Conventional unit cell
A conventional unit cell of a lattice is one that contains the same point
group symmetries as the overall lattice and is the smallest such cell.
• Its basis vector defines a right- Points of the Primitive Cell
handed axial setting.
• Its edges are along symmetry
direction of the lattice.
• It is the smallest cell
compatible with the above c
conditions.
b
• Crystal having the same type of
conventional cell belong to the
same crystal family. a
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Wigner-Seitz cell
It was first suggested by E. P Wigner
and F. Seitz. A primitive cell can also
be chosen as:
1. Draw lines to connect a given
lattice point to all nearby lattice
points.
2. At the midpoint and normal to
these lines draw new lines or
planes.
3. The smallest volume enclosed in
this way is the Wigner-Seitz
primitive cell.
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Lattice parameters
The parameters that are used to describe the size and the shape of a unit cell
of a crystal lattice are known as the lattice parameters.
The magnitudes of 3 fundamental
translation vectors (a, b and c ) along
with opposite angles (α, β, γ) each of
between two crystallographic axis as
shown in figure are the lattice
parameters.
The distance between two identical
atoms or molecules is the lattice
constant (a, b, c).
a, b, c → describes the size and α, β,
γ→ describes the shape of the unit
cell.
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