Key Book

Gohar Science 7 key book

Content list

Unit # Unit Name Page #

1 Plant Systems 2

2 Human Respiratory and Circulatory System 7

3 Immunity and Diseases 13

4 Structure of an Atom 19

5 Physical and Chemical Changes 24

6 Chemical Bonds 31

7 Solutions 39

8 Heat and Temperature 45

9 Force and Motion 53

10 Waves and Energy 63

11 Technology in Everyday Life 70

12 Earth and Space 76

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 1

 Chapter 1: Plant Systems
Page 4
Inquiry 1
What do you think about the different parts of plants?
Ans: Plants have roots, stem, shoots and leaves.
Inquiry 2
How are plants able to make all these foods?
Ans: Plants made their food by photosynthesis.
Inquiry 3
What carries water from soil to the tips of these plants?
Ans: Xylem tissues carry water from soil to the tips of these plants.
Page 13
What would happen (especially to the amount of oxygen in the air) if
photosynthesis stopped?
Ans: The amount of oxygen will decrease if photosynthesis will stop.
EXERCISE
1.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. How does a plant get water from the soil?
(a) through its stem (b) through its leaves
(c) through its roots (d) through its flowers
ii. What are leaves for?
(a) to make the plant look pretty
(b) to protect flowers from animals
(c) to protect plants from the rain
(d) to absorb the Sun’s energy and prepare the food
iii. During the process of photosynthesis, plants use ________ to
make food.
(a) water and carbon dioxide (b) oxygen
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 (c) nitrogen and glucose (d) oxygen and carbon dioxide
iv. Which part of the plant carries food down the plant?
(a) phloem (b) xylem
(c) roots (d) bark
v. What is the function of xylem?
(a) to protect the leaves (b) to make food
(c) to carry water from roots to leaves
(d) to carry food from leaves to branches
vi. The plant structures that control the exchange of gases into out
of a leaf:
(a) roots (b) stomata
(c) stems (d) epidermis
vii. If the xylem in a tree is damaged, which process is first affected?
(a) transporting food (b) transporting gases
(c) transporting glucose (d) transporting water
viii. Which structure protects the leaf from the drying effects of the
air?
(a) mesophyll (b) epidermis
(c) cuticle (d) vein
ix. Which process helps water reach to the leaves at the top of the
tree?
(a) transpiration (b) translocation
(c) photosynthesis (d) reproduction
x. Which mineral is an essential part of chlorophyll?
(a) phosphorous (b) magnesium
(c) nitrogen (d) iron
2.2 Write short answers.
i. Why is the process of respiration essential for a plant body?

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 Ans: Living things need energy. During daytime, plants produce glucose and oxygen
during photosynthesis. They use glucose and oxygen in respiration to get energy, while
carbon dioxide and water are produced. These products are used in photosynthesis.
ii. How stomata are helpful during photosynthesis?
Ans: Through stomata carbon dioxide gas enter into plants, which they use in
photosynthesis.
iii. How are root hairs important for plants?
Ans: Root hairs increase the surface area of roots. By root hair plants can absorb more
water from soil very easily.
iv. What do plants need to produce their own food and energy?
Ans: Plants make their food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
and chlorophyll. This process is called photosynthesis.
Glucose and oxygen are the products of photosynthesis. Plants use these two products
in respiration to produce energy. This energy is used to perform different activities of
life.
v. What is one cause of oxygen being found in the atmosphere?
Ans: Plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis. They release this oxygen in the
environment.
vi. Which part of a plant can be compared to a solar panel?
Ans: Leaves can be said as solar panel of plants because leaves of plants use sunlight to
make food for plants. Plants use that food to get energy.
2.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Prove that the structure of a leaf facilitates the process of
photosynthesis.
Ans: Mostly photosynthesis occurs in green leaves because their structure is suitable
for this process
1. Most leaves have a flat blade to absorb maximum light.
2. Leaves are thin, so carbon dioxide and light can reach to inner cells easily.
3. Leaves have a large number of stomata in the lower epidermis. Carbon dioxide can
enter and oxygen and water vapours leave through these stomata.
4. Thick layer of mesophyll cells makes enough food for the plant.
5. Vascular bundle in the leaf spreads its veins in a network to carry water to all leaf cells
and glucose away from them.

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 All these characteristics prove that the structure of a leaf is fit for the process of
photosynthesis.
ii. Write a detailed note on transpiration in plants.
Transpiration
In the tall trees, water is pulled up through the xylem when it is evaporated from the
leaves. Once in the xylem pipes, water forms unbroken columns from the roots, through
the stem and into the leaves. The loss of water by evaporation from leaves is called
transpiration.
As water transpires, more water is drawn from the xylem . This movement of water
exerts a pull on the water within the xylem. As water moves out of the leaves, more
water moves up from the stem. The roots absorb more water from the surrounding soil
to maintain the water column in stem and leaves
iii. What is photosynthesis? Describe its by-products.
The word “photosynthesis” is a combination of two Greek words : photo and synthesis.
“Photo” means light, and “synthesis” means to make.
Plants make their food using carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and
chlorophyll. This process is called photosynthesis. Plants also evolve oxygen during
photosynthesis. All organisms use oxygen during respiration. Oxygen is the by-product
of photosynthesis. Most of oxygen is not used by plants which they emit from
themselves through stomata.
A word equation can explain the process of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide + Water---Sunlight Chlorophyll------ Glucose + Oxygen
2.4 Constructed Response Questions
i. Water lilies have floating leaves. Based on this information,
answer the following questions:
(a) On which surface of the leaf these plants have more stomata?
Ans: In the case of water lilies stomata are present on the upper surface of leaves.
(b) What is the advantage of large surfaces of leaves to the plant?
Ans: Due to large surface of leaves they can absorb more sunlight.
(c) Why do leaves of these plants float but not sink?
Ans: Leaves store some air them by this leaves can float easily.
ii. What are the functions of stomata and guard cells, and what
would happen to a plant if these cells did not function correctly?

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 Ans: Stomata help in exchange of gases during photosynthesis and respiration. They
also cause evaporation of water. Guard cells control all these. If guard cells do not
function correctly then all of this will be disturb which can even cause death of the plant.
2.5 Explore
● How does selective uptake of water and minerals take place in a
root?
Ans: Water and dissolved minerals from the soil enter the root through root hairs and
epidermis by diffusion. It moves through cortex and reaches the xylem vessels.
As water in roots increases, a pressure is produced in the root cells. This pressure pushes
water and minerals up in the plant body.
In the tall trees, water is pulled up through the xylem when it is evaporated from the
leaves. Once in the xylem pipes, water forms unbroken columns from the roots, through
the stem and into the leaves.
As water transpires, more water is drawn from the xylem. This movement of water
exerts a pull on the water within the xylem.

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 Chapter 2:
Human Respiratory and Circulatory Systems
Page 18

What do you learn from the pictures given in the inquiry boxes 1, 2, 3?
Ans:
Inquiry 1
Smoking is very dangerous for our health. It damages our lungs. Fresh air
makes our lungs and body healthy.
Inquiry 2
Vegetables and fruits also make us healthy.
Inquiry 3
Daily exercise will keep our heart healthy and strong.
Page 20
Why are we advised to breathe deeply after running a race?
Ans: During running our body uses a lot of oxygen. Due to it Oxygen
decreases in our blood. To maintain oxygen level we have to inhale huge
oxygen. That’s why it is advised to breathe deeply after running a race.
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 EXERCISE
2.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Blood is carried away from the heart in:
(a) arteries (b) veins
(c) nerves (d) ureters
ii. Where does the exchange of food, oxygen and wastes take place in the
human body?
(a) in arteries (b) in veins
(c) in capillaries (d) in coronary arteries
iii. Why does the blood turn dark red as it circulates through the body? (a) It
starts to clot.
(b) It gets old and dirty while flowing through the body.
(c) The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide. 
(d) The farther blood is from the heart, the more dark red it is.
iv. Which chamber of the heart receives the oxygenated blood from the
lungs?
(a) right atrium (b) left atrium
(c) right ventricle (d) left ventricle
v. Which part of our body contracts and moves down when we inhale?
(a) bronchioles (b) alveoli
(c) diaphragm (d) kidneys
vi. Air is moistened, filtered, and warmed in the:
(a) oesophagus (b) nose
(c) mouth (d) stomach
vii. A large muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal
cavity and helps in breathing:
(a) larynx (b) trachea
(c) diaphragm (d) alveolus
viii. Cellular respiration uses:
(a) alcohol and carbon dioxide
(b) glucose, oxygen and carbon dioxide
(c) glucose (d) glucose and oxygen

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 ix. Which chambers of our heart have deoxygenated blood?
(a) right atrium and left ventricle
(b) right ventricle and left atrium
(c) right atrium and right ventricle
(d) left atrium and left ventricle
x. Which part of our blood is in liquid form?
(a) platelets (b) red blood cell
(c) white blood cell (d) plasma
2.2 Write short answers.
i. What do you think would happen if blood entering the heart is mixed
with blood leaving it?
Ans: Due to this person will get ill. It is very dangerous for us. It may cause death.
ii. Describe briefly the role of blood.
Ans: Blood is used for transportation of oxygen and food in the whole body. Blood also
create immunity in our body. White blood cells protect us from pathogens.
iii. Why is it important to circulate blood through the body?
Ans: Every cell in our body needs energy to survive. For energy cells need food and
oxygen. Blood supplies oxygen and food that’s why circulation of blood in the body is
very important.
iv. What are alveoli?
Ans: Our lungs are the most important organs of the respiratory system. In each lung
the bronchus divides into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each
bronchiole, tiny air sacs called alveoli are present. Alveoli are surrounded by blood
capillaries. When we breathe in, the air enters the lungs and reaches the alveoli.
v. Why does our voice become rough when we get infection in throat or
catch cold?
Ans: Due to cold or infection trachea swells and our voice become rough.
2.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Ans: There are two forms of respiration, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration
The process in which living cells release a lot of energy from food by combining it with
oxygen is called aerobic respiration. Most of the time, our body cells respire aerobically.

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 Aerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria. Many enzymes take part in the breaking
down of food to release energy.
Food + Oxygen ---------Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Anaerobic Respiration
Some microorganisms such as yeast, etc. release energy from food without using oxygen.
This form of respiration is called anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration releases
less energy than aerobic respiration. During this respiration, yeast cells release ethanol
(alcohol) instead of water. Anaerobic respiration is also called fermentation.
Food---------- Ethanol (Alcohol) + Carbon dioxide + Energy
ii. Write a detailed note on human respiratory system.
Ans: Respiration
The process by which living organisms produce energy by combining oxygen with food
molecules is called respiration.
Food + Oxygen---------- Water + Carbon dioxide + Energy
iii. Describe the structure of human heart.
Ans:
The Heart
Our heart is a muscular
organ about the size of our
fist. Heart is found in our
chest. It pumps oxygen-poor
blood (deoxygenated blood)
to the lungs and oxygen-rich
blood (oxygenated blood) to
the body. There are four chambers in our heart: two upper chambers called atria
(singular atrium) and two lower chambers called ventricles . The ventricles of our heart
are larger than the atria. Both atria contract at the same time, and so the ventricles. The
blood passes from the atria into the ventricles. There is a valve between each atrium and
ventricle on both sides of the heart. These valves keep the blood flowing in one direction.
Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium and oxygenated blood from
the lungs enters the left atrium of our heart. The right ventricle pushes the blood to the
lungs and the left ventricle pushes the blood to the body.
iv. Compare the structure and functions of blood vessels.
Blood Vessels
Blood travels throughout the body through blood vessels. Three types of blood vessels
are arteries, capillaries and veins.

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 Arteries
Arteries are the blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries have thick and flexible walls. Most of the arteries carry oxygenated blood, but
pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. Arteries divide many times to
form smaller tubes, called capillaries.
Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body. They are so small that red blood
cells flow through them one cell at a time. Food and oxygen from the blood of capillaries
diffuse into the cells. Waste materials and carbon dioxide from the cells diffuse into the
blood of capillaries. Capillaries again join to form the larger blood vessels called veins.
Veins
Veins are the blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart. Their walls are thinner as
compare to arteries. Most of the veins bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart, but
pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
v. Describe the composition of blood and the functions of plasma and blood
cells.
Ans:
Our Blood
Our blood is a liquid tissue that transports materials throughout the body.
Parts of Blood
Blood is a mixture of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets (Figure 2.8).
Plasma is the liquid part of blood and mainly consists of water (about 90%). Food
particles, minerals, oxygen, some proteins and wastes are also present in plasma. All the
blood cells float in it.
1. Red blood cells are most numerous of the cells in whole blood. One millilitre of our
blood contains about 4 to 6 million red blood cells. These disc-shaped cells contain a
protein called haemoglobin. Haemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2. White blood cells fight against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances that
constantly attack our body. They are bigger but less in number than red blood cells.
One millilitre of our blood carries only about 3 to 9 thousand white blood cells. Their
number may increase in case of infection.
3. Platelets are irregularly shaped. They are not taken as cells but cell fragments.
Platelets help to clot the blood in case of injury. One millilitre of our blood may
contain about 150,000 to 450,000 platelets. They are short-lived with a lifespan of
five to nine days.
2.4 Constructed Response Questions
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 i. Arfa measures blood pressures of her cousins who are busy in different
activities. Sana is reading a book. Javeria is skipping a rope. Noor is cleaning
the room.
● Why is Javeria’s blood pressure higher than the other girls?
Ans: Because Javeria’s muscles need more energy during exercise. For more energy she
needs more oxygen. For it heart pumps blood fastly.
● Whose blood pressure is the lowest among the three girls?
Ans: Sana’s blood pressure is lowest because she is only reading book and not doing
much more work.
ii. Air around us has 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen and less than 1% of
carbon dioxide.
● Why is the percentage of carbon dioxide increased in the exhaled air?
Ans: During respiration every cell emits carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide dissolves in
blood. When that blood come to lungs then carbon dioxide diffuse in air. That’s why
percentage of carbon dioxide increased in the exhaled air.
● Which gas shows the lesser percentage in the exhaled air? Why?
Ans: Oxygen’s percentage will decrease in exhaled air.
2.5 Explore
● Use your previous knowledge and internet to explore the natural balance
in the processes of breathing and photosynthesis.
Ans: In breathing living things inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. In breathing
oxygen is used to get energy from food. In this reaction carbon dioxide gas, energy and
water is produced.
In photosynthesis plants inhale carbon dioxide and exhale oxygen. In photosynthesis
reaction plants use carbon dioxide gas and water to produce food and oxygen

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 Chapter 3: Immunity and Diseases
Page 31
What do you learn from the pictures given in the inquiry boxes, 1, 2, 3?

Ans: We get infected by different germs. Germs make us sick.

By wearing masks, washing hands and exercise we can be safe from
different deceases. Vaccines and medicines can help us for better health.
Page 39
ACTIVITY 3.2: To identify the Infectious and non-infectious diseases
In class V, you have studied about infectious and non-infectious diseases. Prepare a list
of different diseases and then sort them into infectious and non-infectious diseases.

EXERCISE
3.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. In our bodies, antibodies are produced by:
(a) plasma cells (b) red blood cells
(c) memory cells (d) platelets
ii. Substances that are injected to stimulate the immune system are called:

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 (a) medications (b) vaccines
(c) memory cells (d) plasma
iii. Which of the following systems protects our body against disease-
causing microorganisms?
(a) immune system (b) respiratory system
(c) urinary system (d) digestive system
iv. Which of the following immunity is present from our birth?
(a) acquired immunity (b) passive immunity
(c) innate immunity (d) active immunity
v. Which statement is true about passive immunity?
(a) This immunity lasts for a few weeks. 
(b) This immunity causes reaction.
(c) This immunity develops immediately.
(d) This immunity lasts for entire life.
vi. The immune system recognizes which part of a pathogen?
(a) antibody (b) antigen
(c) active site (d) passive site
vii. The body has a number of barriers to prevent infections by pathogens.
Which are chemical barriers?
(a) skin and hair in the nose (b) mucous and antigens
(c) skin and stomach acid (d) mucous and stomach acid
viii. What is a pathogen?
(a) a bacterial cell (b) a transmitable disease
(c) an infection (d) a disease-causing microorganism
ix. Which one is not a transmitable disease?
(a) typhoid (b) hepatitis
(c) dengue fever (d) cancer
x. Which of the following cannot boost our immune system?
(a) exercise (b) balanced diet
(c) fast food (d) vaccines
3.2 Write short answers.
i. What is disease?

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 Ans: Disease means sickness of body or mind. It also means the state of being ill in
which our body systems do not function properly. Commonly the term ‘disease’ is used
for infectious diseases.
ii. Define pathogens.
Ans: A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause a disease. Viruses, bacteria, fungi,
protozoans (amoeba, plasmodium, etc.) are pathogens. Pathogens produce toxins in the
body. These toxins cause symptoms such as fever, rashes, etc. and make us feel ill.
iii. What is immunity?
Ans: Our immune systemo remembers the antigens. Some white blood cells called
memory cells perform this function. If an antigen attacks our body again, it is recognized.
Right antibodies can capture these antigens. Hence, in most cases, we do not get sick.
This protection against a certain disease is known as immunity.
iv. What is the purpose of the immune system?
Ans: The purpose of immune system is to protect our body from diseases and
pathogens etc
v. How can exercise support our immune system?
Ans: Exercise boosts overall circulation and helps stimulate our immune system.
3.3 Write detailed answers.
i. What are the major types of immunity? Explain them.
Ans:
Types of Immunity
There are three different types of immunity:
Innate Immunity
Most pathogens that attack our body are repelled before they cause any disease. This
type of immune response is non-specific or innate. The natural protection against
diseases that we are born with is called innate immunity. Our skin, hair in the nose,
mucous membranes, etc. keep harmful substances from entering the body.
Active Immunity
If some pathogens are succeeded to enter a person’s body, then the specific immune
response in the body becomes alert. A person has active immunity if their white blood
cells produce antibodies to protect against a disease. Active immunity is usually long-
lasting. For many diseases, it can last an entire life. Active immunity can be developed by:
● infecting with a disease and getting over it.
● being vaccinated with dead or weakened pathogens
Passive Immunity
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 A person has passive immunity to a disease if they receive antibodies from an other
organism. For example, babies have antibodies from their mothers through their milk).
Sometimes persons get injected with antibodies. For example, a rabies patient gets
injections of antibodies against rabies virus. Passive immunity gives protection, but it
only lasts for a few weeks or months.
ii. How does our immune system work?
Ans: There are several kinds of white blood cells such as leukocytes, lymphocytes,
phagocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, T-cells, B-cells, etc. in our body. Each kind can
produce a different antibody. An antibody is a protein that works to attack, weaken, and
destroy pathogens and toxins. These pathogens and toxins are called antigens. When
our immune system recognizes an antigen, it produces an antibody to counter it. This is
called an immune response. The antibody binds to the antigen and destroys it. Our
immune system also remembers the antigens. Some white blood cells called memory
cells perform this function. If an antigen attacks our body again, it is recognized. Right
antibodies can capture these antigens. Hence, in most cases, we do not get sick.
iii. What is a vaccine? How does a vaccine work?
Ans: A vaccine is a suspension contains weakened or dead viruses or bacteria that
normally cause disease. In fact, these pathogens have the antigens similar to the normal
pathogens, but they are not able to cause disease.
How Vaccines Work
When weakened or dead bacteria or viruses are introduced into a person’s body, white
blood cells recognize these pathogens and make antibodies. Memory cells (white blood
cells) remember these antigens (pathogens). If the ‘normal’ pathogens get into the
person’s body on some day, white blood cells immediately recognize them and attack to
destroy them.
iv. How can we boost our immune system?
Ans: Our immune system does a very important job of defending us against pathogens.
However, sometimes this system fails. Some pathogens invade and make us sick. If we
change our lifestyle, we can strengthen our immune system.
● Stay up-to-date on recommended vaccinations. A vaccine trains our immune system
to be active.
● Take a healthy diet. A diet rich in vitamins and minerals supports our immune system.
● Exercise regularly. Exercise boosts overall circulation and helps stimulate our immune
system.
● Our body loses water through our breath, sweating, urine and bowl movements. We
must replace the water our body loses. Drink plenty of water everyday.

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 ● Get plenty of sleep. Important infectionfighting molecules are produced in our body
while we sleep.
● Stress affects our immune system badly. Try to avoid stress.
3.4 Constructed Response Questions
i. Our body has natural defence system. This system is called our immune
system.
 What are the first, second and third lines of defence in our body?

First Line of Defence

The first line of defence includes physical and chemical barriers such as skin, tears,
mucous, stomach acid, etc. They are always ready to defend the body from infection.

Second Lines of Defence

The second line of defence is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together
to protect the body. This is the immune system.

Third Lines of Defence

The third line of defence are the specific white blood cells that produce antibodies to
kill the pathogens.

 How do white blood cells protect us from diseases?

Ans: A white blood cell comes close to an antigen to recognize it. If the antigens are
recognized, the white blood cells divide to form many identical cells. Then white
blood cells produce more antibodies to destroy antigens.

3.5 Explore
● Space scientists observed that astronauts experienced a number of
illnesses upon their return to Earth. Many of them caught cold or other
infections within 1 week of completing their journeys. Future space visitors
will need to stay healthy in space, so it is important to understand how
living in space will affect their health. Explore what happens to an
astronaut’s immune system, when they are in space. Use internet or go to
library.
Ans: When astronauts go in the space then there are not any pathogens in the space.
So, in space their immune system does not need work properly. In space our immune

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 system gets slow. When they come back to earth they face heavy exposure of bacteria
and other germs. Due to inactive immune system they face illness.

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 Chapter 4: Structure of an Atom
EXERCISE
4.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Which of the following has a positive charge?
(a) electron (b) proton
(c) neutron (d) atom
ii. The nucleus of an atom consists of:
(a) only protons (b) only neutrons
(c) protons and neutrons (d) protons and electrons
iii. Who among the following first proposed the ‘Atomic Theory of Matter’?
(a) Rutherford (b) Neils Bohr
(c) J. J. Thomson (d) John Dalton
iv. An atom has mass number 37 and atomic number 17. How many
neutrons are present in the atom?
(a) 17 (b) 18
(c) 19 (d) 20
v. If both K and L shells are fully occupied by electrons, what would be the
atomic number of that element?
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 16
vi. In the Periodic Table, Lithium (Li) is the member of:
(a) first period (b) second period
(c) third period (d) fourth period
vii. In the periodic table, the vertical rows are called:
(a) groups (b) periods
(c) rows (d) lines
viii. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the
third shell:
(a) 2 (b) 8
(c) 10 (d) 18
ix. An atom with 3 protons and 4 neutrons has the atomic number:
(a) 3 (b) 4
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 (c) 5 (d) 7
x. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom is called:
(a) mass number (b) atomic number
(c) group number (d) period number
4.2 Write short answers.
i. What does give the positive charge to the nucleus of an atom?
Ans: There are two types of particles present in nucleus, protons and
neutrons. There is positive charge on protons and no charge on neutrons.
Due to presence of protons, nucleus has positive charge.
ii. How are groups and periods in a periodic table different? Give one
reason.
Ans: Groups are divided on the basis of number of electrons present in the
outer most shell. Periods are divided on the basis of number of shells present
the atom.
iii. What is the formula of finding the mass number of an element?
Ans: Sum of numbers of protons and numbers of neutrons is mass number.
Number of protons + number of neutrons = mass number
iv. Which atomic particle in an atom has the least mass?
Ans: Electrons have least mass.
v. Why does an atom have no overall electric charge?
Ans: In an atom number of protons and electrons are equal. Protons have
positive charge and electrons have negative charge. That’s why there is no
overall electric charge.
vi. What do you mean by STM?
Ans: Scanning Tunnelling Microscope(STM)
In 1981 Gird Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer viewed the image of atoms with
Scanning Tunnelling Microscope. They were awarded Nobel Prize in 1986.
Scientists can observe surface atoms with a Scanning Tunnelling Microscope.

4.3 Write detailed answers.

i. Describe the structure of an atom.
Ans: Structure of An Atom
Atoms are made up of even smaller particles called electrons, protons and neutrons.
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 The central part of the atom is called the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are present in
the nucleus.
Electrons revolve around the nucleus. An electron carries a negative charge. Its mass is
extremely small.
A proton carries a positive charge. A proton has a mass 1837 times greater than that of
an electron. The number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons
revolving around the nucleus. A neutron carries no charge. This neutral particle is found
in the nucleus of an atom. The mass of a neutron is almost equal to the mass of a proton.
ii. What are the key milestones in the discovery of structure of an atom?
Ans: History of Discovery of Atomic Structure
After Democritus, different scientists tried to find out the arrangement in an atom. Over
the years, scientists have proposed different models of an atom.
● In 1808, John Dalton proposed that atoms are indivisible tiny solid balls. Atoms cannot
be made or destroyed.
● In 1904, J.J. Thomson proposed the plum pudding model of an atom. He said that
atom is like a positively charged sphere (pudding) in which negatively charged particles
called electrons (plums) are embedded.
● In 1911, Ernest Rutherford proposed that most of the atom is an empty space.
Electrons in an atom revolve around a small positively charged nucleus.
● In 1913, Neils Bohr modified Rutherford’s model. He proposed that electrons in an
atom revolve around the tiny positively charged nucleus in specific orbits or shells.
● In 1932, James Chadwick proved that in addition to protons and electrons, neutrons
are also the part of an atom. But, neutrons have no charge.
iii. Write a note on the periodic table.
Ans:
Periodic Table
A substance made up of only one kind of atoms is called an element. There are about
118 known elements. The Periodical Table is a way of arranging elements. Elements are
arranged in the periodic table from left to right (period) and top to bottom (column).
The elements are arranged in the order of their atomic numbers. Each element has its
own name and abbreviation in the periodic table. For example, “H” for hydrogen, “S” for
sulphur, “Au” for gold (Aurum).
i. Periods
Each horizontal row from left to right in the periodic table is called a period. The mass of
atoms increases from left to right. For example, hydrogen (H) has a smaller mass, than
helium. There are seven periods in period table.
ii. Groups
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 21
 Every column from top to bottom in the periodic table is called a group. Elements in a
group have same number of electrons in outermost shell. Hence, the properties of
elements in a group are similar to each other. There are eighteen groups in periodic
table.
iv. Describe the distribution of electrons in different shells.
Ans:
Distribution of Electrons in Shells
Electrons revolve around the nucleus of an atom. The paths drawn by the movement of
electrons around the nucleus are called shells. Electrons are distributed in different
shells. Shells are also called as energy levels. These shells are labeled as K, L, M, N, O, P,
Q, etc. K is the first shell (Figure 4.5). We can calculate the number of electrons in a shell
using the following formula:
Number of electrons in a shell = 2n2 ( ‘n’ is the number of shell)
Shell number Maximum number of electrons
Shell number 1 or K-shell 2n2 = 2(1)2 = 2
Shell number 2 or L-shell 2n2 = 2(2)2 = 8
Shell number 3 or M-shell 2n2 = 2(3)2 = 18

4.4 Constructed Response Questions Look at the given diagram and give
answers to the questions:
i. What is the atomic number of this element?
Ans: Number of electrons =13
Number of electrons = Number of protons
So, the atomic number of this element is 13.
ii. What is the mass number of this atom?
Ans: Mass number = Number of protons + Number of neutrons
Mass Number = 13 + 14 =27
iii. What is the name of the outermost shell of this atom?
Ans: 3rd shell is the outer most shell of this atom. So, the name of outer most
shell is “M”.
iv. Mention the number of: Electrons __________ Protons __________
Neutrons __________
Ans:
Electron = 13
Protons = 13
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 22
 Neutrons = 14
v. Identify the element with the help of periodic table.
Ans: This is Aluminum(Al).

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 23

 Chapter 5:
Physical and Chemical Chapter Changes
Page 53

Inquiry 1
Cleaning of which material is impossible? Tick ( ). Can you explain, why?
Ans: Cleaning of rusted bolt in impossible. It’s a chemical change. The only ways is to
remove rust.
Inquiry 2, 3
What do you learn from the pictures given in the inquiry boxes 2, 3?
Ans: The paper, conversion of ice into water and cutting of fruits into pieces all these
are physical changes. Only the shape of things is changing.
Baking of food, rotting of fruits and rusting of iron all of these are chemical changes
Page 54
POINT TO THINK!
Explain the presence of puddle of water on the sidewalk one day and
its absence on the next day.
Ans: Puddle disappears due to evaporation. Whole water converts into gas.

Page 55
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 24
 POINT TO THINK!
When we chew food, what type of changes are we causing to the food,
a physical change or a chemical change?
Ans: Both changes happen, physical as well as chemical. Our teeth convert the food in
small pieces which is a physical change. Our saliva start digestion which is a chemical
change.
Page 56
POINT TO THINK!
Plants use water, carbon dioxide and light energy to make their food
(glucose). This reaction is called photosynthesis.
a. What are the reactants and products in photosynthesis?
Water and carbon dioxide are reactants, while oxygen and glucose are products.
b. Can you name a chemical reaction that happens in our body?
Digestion of food is a chemical reaction.
Page 60
POINT TO THINK!
Which season of the year is more likely favourable for the rusting of
iron?
Rainy season is favourable for rusting of iron, due to presence of water and oxygen in
this season.
Page 63
POINT TO THINK!
Why does milk spill out after overheating but water does not?
When milk is heated further, the water vapour expands, pressure builds up and lifts
the creamy layer up and thus the milk spills out. But in case of water, the water
vapour escapes very easily on boiling since it does not have any layer on the surface
to interrupt till complete evaporation of the liquid.
POINT TO THINK!
Why should we not take vitamin A and vitamin D regularly in our
diet?
If we will intake these vitamins in huge quantity then they will cause issues in our
health. These vitamins do not dissolve in water that’s why we do not excrete these
vitamins from our body.
EXERCISE
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 25
 5.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Which of the following is NOT a sign of a chemical change?
(a) change in colour (b) change in state
(c) change in smell (d) production of gas
ii. Which of the following DOES NOT show a chemical change?
(a) burring of leaves (b) frying an egg
(c) freezing of water (d) turning brown of freshly cut apple
iii. What kind of change is the explosion of fireworks?
(a) chemical change (b) physical change
(c) reversible change (d) temporary change
iv. Which of the following is NOT a required condition for rusting of iron to
occur?
(a) presence of oxygen (b) moist air
(c) presence of water (d) presence of carbon dioxide
v. Which of the following is a characteristic of burning?
(a) oxygen is required for burning (b) it produces heat
(c) it is a chemical change (d) all of the above
vi. Physical changes are:
(a) permanent (b) temporary
(c) not easy to reverse (d) irreversible
vii. Properties like size, shape, colour, solubility, etc. are:
(a) physical properties (b) chemical properties
(c) normal properties (d) permanent properties
viii. Which one is NOT a chemical change?
(a) rusting of iron (b) tarnishing of metal
(c) solubility of a salt  (d) combustion of a feed
ix. Oxygen gas is involved in the process of:
(a) melting (b) freezing
(c) burning (d) evaporation
x. Which of the following is a physical change?
(a) mixing salt with sugar (b) baking a cake
(c) frying an egg (d) burning wood
5.2 Write short answers.
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 26
 i. You see a puddle of water on the sidewalk, but next day it is absent.
Explain this change.
Ans: Due to evaporation of water puddle disappears. It is a physical change, water only
coverts into gas.
ii. Why do you think the chopping of wood is a physical change but burning
of wood is a chemical change?
Ans: In chopping of wood, only wood convert into a small pieces. Properties
of wood remain same, only size of wood changes. While in burning of wood,
wood converts into ashes. We can’t convert ash into wood.
iii. Differentiate between reversible and irreversible changes.
Ans: The change in which a thing can convert in its previous form easily is
called reversible change like ice and water. A change in which a thing can’t
convert into its previous form easily called irreversible change like water into
food (photosynthesis).
iv. How are rust and tarnish different?
Ans:
Rusting of Iron
Rusting is a chemical change. When iron objects are left exposed to oxygen
and water, a brown flaky layer forms on their surfaces. This brown flaky layer
is hydrated iron oxide called rust Rusting of iron is a slow chemical change,
but it can destroy the whole iron object.
Tarnish
Tarnish is a layer of corrosion. However unlike rust, it does not destroy the
underlying metal. This chemical change only affects the top layers. When
metals such as copper, brass, aluminium, etc. react with the oxygen in the air,
a dull layer of corrosion called tarnish develops over the metal.

5.3 Write detailed answers.

i. What is a physical change? Give examples from daily life.
Ans:
Physical Change
A change in which no new substances are formed, is called a physical change.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 27

 In physical changes, size, shape etc. of substances are changed, but their
chemical composition remains the same. Moreover, physical changes are not
permanent. They are easy to reverse. Melting, freezing, boiling and
condensing are some examples of physical change.
Water is mostly found in liquid state. When liquid water freezes, it becomes a
solid (ice). On heating, liquid water evaporates and forms a gas (water
vapour). The chemical nature of all the three states of water (water, ice and
water vapour) is the same, i.e. water (H2 O). The changes in the above given
example are changes of state. They are physical changes. We can change
solid ice back to liquid water by heating. The gaseous water can be changed
back to liquid water by cooling it.
Here are some examples of physical changes.
i. Cutting fruits into pieces.
ii. Mixing salt into water.
iii. Making of jewelry
ii. What is a chemical change? Give examples from daily life.
Ans:
Chemical Change
A change in which new substances are formed, is called a chemical change.
In chemical changes, chemical composition of substances changes. Moreover,
chemical changes are permanent. They are not easy to reverse. Similarly,
burning of wood or paper, rusting of iron, cooking of an egg, etc. are
examples of chemical changes. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas chemically react
to form water. Water is different from both of the gases.
Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gas ------------------ Water
Here are some more examples of chemical changes.
i. Rotting of fruits.
ii. Combustion.
iii. Rusting of iron.
iii. Describe some processes in which oxygen is involved.
Many chemical changes occur when oxygen of the air reacts with substances.
Some of such chemical changes are as follows:
Combustion
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 28
 A chemical change in which a fuel reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off
heat is called combustion. Whereas, burning is a chemical change in which
something burns and produces heat and light.
Carbon + Oxygen gas------------------ Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light
Rusting of Iron
Rusting is a chemical change. When iron objects are left exposed to oxygen
and water, a brown flaky layer forms on their surfaces. This brown flaky layer
is hydrated iron oxide called rust
Iron + Oxygen + Water ------------------ Rust
Rusting of iron is a slow chemical change, but it can destroy the whole iron
object.
Tarnish
Tarnish is a layer of corrosion. However unlike rust, it does not destroy the
underlying metal. This chemical change only affects the top layers. When
metals such as copper, brass, aluminium, etc. react with the oxygen in the air,
a dull layer of corrosion called tarnish develops over the metal.
iv. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter.
Physical Properties of Materials
The characteristics of a material that can be observed without changing the
identity of the material are called physical properties. Colour, density,
hardness, melting and boiling points, solubility, thermal conductivity, etc. are
the physical properties of matter.
Chemical Properties of Materials
The characteristics of a material that can be observed when the material
undergoes a chemical change are called chemical properties. Flammability,
tendency to rust, etc. are chemical properties of materials. We have already
discussed tendency of iron to rust.
4. Constructed Response Questions
i. We observe physical and chemical changes around us. We eat food. Our
body digests this food.
 Identify the physical and chemical changes during the process of
digestion.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 29

 Ans:
Crushing of food into small pieces by teeth is a physical change. Some
chemicals mix with food which convert food simple form and make
them useable for our body. These changes are chemical changes.
 Can you mention a few chemical changes taking place in plants?
Ans:
i. Production of food from water and carbon dioxide
(photosynthesis).
ii. Production of energy from glucose and oxygen (respiration).
ii. Have you observed the burning of a candle? If yes, then:
 Identify the physical change.
Melting of wax
 Identify the chemical change
Combustion of candle with oxygen and production of carbon dioxide
gas.
5.5 Explore
● Use the internet to explore why the process of rusting of iron is faster in
salt water or near a salt factory.
Ans:
Salt present in water makes the process of rusting faster.
● A student uses a permanent coloured marker to write on the whiteboard.
The ink of this marker is soluble in alcohol and not in water. Can the
student use water to remove stains from the board? If not, what can
she/he use?
Ans: No, water will not remove stains. If someone wants to remove stains
then he/she must use petrol or ethanol etc.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 30

 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds

Inquiry 1: Why are all these things different?

Ans: Because all these things are made of different atoms.
Inquiry 2: What do you learn from inquiry 2?
Ans: All of these things are made of different atoms, different elements and
have different number of atoms.
Inquiry 3: Why do all things not melt at the same temperature?
Ans: Due to different amount of attraction between atoms of different things.
EXERCISE
6.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. What occurs in a covalent bond?
(a) Electrons are shared. (b) Electrons are gained.
(c) Electrons are released. (d) Protons are shared.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 31

 ii. A carbon atom has four valence electrons. It can make:
(a) two single covalent bonds (b) two double covalent bonds
(c) two triple covalent bonds (d) three double covalent bonds
iii. By gaining an extra electron, an atom becomes:
(a) anion (b) cation
(c) molecule (d) compound
iv. Every atom tends to be:
(a) free (b) unstable
(c) stable (d) soft
v. The combining capacity of an atom of an element with other atoms is
called:
(a) bonding (b) ion
(c) molecule (d) valency
vi. A force that holds atoms is called:
(a) chemical bond (b) ion
(c) anion (d) cation
vii. A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another is
called:
(a) covalent bond (b) ionic bond
(c) single covalent bond (d) double covalent bond
viii. In a covalent bond, shared electrons are always found in:
(a) pairs (b) triads
(c) tetrads (d) dozens
ix. Ferric oxide (iron oxide) is formed from iron (Fe3+) and oxide (O2-) ions.
The chemical formula of iron oxide is:
(a) FeO3 (b) Fe2O3
(c) Fe3O2 (d) Fe2O
x. The symbolic representation of a compound is called:
(a) mass number (b) molecular number
(c) chemical element (d) chemical formula
6.2 Write short answers.
i. Why do noble gases not form ions?

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 32

 Ans: Noble gases do not form ions because they are stable. They do not need
to make bond with other atoms.
ii. Sodium chloride has charges but no overall charge. Explain.
Ans: In sodium chloride, sodium has +1 charge and chlorine has -1 charge.
In one formula unit of sodium chloride there is one sodium and one chlorine
that’s why there is no overall chage on it.
iii. Why do atoms become ions?
Ans: When an atom wants to get stable then it make bonds. For making of
bonds with other atoms it have to lose or get electrons. By this atom
becomes ion.
iv. Define valency.
Ans: Valency is the capacity of an atom to combine with the other atom.
Valency can also be defined as “the number of electrons that an atom loses,
gains or shares is called its valency.” For example, sodium atom (Na) loses
one electron. Its valency is ‘1’.
v. What do you mean by ‘electron dot diagram’?
Ans: An electron dot diagram is the symbol which shows the valence
electrons as dots. Here are a few electron dot diagrams of elements:

vi. What is a chemical bond?

Ans: A force that holds the atoms together is called a chemical bond. For
example, in a water molecule (H2O), two hydrogen atoms bond together with
one oxygen atom. To form a chemical bond, atoms share electrons with other
atoms or borrow electrons from other atoms.
6.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Why do atoms combine? Give examples.
Ans: Only about 118 elements are known to us, but there are hundreds of
thousands known compounds around us. Atoms of different elements
combine to form compounds. Atoms gain or lose electrons in the outermost
or valence shell to attain stable electronic configuration. In this way, negative
(–ve) and positive (+ve) ions come into existence. These oppositely charged

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 33

 atoms or ions combine to make compounds. Sometimes, atoms share their
valence electrons to attain stable electronic configuration.

ii. What is chemical formula? How do we write a chemical formula?

Ans: Chemical Formula
Describing a molecule or compound in the form of symbols to show number
and types of atoms, is called the chemical formula.
For example: H2O is the formula of a molecule of water. It contains two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Writing a Chemical Formula
Symbols and valency numbers of elements help to write chemical formula of
a compound. To write the formula of a compound:
1. Write the symbol of the element with positive (+ve) valency number on
the left and the symbol of the element with negative (–ve) valency number
on the right.
2. Put the valency number of each element with its charge on its top right
side.
3. Interchange the valency number of the both elements and write them on
lower right side of each one. Omit +ve and –ve signs which cancel each other.
Also omit number ‘1’.

iii. Write a note on an ionic bond.

Ans: Ionic Bonds

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 34

 When an atom donates one or more electrons to another atom, both of them
become ions. The electrostatic force between a positive ion and a negative
ion is called ionic bond.
● The atom which donates electrons becomes a positive (+ve) ion.
● The atom which receives electrons becomes a negative (–ve) ion.
An electrostatic force called ionic bond joins together these oppositely
charged ions. Example: Ionic bond is present in sodium chloride or table salt
(NaCl). When sodium atom (Na) loses its one electron, it becomes a positive
sodium ion (Na+). A chlorine atom (Cl) gains this electron and it becomes
negative chloride ion (Cl – ). The positive sodium (Na+) and the negative
chloride (Cl – ) ions attract each other and form an ionic bond.

iv. Explain the formation of covalent bond and its types.

Ans: Covalent Bonds
The chemical bond formed by the mutual sharing of electrons is called a
covalent bond. Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain valence electrons. For
example, a hydrogen atom has only one electron in its outermost shell (H●).
It cannot afford losing this electron. Such atoms share their electrons with
other atoms to become stable. The nuclei of both atoms attract the shared
electrons at the same time. Shared electrons move between the outermost
shells of the both atoms so that each atom has a complete outer shell (with 2
or 8 electrons). A covalent bond can be single, double or triple.
1. Single Covalent Bond
When atoms share one electron each or one pair of electrons, the covalent
bond is called a single covalent bond. For example, in a hydrogen molecule
(H2 ), a single covalent bond is present between the hydrogen atoms.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 35

 2. Double Covalent Bond
When atoms share two electrons each or two pairs of electrons, the covalent
bond is called a double covalent bond. For example, in an oxygen molecule
(O2 ), each oxygen atom has 6 electrons in the outermost shell and needs 2
electrons to complete the outer shell. Both of them share two pairs of
electrons to form oxygen molecule.

3. Triple Covalent Bond

When atoms share three electrons each or three pairs of electrons, the
covalent bond is called a triple covalent bond. For example, in a nitrogen
molecule (N2), each nitrogen atom has 5 electrons in its outermost shell and
needs 3 more to complete this shell. Both of the nitrogen atoms share three
pairs of electrons to form a nitrogen molecule.

v. Compare and contrast ionic bond and covalent bond.

Ans: Let’s compare ionic bond and covalent bond.
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
1 Forms by losing or gaining Forms by sharing of electrons.
electrons.
2 Forms from the electrostatic No electrostatic attraction is
attraction between oppositely involved.
charged ions.
3 Forms between one metal atom Forms between two non-metal
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 36
 and one nonmetal atom atoms.
4 Makes solid compounds. Makes liquid or gaseous
compounds.
5 Ionic compounds have high Covalent compounds have low
melting and boiling points melting and boiling points.

6.4 Constructed Response Questions

i. Look at the electronic configuration of these atoms:

 Which atoms has the ability to become a positive ion?

Ans: “B” has ability to become positive ion. Because it has only 2 electrons
in its outermost shell. It is easy to lose 2 electrons instead of gaining 6
electrons.
 Which atom can gain more electrons?
Ans: “C” can gain more electrons. In “C” there are 5 electrons in
outermost shell. It need 3 electrons to get stable.
 Which atom is not interested in becoming an ion?
Ans: “A” and “B” are not interested in becoming anion, because “A” is
stable with 8 electrons and “B” needed 6 electrons to get stable, which is
difficult.

6.5 Investigate
● Investigate the element with atomic number 20. What is the importance
and uses of your element?
Ans: That element is calcium. Calcium is very important for healthy teeth and
bones. It makes our bones stronger.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 37

 ● Use internet or go to library to investigate at least 5 major elements
found in living things.
Remember that living things are made up of about 20 elements.
Ans: Following elements are present in our body
i. Calcium
ii. Oxygen
iii. Carbon
iv. Hydrogen
v. Nitrogen

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 38

 Chapter 7: Solutions
Page 82

Ans: (Inquiry 1) In ice cream liquid is mixed with gas. In juice water is mixed
with many other natural chemical. In case of water and oil, oil does not
dissolve in water. So, all mixtures are different.
(Inquiry 2)In lemonade, sugar and lemon completely dissolve in water. That’s
why we do not see the components of lemonade.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 39

 (Inquiry 3)In seawater salt is dissolved in huge quantity. This is very
dangerous for us. That’s why we cannot drink it.
Page 84
POINT TO THINK!
Why are more impurities dissolved in water?
Ans: Water is a universal solvent. It can dissolve most of the things in the
world. That’s why impurities dissolve in water.
Page 86
POINT TO THINK!
Yellow gold is an alloy made from equal parts of copper and silver
combined with a greater amount of gold. Identify each component of
yellow gold as a solute or solvent.
Ans: Gold is solvent, while copper and silver are solute.
Page 91
POINT TO THINK!
Think and suggest the ways you can enjoy a glass of lemonade sooner.
Ans: To make lemonade sooner we should mix sugar and salt in hot water.
EXERCISE
7.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Which among the following is an example of solid solution?
(a) copper dissolved in gold (b) vinegar dissolved in water
(c) table salt dissolved in water (d) glucose dissolved in water
ii. The solubility of a substance in a solvent depends on:
(a) temperature (b) pressure
(c) nature of solute (d) all of the above
iii. How does the solubility of gases in a liquid vary with increase in
temperature?
(a) increases with temperature (b) decreases with temperature
(c) first increases and then decreases (d) no change
iv. When table salt is dissolved in water:
(a) The boiling point of water decrease.
(b) The boiling point of water increases. 

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 40

 (c) Does not affect the boiling point of water.
(d) None of the above.
v. An example of heterogeneous mixture:
(a) concrete (b) mixture of sugar and sand
(c) ice cubes in cola (d) All of these
vi. We can speed up the process of dissolving by:
(a) heating the solution  (b) cooling the solution
(c) adding more water (d) adding more solute
vii. Which solvent is often used by gold jewlers?
(a) aqueous solution (b) aqua regia 
(c) vinegar (d) alcohol
viii. An aqueous solution can dissolve this solute:
(a) sugar (b) sand
(c) chalk (d) mustard oil
ix. The component of a solution in greater amount is called:
(a) solute (b) suspension
(c) collide (d) solvent 
x. Which factor can increase the solubility of a gas in a liquid?
(a) temperature (b) solvent
(c) nature of solute (d) pressure
7.2 Write short answers.
i. What is an aqueous solution?
Ans: A solution in which water is the solvent is known as an aqueous solution.
ii. Differentiate between a solute and a solvent.
Ans: All solutions are the mixture of two more substances. The substance in
less amount is called solute. The substance in which solute is dissolved is
called solvent.
iii. How does temperature of a solvent affect the solubility of a gas?
Ans: Solubility of a gas in water decreases with an increase in temperature.
iv. How can we dissolve a solid more quickly in a liquid?
Ans: When a solute dissolves in a solvent, a solution is formed. Several
factors affect how fast the solute will dissolve.
● Mixing by Stirring
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 41
 ● Heating
● Crushing the solute
v. Differentiate between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution.
Ans: A solution with less amount of a solute is called a dilute solution. A
solution with more amount of solute is called a concentrated solution.
7.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Prove with examples that water is a universal solvent.
Ans: Most of the things dissolve in water easily. We can say that water is a
very good solvent.
● Sugar, rock salt and sodium bicarbonate (meetha soda), etc. dissolve in
water.
● Milk, alcohol, lemon juice, vinegar and apple juice dissolve in water.
● The food we eat forms a solution in the body and then absorbs in the blood.
● Many harmful substances are produced in our body. These substances
dissolve in water and excrete as urine and perspiration.
● Plants absorb minerals from the soil that are dissolved in water.
● Oxygen gas dissolves in water. It keeps aquatic animals alive.
● Carbon dioxide gas also dissolves in water as in soft drinks. Aquatic plants
use this dissolved carbon dioxide to make food. Therefore, we can say that
water is not just a solvent but a universal solvent.
ii. What is solubility? Explain the factors that affect solubility.
Ans: The maximum amount of a compound that can be dissolved in the given
amount of solvent at a given temperature is called solubility. For example, 24
grams of blue copper sulphate dissolves in 100 ml of water at room
temperature, but we can dissolve 36 grams of table salt in same amount of
water at room temperature.
Factors Affecting Solubility
Several factors affect the solubility of a solute in water. Some of them are
nature of solute, temperature, pressure, etc.
1. Nature of Solute
Some compounds (solutes) dissolve more in the given amount of water than
others.
2. Temperature
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 42
 Temperature affects solubility of solids and gases.
● Solubility of most solid solutes increases with an increase in temperature.
For example, at 20°C, 36 grams of table salt dissolves in 100ml of water. At
100°C, you can add about 40 grams of it in the same amount of water.
● Solubility of a gas in water decreases with an increase in temperature. The
solubility curve given below shows the solubility of different solutes.
3. Pressure
Pressure does not affect the solubility of solids and liquids.
● Solubility of a gas in water increases with an increase in pressure. In other
words, we can say that more gas can be dissolved into water by applying
more pressure.
iii. Define a solution. Give examples of its different types of solutions.
Ans:
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components. The
mixture of salt and water is a solution. We use many solutions everyday. All
solutions are the mixture of two more substances. The substance in less
amount is called solute. The substance in which solute is dissolved is called
solvent. The solvent is always more in quantity than a solute.
Types of Solutions
The most common types of solutions are those in which a solid, liquid or gas
dissolves in a liquid. However, other types of solutions are also found.
State of Solute State of Solvent Examples of Solutions
Solid Liquid Salt solution, lemonade, tea
Liquid Liquid Ink in water, alcohol in water
Gas Liquid Carbonated drinks (carbon dioxide
dissolved in water) River water (oxygen
dissolved in water)
Gas Gas Air (mixture of many gases)
Solid Solid Alloys such as brass (mixture of zinc and
copper), bronze (mixture of copper and
tin)

7.4 Constructed Response Questions Revisit the solubility curve on page 89

and answer the following questions:
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 43
 i. Which solute is most soluble in water at
(i) 0°C and (ii) 80°C
Ans:
i. At 0oC sugar was most soluble in water.
ii. At 80oC sugar was most soluble in water.
ii. Do all solutes have same solubility in water at a particular temperature?
Ans: No. different solute have different solubility at a particular temperature.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 44

 Chapter 8
Heat and Temperature
Page 95

Inquiry 1:
i) Tea is hot and temperature of this is high.
ii) Temperature is average and water is normal.
iii) Water is cold and temperature is very low.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 45

 Inquiry 2:

Temperature is controlled by rods made up of two different types of metals.

Inquiry 3:

Air expands the most because volume of gas is already more than liquids and
solids.

Page 97
ACTIVITY 8.2
Conversion of Temperatures
Calculate the normal human body temperature (37°C) in Fahrenheit scale
and in the Kelvin scale.
i. 37°C to °F ii. 37°C to K
Ans:
i. Formula:T oF= C + 32 ii. Formula: T K = T oC + 273
Solution Solution
C = 37 C = 37
T oF= (37) + 32 T K = 37 + 273
T oF= 1.8 (37) +32 T K = 310 K
T oF = 66.6 + 32
T oF = 98.6 oF

Page 98
POINT TO THINK!
Why is mercury used in thermometer instead of water?
Ans: Mercury expands in constant way on increasing temperature, while
water does not. Boiling point of mercury is higher than water.
Page 99
POINT TO THINK!
Why do the tyres of vehicles burst more often during summer?

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 46

 Ans: In summer season tyres got heat up, due to it air present in tyres
expands and exerts pressure on its walls. That’s why weak tyres burst in
summer.
Page 103
POINT TO THINK!
Why does conduction not occur at all in a perfect vacuum?
Ans: Conduction is transfer of heat from one point to other point with the
help of vibration of particles of substance. In vacuum there is not any
material for conduction that’s why conduction does not accour at all in a
perfect vacuum.
Page 104
POINT TO THINK!
Many fast food restaurants pack their hot sandwiches/pizzas in styrofoam
boxes instead of wrapping them in ordinary paper. Why is the styrofoam
used?
Ans: Styrofoam is a non-conductor material. Heat does not pass through it.
Food remains hot in the boxes of Styrofoam.
Page 107
POINT TO THINK!
Why is radiation the only type of heat transfer by which the Sun’s energy
can move to the Earth?
Ans: There is vacuum between Earth and Sun. So, only way to transfer heat
from Sun to Earth is radiation. Because conduction and convection need
material to transfer heat.
EXERCISE
8.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. The degree of hotness or coldness is called:
(a) conduction (b) temperature 
(c) convection (d) radiation
ii. Which statement is true about heat energy?
(a) Heat energy does not flow. (b) Heat is not a form of energy.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 47

 (c) Heat energy flows from a region of higher temperature to a region of
low temperature.
(d) Heat energy flows from a cold body to a hot body. 
iii. What is an insulator?
(a) It is a metal. (b) It is a gas
(c) A material that allows heat to flow through it.
(d) A material that does not allow heat to flow through it
iv. The transfer of heat from one substance to another is referred to as:
(a) convection (b) radiation
(c) conduction (d) conversion
v. Which material expands the most on heating?
(a) iron (b) wood
(c) water (d) plastic
vi. On a hot day, a lake is likely to be:
(a) cooler than nearby land (b) hotter than nearby land
(c) the same temperature as the land
(d) the cause of the heat
vii. When heat is transferred from an object to another object at a distance,
it is called:
(a) conduction (b) radiation
(c) convection (d) temperature
viii. The value of temperature in degree Celsius is ______, if it is 310k.
(a) 25°C (b) 37°C 
(c) 40°C (d) 27°C
ix. Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from one place to
another is known as:
(a) convection (b) radiation
(c) degree Fahrenheit (d) conduction
x. Materials that prevent transfer of heat are called:
(a) conductors (b) insulators
(c) heat devices (d) heat absorbers
8.2 Write short answers.
i. What direction does heat flow?
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 48
 Ans: Heat flows from hot body to cold body or area.
ii. Is it correct that hot objects emit heat and cold objects emit cold?
Ans: Hot body emits heat while cold body does not emit cold. Cold body also
emits heat.
iii. Why is mercury used in the thermometer instead of water?
Ans: Mercury expands in constant way on increasing temperature, while
water does not. Boiling point of mercury is higher than water.
iv. Why is ice cream often available in styrofoam containers?
Ans: Styrofoam is a non-conductor material. Heat does not pass through it.
Ice cream will remain frozen in the containers of Styrofoam.
v. What is the process by which heat transfers from a hot cup of milk to our
hands?
Ans: Conduction is the process by which heat transfers from a hot cup of milk
to our hands.
8.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Your friend can remove a metal ring from his/her finger easily when it is
hot. Can you explain why it happens?
Ans: The particles in ring are tightly attached to each other. These particles
vibrate constantly. They do not move from one place to another. When
heated, the particles of ring vibrate faster and move to empty spaces. This
results in the ring to expand or increase in size. Ring can expand in length,
area or volume. That’s why metal ring can be removed easily when it’s hot.
When cooled, the particles of ring retain their normal vibration and come to
the normal size.
ii. Why are handles of cooking pans usually made of wood or plastic and its
base is made of metal?
Ans: The materials which do not allow heat to flow through them easily are
called bad conductors of heat or heat insulators. Solids such as wood, glass,
plastic, styrofoam, etc. are bad conductors of heat. The metal part of the
frying pan allows heat to pass through but its plastic handle does not.
iii. What is temperature? Describe the scales of its measurement.
Ans:
Temperature
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 49
 The degree of hotness and coldness is given the name of temperature and its
value changes in a continuous manner. A hotter body has a higher
temperature while a colder body has a lower temperature.
Temperature Scales
Our laboratory thermometer has a Celsius scale, but there are two more
scales of temperature. They are Fahrenheit scale and Kelvin scales .
1. Celsius Scale (°C)
Anders Celsius introduced the Celsius scale in 1741. On this scale, the
freezing point of water is 0°C, while its boiling point is 100°C. The Celsius
scale has 100 intervals between the two reference points (0°C and 100°C).
The normal temperature of the human body is around 37°C.
2. Fahrenheit Scale (°F)
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit introduced the Fahrenheit scale in 1724. On this
scale, the freezing point of water is 32°F, while its boiling point is 212°F. The
Fahrenheit scale has 180 intervals between the two reference points (32°F
and 212°F). The normal temperature of the human body is around 98°F
3. Kelvin Scale (K)
William Lord Kelvin introduced the Kelvin scale in 1848. This scale was based
on the lowest possible temperature or absolute zero. He told that absolute
zero is in fact –273°C. On this scale, the freezing point of water is 273 K, while
its boiling point is 373K.
iv. Differentiate between three modes of heat transfer, i.e. conduction,
convection and radiation.
Ans: Transfer of Heat
The transfer of heat energy from one object to the other is called
transmission of heat. Heat energy transfers in three ways, i.e. conduction,
convection and radiation.
Conduction
If one end of a metal spoon is heated with a flame, the other end will also get
heated up after a while. The heat energy is transferred from one end of the
spoon to the other without the actual movement of particles (atoms or
molecules) of the spoon.
Convection
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 The transfer of heat in which molecules of a medium actually move to the
source of heat energy to absorb heat and then move away from it, is called
convection. Convection occurs in liquids and gases only because their
molecules can move freely.
Radiation
Radiation is energy that comes from a hot body to a cold body without
heating the space in between the two bodies.
v. Give examples of thermal expansion in solids from real life.
Ans:
Here are some examples of thermal expansion of solids from our daily life.
Riveting
Rivets are used to join two or more metal plates together. A hole is drilled
through the metal plates. A hot rivet is driven through the holes in metal
plates. One end of the rivet is hammered to form a new rivet head. When
cools, the rivet will contract and bind the metal plates tightly together.
Railway Tracks
We have seen gaps between rails. These gaps are provided to allow rails for
thermal expansion. If a continuous metal track is laid, it will expand in hot
weather and buckle. The rails are held together by fish-plates and fastened
by bolts and nuts through oval holes.
Bridges
Iron girders are used in the construction of some bridges. In hot weather,
these girders will expand and contract in cold weather. To overcome this
problem, rollers and sliding joints are used in these bridges. Rollers and
sliding joints allow the girders to expand and contract.
Bimetallic Strip
A bimetallic strip is made of two different metal strips, i.e. brass and iron.
These strips are joined together. Brass expands more than iron when it is hot,
and contracts more when it is cold. Bimetallic strip is flat at room
temperature. But when it is heated, the strip bends downwards. The strip
bends upwards on cooling. This behaviour of the bimetallic strip is due to the
uneven expansion of the two metal strips.
4. Investigate
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 51
 ● Can shaking increase the temperature of sand in a tin pack? Can you
prove it?
Ans:
● Why does the ice split and re-join along the track of a wire exerting a
force on it?
Ans:
5. Constructed Response Questions
i. The change of water into water vapour without boiling, is called
evaporation. During this process, water gains heat from the surroundings.
What happens to the temperature of the surroundings when water
evaporates?
Ans: The temperature of surrounding will decrease.
Why do we feel cool when the sweat on our body evaporates?
Ans: When sweat evaporates, it absorbs heat of our body that’s why we feel
cooling.
ii. Some materials around us are insulators and some are conductors of
heat.
Why is food packed in thermopore boxes at ‘Take Away Restaurants’?
Ans: Themopore is an insulator. It keeps food warm for longer time.
Why are cooking pans not made up of plastic or wood?
Ans: Plastic and wood are non-conductors of heat that’s why wood and
plastic are not used for making pans.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 52

 Chapter 9
Force and Motion

Ans:
Inquiry 1:
i) Straight motion(linear motion)
ii) Motion in circle (circular motion)
iii) To and fro motion (vibratory motion)

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 Inquiry 2

i) Pushing the ball

ii) Pushing the iron piece
iii) Pulling the car

Inquiry 3

Team on the left side will win because there more team members exerting
more force.

Page 115
Try it Out
Think and identify whether the object is in motion or is at rest. Write
‘Motion’ or ‘Rest’ next to each object.
a vehicle parked in a house Rest a bottle kept on a table Rest
a vibrating rubber band Motion flying bird Motion
water in a glass Rest a spinning top Motion
a standing boy Rest running cheetah Motion

Page 116
ACTIVITY 9.1
Calculating Speed, Time and Distance
Solve the given problems:
1. A car drives 120 kilometres in 3 hours. Calculate its speed in km/h.
Ans:
Distance = 120 km Time = 3 h Speed = ?
Solution
Speed =

Speed =

Speed = 40 km/h
2. A bus travels 100 kilometres at an average speed of 25km/h. Calculate
the time bus took to travel this distance.
Ans:
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 54
 Distance = 100 km Speed = 25 km/h Time = ?
Solution
Speed =

25 =

time =
time = 4 hours
3. A pigeon flies for 6 hours at a speed of 60km/h. Calculate how far the
pigeon flies.
Ans:
Distance = ? Speed = 60 km/h Time = 6 h
Solution
Speed =

60 =

Distance = 60 x 6
Distance = 360 km

Page 118

Push Pull Push Pull

Page 122
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 55
 POINT TO THINK!
How do fish move in water?
Ans: Fish move in water by action and reaction movement. Fish force water
backward by using its fins, by this fish move forward.
EXERCISE
9.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Which of the following is the SI unit of force?
(a) pascal (b) newton
(c) m/sec (d) m/s2
ii. Which of the following is correct about force?
(a) force is invisible (b) force can move a body
(c) It can stop a moving body (d) all of the above
iii. Which one is a non-contact-force?
(a) magnetic force (b) muscular force
(c) frictional force (d) normal force
iv. Action and reaction of forces are:
(a) in the same direction (b) opposite in direction
(c) not equal in size (d) not present
v. A driver covers a distance of 80 kilometres in 4 hours on his bike. The
average speed of the bike is:
(a) 20 km/h (b) 30 km/h
(c) 40 km/h (d) 80 km/h
vi. If the distance-time graph is a straight line, it shows that the speed is:
(a) changing (b) increasing
(c) decreasing (d) uniform
vii. We can divide the distance by time to get:
(a) gravity (b) speed
(c) action force (d) reaction force
viii. When the force is applied on the opposite direction of a moving body, it
will:
(a) speed it up (b) change its direction
(c) slow down it (d) crush it

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 ix. Which scientist worked on force and motion?
(a) Blaise Pascal (b) Robert Hook
(c) Sir Isaac Newton (d) Graham Bell
x. Birds fly on the principle of:
(a) gravity (b) speed
(c) action and reaction (d) friction
9.2 Write short answers.
i. What is motion?
Ans: Motion is the change in position of a body with respect to time.
ii. Define distance.
Ans: Distance is the length of the space between two points. It is a numerical
description of how far objects are. The basic SI unit of distance or length is
metre.
iii. Which force pulls objects towards the Earth?
Ans: Force of gravity pulls objects towards earth.
iv. Which type of force always acts opposite to the direction of the motion
of an object?
Ans: Friction always acts opposite to the direction of the motion of an object.
v. If a student pushes a box of books across the floor, what causes the box
to move?
Ans: Muscular force causes the box to move.
vi. What is force? What is its SI unit?
Ans: A force is a push or a pull one body exerts on another. Its SI unit is
newton denoted as “N”
9.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Define force and its unit. Give examples to explain its different effects on
objects.
Ans:
Force:
Push or a pull one body exerts on another is called force.
Unit:
Its SI unit is newton expressed as “N”
Effects of Forces on Objects
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 57
 Let us see how force affects objects when they are at rest or in motion.
Force Can Cause an Object to Move Faster
When force is applied to an object in rest, it starts moving. For example,
when a player kicks a football, it starts moving forward from its initial
position of rest.
Force Can Cause a Moving Object to Slow Down
When the force is applied on the opposite direction of moving objects, it will
slow and eventually stop. For example, when a cricket player catches a ball, it
slows down and stops in his/her hands.
Force Can Cause Object to Change Direction
When a force is applied on an object in an angle different from its direction
of motion, it may cause the body to change its direction of motion. For
example, football players often apply force to change the direction of moving
football.
ii. Describe balanced and unbalanced forces with examples.
Ans:
Balanced Forces
Forces acting on an object do not always change its position or motion.
Consider the forces involved in tug of war game. If both the teams exert the
same amount of force in opposite directions, the rope will not move on the
either side. Forces on an object that are equal in magnitude (size) and
opposite in direction are called balanced forces.
● If balanced forces are acting on a moving object, they will not change the
object’s motion.
Unbalanced Forces
If forces acting on an object change its position or motion, we will call them
unbalanced forces. In case of unbalanced forces in ‘a tug of war’ game, one
team will succeed in pulling the rope towards them. Forces on an object that
are not equal in magnitude and opposite in direction are called unbalanced
forces.
● If unbalanced forces are acting on an object, they will change the object’s
direction.
iii. Explain different types of forces.
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 58
 Ans:
Types of Forces
There are two fundamental types of forces that exist, i.e., contact forces and
non-contact forces.
i. Contact Forces
The force that is exerted on an object directly through being in contact with it
is known as contact force. Here are a few contact forces:
Muscular Force
In this type of contact force, the muscles of our body are used to exert force
on another object to bring it in motion, lift it, and make it stop or make it
move faster or slower.
Frictional Force
A force that opposes the motion of an object on a surface is known as the
frictional force. When we roll a ball on a floor, friction force stops it from
moving.
Normal Forces
The forces that surfaces exert on objects that are lying on these surfaces are
called normal forces. Atmosphere also exerts normal force of pressure on the
lying objects.
Applied Force
The force that is applied by someone on an object to make it move in
different directions is known as applied force.
Spring Force
The force which is induced through a compressed or stretched spring is called
spring force.
Air-resisting Force
The frictional force exerted by air on an object is called air-resisting force.
Birds, aeroplanes, kites, etc. experience this force.
ii. Non-Contact Forces
The force that is exerted on an object without the object being in contact
with, it is known as non-contact force. Here are a few examples of non-
contact forces:
Gravitational Force
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 59
 Our Earth exerts gravitational force that attracts all the objects and
substances on the Earth towards its centre. There is no contact between the
object and gravity, yet this force is in action.
Magnetic Force
Magnets exert magnetic force on iron objects. This force can even work when
the iron objects are not in contact with each other.
Electrostatic Force
Similar to magnets, electrically charged particles also induce some amount of
force on objects lying near them. This force is called electrostatic force. For
example, a charged comb attracts pieces of paper due to electrostatic force.
iv. What is the relationship between distance, time and speed? Describe
distance time graph.
Ans:
Relationship between distance, time and speed
The distance covered by a moving object in unit time is called its speed. Until
time is usually taken as 1 second or 1 hour, we can calculate the speed of a
moving object. For this, divide the distance by time.
Speed =

Distance Time Graph

A distance time graph helps us while studying the motion of bodies. This
graph shows how far an object has travelled in a given time. It is a simple
graph drawn between distance and time. Distance is plotted on the Y-axis.
Time is plotted on the X-axis.
● If the distance-time graph is a straight line, it indicates that the speed of
the moving object is uniform.
● If the graph is a curved line, it indicates that the speed of the moving object
is changing.
Example: A truck driver at a constant speed notes down the time after every
kilometre and keeps the record. Draw a graph between distance and time.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 60

 9.4 Constructed Response Questions
i. Consider an unstretched spring which is 8 centimetres long. It becomes 10
cm long when a 50 gram mass is hung from it. On hanging 100 g mass, it
becomes 12 cm long.
What is the extension for each 100 g mass?
Ans: Extension will be 4 cm on each 100 g mass.
What extensions do you predict when: 125 g, 150 g, 200 g.
Ans:
i) 125 g
Mass = 125
Extension = 5 cm
New Length = 13cm
ii) 150 g
Mass = 150
Extension = 6 cm
New Length = 14cm
iii) 200 g
Mass = 200
Extension = 8 cm
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 61
 New Length = 16cm
9.5 Explore
Think to find a game you play in which you apply force to an object. Name
the object. Also, tell how you apply the force.
Ans:
I play snooker. I use muscle force on stick. By that force I hit white ball. That
white ball hits the red ball. White ball stops and red ball starts moving. It is a
good example of action and reaction.

Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 62

 Chapter 10: Waves and Energy
Page 128

In inquiry 1 we can see the production of waves in water. Waves are

disturbance produce in particles of surface of that material. We can also see
types of waves. In string we can see, waves are different from waves produce
in spring. We also find that vibration on surface of drum produce sound
waves which travel towards our ears through air and we hear that sound.

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 In inquiry 2 we can the phenomenon of eco sound in mountains and eco
helps bat in flying.
In inquiry 3 we get to know different material produce different waves and
different sounds.
Page 129
POINT TO THINK!
The space between the Earth and the Sun is a vacuum. How do light and
heat of the Sun reach the Earth?
Ans: Waves of heat and light are electromagnetic waves. Waves of light and
heat do not need medium for traveling that’s why they reach to earth easily.
Page 130
POINT TO THINK!
Suppose a wave moves from one side of a lake to the other. Does the water
move across the lake? Explain.
Ans: No, only wave moves from one point to other. Waves in water are
transverse waves. Only particles of surface do to and fro motion from is
mean position.
Page 132
POINT TO THINK!
When a little boy blows a dog whistle, his dog comes, even though the boy
can’t hear the whistle. Explain why the boy can’t hear the whistle, but his
dog can.
Ans: Human can hear the sound of frequency between 20 – 20,000 Hz. Dog
can hear the sound of frequency between 20 – 45,000 Hz. Frequency of dog’s
whistle is more than 20,000 Hz that’s why only dog can hear the sound of
whistle and boy cannot.
Page 135
POINT TO THINK!
Sound waves need a material medium to travel. In a science fiction movie, a
nearby spaceship explodes. You hear the explosion. Is this realistic?
Ans: No, it’s not realistic because sound does not travel in space.
EXERCISE

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 10.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. Why can light travel through a vacuum but not sound?
(a) Sound waves are dual in nature.
(b) The speed of light waves is very high.
(c) Light waves are electromagnetic waves.
(d) The speed of sound waves is very slow.
ii. In which wave, particles of the medium vibrate in a direction parallel to
the direction of the wave motion?
(a) Longitudinal wave (b) Transverse wave
(c) Electromagnetic wave (d) one word
iii. How many complete waves are shown in the given diagram?
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 4 (d) 5
iv. The highest point on a transverse wave is:
(a) amplitude (b) wavelength
(c) crest (d) trough
v. Objects that vibrate slowly have a pitch that is:
(a) high (b) loud
(c) soft (d) low
vi. A sound wave is a:
(a) longitudinal wave (b) transverse wave
(c) standing wave (d) half transverse half longitudinal
vii. Number of vibrations per second is termed as:
(a) frequency (b) amplitude
(c) wavelength (d) speed
viii. In a wave, the maximum distance of the particles of the medium from
the rest position, is called:
(a) wavelength (b) amplitude
(c) frequency (d) pitch
ix. If 10 waves pass through a point in 2 seconds, the frequency of the wave
is:
(a) 5 hertz (b) 10 hertz
(c) 20 hertz (d) 20 metres
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 65
 x. A wave has a frequency of 25 Hz and a wavelength of 10. What is its
speed?
(a) 250 m/s (b) 300 m/s
(c) 5 m/s (d) 50 m/s
10.2 Write short answers.
i. What is a wave?
Ans: A wave is a disturbance that transfers energy from one place to the
other. Waves can be produced in liquids, gases, and solids.
ii. What do you mean by the wavelength of a sound wave?
Ans: In case of sound wavelength is the distance between two adjacent
compressions or rarefactions.
iii. What makes some sounds louder than others?
Ans: Loudness is related to the amplitude of a sound. The larger the
amplitude, the louder the sound.
iv. What is the relationship between frequency and pitch?
Ans: Pitch of the sound depends on the frequency of the sound wave. The
higher the frequency, the higher the pitch is.
v. Why can sound not travel through a vacuum?
Ans: Because sound is just vibrating material, vacuum has no material to
vibrate and therefore no sound.
10.3 Write detailed answers.
i. What type of waves are sound waves? How do they transfer sound
energy?
Ans: A sound wave traveling through air is an example of a longitudinal wave.
When a drummer beats a drum, the surface of the drum vibrates and creates
a disturbance in the air beside it. When the drumhead moves to the left, it
compresses the particles of air and creates a compression. When the
drumhead moves to the right, the particles of the air on the right move
farther apart, creating a rarefaction. These compressions and rarefactions
travel through the air as longitudinal waves. When the disturbance in the air
reaches our ears, we hear the sound of the drum.
ii. Define these terms for waves: amplitude, time period, pitch, loudness
Ans:
Gohar Science 7 Key Book Page 66
 Amplitude
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum distance of the particles of the
medium from the rest position. We can also say that it is the height of a crest
or depth of a trough (transverse wave) measured from the rest position.
Amplitude is measured in metres (m).
Time Period
The time taken by a wave to complete one vibration is called the time period.
Its unit is seconds (S). The time period is the reciprocal of the frequency.
Pitch
The pitch is the shrillness or graveness of a sound. Pitch of the sound
depends on the frequency of the sound wave. The higher the frequency, the
higher the pitch is.
Loudness
Loudness is related to the amplitude of a sound. The larger the amplitude,
the louder the sound. Loudness helps us to distinguish a soft sound from a
loud sound of the same frequency.
iii. Describe the properties of sound waves.
Ans:
Properties of Sound Waves
Speed of sound, reflection of sound, absorption of sound, pitch, loudness, etc.
are some properties of sound.
Speed of Sound
The distance a wave covers in unit time is called its speed. Speed is measured
in metre per second (m/s). The speed of light is 3x108 m/s whereas the speed
of sound is 3x102 m/s in air. The speed of sound is different in different
mediums.
Reflection of Sound
Sound waves can bounce off smooth, hard objects in the same way as a
rubber ball bounces off the ground. This is called reflection of sound. An echo
is its example.
Absorption of Sound Waves

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 Sounds are not always reflected. If a sound strikes a soft surface, such as a
cushion, acoustic foam, thick curtain, etc. it will be absorbed and will not
bounce back.
Pitch and Loudness
The pitch is the shrillness or graveness of a sound. Pitch of the sound
depends on the frequency of the sound wave. The higher the frequency, the
higher the pitch is.
Loudness is related to the amplitude of a sound. The larger the amplitude,
the louder the sound. Loudness helps us to distinguish a soft sound from a
loud sound of the same frequency.
iv. Write notes on:
(a) Audible Frequency
Ans:
Audible Frequency Range
The word audible means ‘able to be heard’. Our ears cannot hear sounds of
all frequencies. The range of frequencies that a person can hear is known as
the audible frequency range. A healthy human ear can hear sounds of
frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000Hz. Different animals have different
audible frequency ranges.
Audible Frequency Ranges of Different Animal
Animals Frequency range (Hz) Animals Frequency range (Hz)
Dog 20 — 45,000 Dolphin 150 — 150,000
Cat 45 — 64,000 Rat 200 — 76,000
Cow 23 — 35,000 Bat 2,000 — 110,000
Horse 55 — 33,500 Elephant 1 — 20,000

(b) Speed of sound

Ans: Speed of Sound
Imagine watching a flash of lightning and a thundering cloud. First, we see
the flash of lightning. A few seconds later we hear thunder. This happens
because sound and light travel at different speeds. Light travels much faster
than sound. The distance a wave covers in unit time is called its speed. Speed
is measured in metre per second (m/s). The speed of light is 3x108 m/s

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 whereas the speed of sound is 3x102 m/s in air. The speed of sound is
different in different mediums.
v. Compare longitudinal and transverse waves.
Ans:
Longitudinal Waves
A wave in which particles of a medium move back and forth, parallel to the
direction of the wave is called a longitudinal wave. If we pull and push one
end of the slinky spring continuously, we can produce a longitudinal wave.
The part of a longitudinal wave, where particles of the medium are
compressed together, is called a compression. The part of a longitudinal
wave, where particles of the medium are spread out, is called a rarefaction.
As the wave moves, compressions and rarefactions are produced due to the
back-and-forth motion of particles of the medium.
Transverse Waves
A wave in which particles of the medium move up and down perpendicularly
to the direction of the wave is called a transverse wave. Waves that are
produced in water are transverse waves. The highest point of a transverse
wave is called a crest, and the lowest point between two crests is called a
trough.
4. Constructed Response Questions
i. Revisit the Table 10.1 on page 132 and answer the following questions:
Which two animals can hear the sounds of the highest frequencies?
Ans: Dolphin (150000 Hz) and bat (110000 Hz) can hear the sound of the
highest frequency.
What is the kind of sound called in question 1?
Ans: Those sounds are called ultra sounds.
ii. Consider the frequencies of the voices of three girls: Girl A = 180 Hz
Girl B = 200 Hz Girl C = 250 Hz.
The voice of which girl is the most shrill and why?
Ans: A shrill sound is called a high-pitch sound. The higher the frequency, the
higher the pitch is. So, voice of girl C is most shrill.
The voice of which girl is more grave than others?
Ans: Waves of a grave sound have low frequency. So, voice of girl A is graver
than others.

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 Chapter 11
Technology in Everyday Life
Page 139

Inquiry 1
Ans: We can avoid wastage by using Drip Irrigation and Sprinkler Irrigation.
Inquiry 2
Ans: We can use food for a longer period by freezing and heating food items.
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 Inquiry 3
Ans: By using soaps etc we can kill germs present on our body.
EXERCISE
11.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. The use of scientific principles in solving problems is known as:
(a) art (b) culture
(c) technology (d) knowledge
ii. The percentage of world’s water that is available to humans to use is:
(a) 1% (b) 2%
(c) 30% (d) 70%
iii. The term used for the saving of resources is:
(a) reservation (b) conservation
(c) conversion (d) deposition
iv. Which one is the method to conserve water?
(a) dripping (b) freezing
(c) pickling (d) drip irrigation
v. ‘Pickling’ is the way to preserve:
(a) grains (b) meat
(c) fish (d) vegetables
vi. Which instrument is used by doctors to observe the heartbeat of
patients?
(a) thermometer (b) stethoscope 
(c) BP apparatus (d) ultrasound
vii. The method of preserving food in which fruits, vegetables, meat, nuts,
etc. are dehydrated:
(a) food drying (b) canning
(c) freezing (d) pickling
viii. The basic component of most sanitizers is:
(a) water (b) alcohol
(c) milk (d) soap
ix. A stethoscope collects from the body parts:
(a) light waves (b) radio waves

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 (c) sound waves (d) electric current
x. We can avoid pathogens by covering the surfaces of our hands by:
(a) soap (b) sanitizer
(c) toothpaste (d) glycerine
11.2 Write short answers.
i. What do you mean by the term, “conservation of water”?
Ans: The wise and sensible use of resources is called conservation of
resources.
ii. Define drip irrigation method.
Ans: Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that distributes water through
pipes with tiny holes that lie close to the ground. Water drips onto the soil
near the plants’ roots so that very little water is wasted.
iii. Name a few chemical preservatives used to preserve food.
Ans: People use chemical preservatives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, mustard
oil, sodium benzoate, etc.
iv. How can you listen your heartbeat?
Ans: A stethoscope is an instrument that is used to hear sounds generated
from within our body. We can use stethoscopes to listen to our hearts, lungs,
and intestines.
v. Suggest the ways take to avoid the diseases such as flu, COVID-19, etc.
Ans: We can avoid these diseases by using face mask and sanitizer etc.
11.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Why is it important to conserve water in Pakistan? Suggest the ways to
conserve water in fields.
Ans: The distribution of freshwater in the world is not uniform. Some areas
have water in abundance others are facing scarcity of water. Thar, Thal,
Badin, Thatha, etc. are the areas in Pakistan that have a water crisis. We must
not waste this precious gift of nature. We must conserve it. A great amount
of water is used in irrigation. However, in recent years, farmers have found
new ways to use less water. Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation are the
new ways to conserve water.
Drip Irrigation

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 Drip irrigation is an irrigation method that distributes water through pipes
with tiny holes that lie close to the ground. Water drips onto the soil near the
plants’ roots so that very little water is wasted. We can also make our own
simple drip irrigation system.
Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation sprays water onto crops from overhead pipes. Farmers
use rotary sprinklers which sprinkle water in a wide circle while moving
slowly. A sprinkler shoots water from pressurized outlets of pipes into the air
which then falls on the plants. We can also make our own simple sprinkler
irrigation system.
ii. Describe a few methods to preserve food items.
Ans:
Methods of Food Preservation
Here are a few common methods people use to preserve food:
1. Chemical Method
People use chemical preservatives such as salt, sugar, vinegar, mustard oil,
sodium benzoate, etc. These chemicals take out moisture from the food and
stop the growth of harmful microorganisms.
2. Food Drying
Drying foods stop the growth of bacteria, mold, etc. We can dehydrate fruits,
vegetables, nuts, spices, meat, fish, etc. by putting them in the Sun and air.
3. Freezing
Very low temperatures greatly slow down the growth of pathogens. Fruits,
vegetables, seafood, milk, meat, etc. can be preserved in frozen form.
4. Canning
The food content such as fish, meat, fruit pieces or juices, etc. are sealed in
an airtight container at high temperatures. This method is called canning.
iii. Write the steps of making a simple stethoscope.
Ans:
Making a simple stethoscope
Materials:
● 2 small plastic funnels ● 2 feet long flexible plastic tubing
● tape ● balloon ● scissors
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 Procedure
1. Cover the tops of the funnels with
balloons.
2. Wrap the tape around each
balloon to hold it in place.
3. Stick both funnels on the two
ends of the flexible plastic tubing.
4. Wrap the tape around the
connections.
5. Use your stethoscope in a quiet room. Place the balloon-covered end over
your own or your friend’s heart and the other end against your ear.
6. Listen to the sound of the heart beating.
iv. How can you make a sanitizer at home?
Ans:
Making a Homemade sanitizer
Materials:
● a plastic bowl ● a squeeze bottle ● 1 part of aloe vera gel
● 2 parts of rubbing ethanol ● 10-15 drops of lemon juice
Procedure
1. Pour the rubbing alcohol and aloe vera gel into a bowl and stir until
completely blended.
2. Add several drops of lemon juice.
3. Stir the mixture with rapid movement and pour it into the squeeze bottle.
4. Label your hand sanitizer with an adhesive strip.
11.4 Constructed Response Questions
i. Your family is planning to visit a remote village where fruit, vegetables
and meat may not be available.
What food items would you take with you?
Ans: I will take rice, flour, cereals and dry fruits with me.
Suggest the methods to preserve food for several days.
Ans:
By mixing salt.
By heating or boiling.
By packing food in containers.
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 ii. Soap and sanitizer are both used for washing hands.
Which one is better, soap or hand sanitizer?
Ans: In case we don’t have water then hand sanitizer is better otherwise soap is better
because sanitizer need huge precautions.
How can you make your homemade sanitizer more effective?
Ans: By mixing hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, glycerin and distilled water we make
effective sanitizers.
11.5 Investigate
● Investigate the secondary sources of information to study the designs of
drip and sprinkler irrigation used in Pakistan.
Drip irrigation distributes water at your given desirable place drop by drop just above
the roots of each plant. Sprinkler irrigation moves round in circles or in a same path.
Sprinkler irrigation is a process in which a nozzle is attached in the pipe to spread water
showers over an area.

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 Chapter 12
Earth and Space

Page 149
Inquiry 1: We can explore universe by using telescope.
Inquiry 2: Astronauts travel in space to explore life on other planets.
Inquiry 3: We have four seasons on earth.
Page 154
POINT TO THINK!
Why do we feel more heat of the Sun during summer as compared to the
winter?

Ans: In summer we receive direct sunlight on our country. That’s why we

feel more heat in summer.

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 EXERCISE
12.1 Choose the correct options in the following.
i. The force by which an object attracts the other is:
(a) friction (b) weight
(c) gravity  (d) mass
ii. Which object has the most gravity?
(a) the Sun  (b) the Moon
(c) the Earth (d) the Jupiter
iii. The amount of matter in a body is:
(a) weight (b) friction
(c) gravity (d) mass 
iv. Tides in oceans are caused by the:
(a) mass of the Moon (b) light of the Moon
(c) gravity of the Moon (d) gravity of the Earth
v. In a space station, astronauts experience:
(a) losing weight (b) microgravity 
(c) losing mass (d) gravity of the Moon
vi. A planet’s path as it revolves around the Sun, is called:
(a) axis (b) orbit 
(c) centre point (d) hemisphere
vii. The movement of the Earth around its axis is:
(a) revolution (b) rotation 
(c) circulation (d) reflection
viii. The main causes of seasons on the Earth are:
(a) tilted axis of Earth and its revolution around the Sun 
(b) mass of Earth and its gravity
(c) gravity of the Moon and its size
(d) light of the Sun and its gravity
ix. The patterns of stars that appear in sky are called:
(a) constellations  (b) moons
(c) orbits (d) forces of attraction
x. Which one is not a constellation?

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 (a) Big Dipper (b) Pole star
(c) Leo (d) Cassiopeia
12.2 Write short answers.
i. Differentiate between mass and weight.
Ans: Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It is measured in kilograms (kg).
Weight is the force by which the Earth pulls an object towards its centre. Weight is
measured in newtons (N).
ii. What causes tides in oceans?
Ans: Gravity of moon causes tides in oceans.
iii. What is an axis?
Ans: It is a line on which an object rotates. Earth rotates on its axis which causes the
formation of day and night.
iv. Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the Earth.
Ans: Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun. The Earth’s rotation on its
axis causes day and night. Our Earth also moves around the Sun. This movement is called
the revolution of the Earth. One complete revolution around the Sun is called a year. our
Earth also moves around the Sun. This movement is called the revolution of the Earth.
One complete revolution around the Sun is called a year.
v. What are constellations?
Ans: Stars make patterns in the sky. These patterns are called constellations.
12.3 Write detailed answers.
i. Explain the effect of force of gravity in the Solar System.
Ans: Gravity is the force by which an object attracts other objects toward it. The force
of gravity works throughout the universe. It keeps all of the planets in orbit around the
Sun and forms the Solar System. Earth’s gravity keeps the Moon in orbit around the
Earth. The Earth’s gravity is what keeps us and everything on the ground. It makes things
fall.
ii. What is microgravity? How do astronauts work in microgravity?
Ans: Microgravity is the very slight amount of gravity felt while in orbit. The condition of
microgravity occurs when an object is in ‘free fall’.
Scientists can develop new materials in microgravity that cannot be made on the Earth
due to gravity. These new materials can be used to speed up future computers, reduce
pollution, improve fibre optics, and enable doctors to cure diseases.
Some astronauts experience nausea and vomiting at the beginning of a space flight, but
soon they adjust to weightlessness. Each crew member floats around the spacecraft.
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 Food and drinks must be kept in sealed packages so that pieces and droplets do not float
around the cabin.
iii. Describe the causes of seasons on the Earth.
Ans: Most places on the Earth have four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn.
The Earth’s tilted axis and its revolution around the Sun cause seasons on the Earth. The
Earth moves around the Sun, its axis is tilted away from the Sun for part of the year and
towards the Sun for part of the year.
When the north end of the Earth’s axis is tilted towards the Sun, the Northern
Hemisphere has summer (June). This part of the Earth receives the most direct sunlight.
At the same time, the Southern Hemisphere has winter.
12.4 Constructed Response Questions
i. Stars make patterns in the sky. These patterns are called constellations.
We see them:
Q: Are the stars in a constellation stationary?
Ans: If we observe them in the sky regularly, we will see that the constellations shift
gradually to the west. Actually, constellations are not shifting. It is the Earth whose axis
is tilted and it also revolves around the Sun. We observe a constellation at different
locations in the sky during different months.
ii. Use your previous knowledge to label the diagram.
Ans:

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