HOME SECURITY SYSTEM USING ESP32 CAMERA

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

N.HARISH - 8208E21EER015
S.PREM - 8208E21EER037
P.YOKESHWARAN - 8208E21EER063

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

E.G.S. PILLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, NAGAPATTINAM

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2025
 E.G.S. PILLAY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NAGAPATTINAM

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “HOME SECURITY SYSTEM USING

ESP32 CAMERA” is the bonafide work of “N.HARISH -8208E21EER015,
S.PREM - 8208E21EER037, P.YOKESHWARAN - 8208E21EER063”
Who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.P.J.SURESH BABU.,M.E.,Ph.D., Mr.V.YOKESWARAN.,M.Tech.,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

Department of Electrical and Assistant Professor
Electronics Engineering Department of Electrical and
E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College Electronics Engineering
Nagapattinam E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College
Nagapattinam

Submitted for the project viva - voce held on ………………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our indeed responsibility to express our heartfelt gratitude to

our founder Chairman Late Chevalier Dr.G.S. PILLAY. It is my pleasant
duty to express deep sense of gratitude to our Chairman Mrs.Jothimani
Ammal G.S.Pillay,the paramount of our institution and advisor
Dr.S.Parameswaran, M.Com, FCCA (London), for his patronage. I wish
to extend my thanks to our beloved Secretary Shri.S.Senthilkumar and the
Joint secretary Shri.S.Sankarganesh for having a great dream to serve for
the nation by educating the rural community with the help of their
institution. We also express our sincere thanks to our Principal
Dr.S.Ramabalan M.E.,Ph.D.,for providing us with the necessary facilities
to carry out this project work.

We are very much honored and would like to profound our deep
grateful to our Academic Director Dr.S.Palani Murugan and also Head of
the Department, Dr.P.J.Suresh Babu M.E., PhD., for his expert, sincere
and valuable guidance to us. We all are must to express our sincere thanks
to our project coordinators Mr.K.Gokul Raj M,E., and Mr.B.A.Naveen
Antony M.E., for their support and motivation given to us.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our project guide
Mr.V.Yokeswaran M.Tech., for his wide knowledge, serious research
attitude and enthusiasm in work deeply impressed and made us to complete
this project to the at most satisfaction of our superiors in a stipulated period.
We express our hearty render and thanks to all the staff members
and technical assistants of the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for their timely assistance. Our humble gratitude and thanks to
our parents and friends who have supported. Lastly to the Almighty for
showering is blessings and to many more, whom we didn’t mention here.

iii
 DECLARATION
We submit the project work entitled “HOME SECURITY SYSTEM
USING ESP32 CAMERA ” E.G.S. Pillay Engineering college in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
"BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING" in ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING". We declare that it was carried
out independently by us under the guidance of
Mr.V.YOKESWARAN.,M.Tech., Assistant Professor and Head in
the department of electrical and electronics engineering

N.HARISH - 8208E21EER015
S.PREM - 8208E21EER037
P.YOKESHWARAN - 8208E21EER063

We certify that the declaration made above by the candidates is true.

SIGNATURE

Mr.V.YOKESWARAN, M.Tech,
SUPERVISOR
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
E.G.S.Pillay Engineering College
Nagapattinam

iv
 ABSTRACT

The Home Security System using ESP32-CAM is designed to address

the growing need for affordable and efficient home security solutions. With the
rising concerns of burglary, property theft, and unauthorized access, traditional
security systems—such as CCTV cameras and alarm systems—often become
prohibitively expensive, requiring professional installation, ongoing maintenance,
and hefty upfront costs. This project leverages the ESP32-CAM, a low-cost,
versatile microcontroller that integrates both Wi-Fi and a camera module to
provide an affordable alternative. By incorporating Internet of Things (IoT)
technology, this system allows homeowners to monitor their properties remotely
via smart phones or web interfaces, offering both live video streaming and
motion detection features.

At the core of the system is the ESP32-CAM, which captures real-time

video footage of the monitored area. When motion is detected by the connected
motion sensors, the system activates the camera and begins streaming the video
feed. The system then sends real-time notifications to users through email, SMS,
or push notifications on their devices. This ensures that homeowners can respond
to any potential security threats in real-time, regardless of their location. The
system’s remote monitoring capabilities are made possible through the Wi-Fi
capabilities of the ESP32-CAM, which connects to the internet and allows for
seamless communication between the system and the user.

Moreover, the system includes cloud storage functionality, allowing

users to securely store recorded footage. In the event of device tampering or
physical theft, this cloud-based storage ensures that critical security footage is
preserved and accessible from any location. The system is designed to be
modular and scalable, meaning users can easily add additional cameras, sensors,
or even integrate advanced features like facial recognition, environmental
sensors, or smart home automation components. This flexibility provides a
solution that can adapt to individual security needs.

The use of open-source software ensures that the system is

customizable, allowing users to configure settings such as motion detection
sensitivity, camera angles, and the type of alerts they wish to receive. This project
not only addresses the need for a low-cost and easy-to-deploy home security
system but also showcases the potential of IoT technologies in providing
powerful, accessible, and reliable security solutions for everyday users.
Ultimately, the Home Security System using ESP32-CAM makes modern home
security available to a broader audience, empowering individuals to protect their
homes efficiently and affordable

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABBREVIATIONS ix
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Traditional Security Systems 2
1.3 Advancements in IoT and Accessibility 3
1.4 Practical Application and Real-World Relevance 4
1.5 Ease of Use and Deployment 4
1.6 Empowering Users with DIY Security Solutions 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Survey 6
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow chart 11
3.2 Design of proposed system 12
4 SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Block diagram of the system 13
4.2 Circuit diagram 14
4.3 Workflow of the system 15
5 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Esp32-cam module 16
5.2 Mq6 gas sensor 17
5.3 Flame sensor 18
5.4 Pir motion sensor 20
5.5 Magnetic door sensors 21
5.6 Mb102 power supply module 22
5.7 Logic level shifter 23
5.8 Jumper wires 24
5.9 Power supply 25
6 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 CODE 26
7 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

vi
 7.1 Conclusion 44
7.2 Future work 44
7.2.1 Cloud Storage and Remote Access 44
7.2.2 Smartphone app integration 44
7.2.3 Integration with Voice Assistants 44
7.2.4 Battery Backup and Solar Power 45
7.2.5 Ai-based image processing 45
7.2.6 Multi-Camera and Multi-Sensor Setup 46
7.3 Summary 46
8 REFERENCES 47

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE

NO
4.1 Block diagram of the system 13
4.2 Circuit diagram 14
5.1 Esp32-cam module 16
5.2 Mq6 gas sensor 17
5.3 Flame sensor 18
5.4 Pir motion sensor 20
5.5 Magnetic door sensors 21
5.6 Mb102 power supply module 22
5.7 Logic level shifter 23
5.8 Jumper wires 24
5.9 Power supply 25

viii
 ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATION Full form

IOT Internet Of Things

CAM Camera

LLS Logic Level Shifters

V Voltage

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

AO Analog Output

DO Digital Output

IR Infrared Light

PIR Passive Infrared)

RS Reed Switch

CPS Central Power Source

TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study

In today’s world, home security is more important than

ever. With rising crime rates, property theft, and the growing threat to personal
safety, people are becoming increasingly concerned about the security of their
homes and loved ones. Traditional security systems, such as CCTV cameras and
alarm systems, have long been used to protect homes, but these solutions often
come with a hefty price tag. Additionally, many systems require professional
installation and maintenance, making them inaccessible to the average
homeowner. Furthermore, most traditional systems lack smart features like
remote monitoring, real-time alerts, and advanced motion detection, which are
essential in today’s connected world.

The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has

opened up new possibilities for creating affordable, customizable, and
intelligent home security solutions. Among the most powerful yet affordable
microcontroller platforms is the ESP32. The ESP32 is an all-in-one
microcontroller that integrates both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, allowing
it to connect to the internet and communicate with other smart devices. Coupled
with a camera module like the ESP32-CAM, this opens up the possibility of
building a low-cost, flexible, and feature-rich home security system that offers
live streaming, motion detection, and even real-time alerts—all accessible
remotely via a Smartphone or computer.

1.2 Cost-Effectiveness of Traditional Security Systems

Traditional home security systems have long been seen as

expensive investments that only the affluent can afford. The cost of security
systems like CCTV cameras, alarm systems, and monitoring services can be
substantial, with prices often reaching thousands of dollars, especially when
factoring in installation, subscription fees, and maintenance. For example, basic
CCTV systems can cost anywhere from $200 to $1,000 for hardware alone, not
including any monitoring fees or the cost of professional installation.
Furthermore, many security systems require long-term contracts with
monitoring services that charge a monthly or annual fee, which can quickly add
up over time.

1
 For a typical homeowner, such a cost is prohibitive. Many
individuals are unable to justify such an investment due to the high cost of
traditional systems, especially when they are already paying for other utilities or
financial commitments. Additionally, the installation of these systems often
requires specialized knowledge and can take several hours, requiring a
professional technician to ensure that everything is set up properly.

In contrast, ESP32-CAM presents a much more affordable

solution. At a fraction of the cost of traditional security systems, the ESP32-
CAM module can be purchased for as little as $5 to $10 per unit. This
significantly reduces the upfront cost of setting up a surveillance system. With
additional components like sensors, cameras, and wires, the total cost of
building a smart home security system can still be less than a single camera
from a traditional security system. The affordability of the ESP32-CAM makes
it an ideal solution for homeowners on a budget or those looking for a low-cost
DIY alternative to professional security systems

By leveraging the ESP32-CAM, this project democratizes

home security, allowing people from all walks of life to access the benefits of
smart surveillance without incurring high costs.

1.3 Advancements in IoT and Accessibility

The evolution of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has

revolutionized how devices interact and communicate. IoT encompasses a broad
range of connected devices that can communicate with each other and be
controlled remotely via the internet. This has paved the way for smart homes,
where homeowners can control everything from their lights and thermostat to
their security systems with a Smartphone app or a simple web interface.

Historically, home security systems were standalone

entities with limited integration capabilities. For instance, traditional systems
often required proprietary hardware, which could only be monitored or accessed
through specific apps or devices. These systems often required ongoing
payments for services such as remote monitoring and cloud storage, with
limited flexibility or integration with other devices in the home.With the advent
of IoT, the landscape has dramatically shifted.

The ESP32-CAM is a prime example of an affordable IoT

device that makes home security accessible to everyone. Not only does the
ESP32-CAM combine both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth capabilities, it is also open-
source. This allows developers to customize and modify the system to meet
individual needs.

2
 The open-source nature of the system means that it can be
adapted and integrated with other smart home devices and IoT platforms,
offering greater flexibility and scalability.

For example, the ESP32-CAM system can be integrated

with other IoT devices such as smart lights, door locks, or smart assistants (e.g.,
Alexa, Google Assistant) to create a comprehensive smart home security
network. Additionally, IoT-based systems can communicate over the internet,
enabling remote monitoring and control from anywhere in the world. This
opens up new opportunities for home surveillance, where users can access live
video feeds, control the camera's angle, or receive motion alerts in real-time.

As IoT technology continues to advance, it is clear that the

future of home security lies in customizability and remote accessibility, which
is made possible through platforms like the ESP32-CAM. This not only
empowers users but also makes security more accessible, both in terms of cost
and functionality.

1.4 Practical Application and Real-World Relevance

While traditional security systems have their uses, they

often fail to meet the demands of modern homes and businesses. With the
increasing complexity of day-to-day life and the rise of smart technology,
people want more than just simple surveillance—they want smart security
solutions that can provide real-time insights and adapt to their needs.

The ESP32-CAM system meets these evolving demands by

providing a real-time video feed, motion detection, and alerts all through a
single, low-cost device. The ability to stream video remotely through the web
or mobile interface makes it easier than ever to monitor your home from
anywhere in the world. Whether you're at work, on vacation, or out running
errands, the ESP32-CAM allows you to check in on your property at any time,
offering peace of mind.

Another important aspect of practical application is the

motion detection feature, which is an essential component of any security
system. The inclusion of a PIR sensor enables the system to automatically
detect movement and trigger alerts, such as emails or notifications, ensuring that
users are immediately aware of any activity in their vicinity. The ESP32-CAM
system is not only reactive but also proactive, sending alerts whenever
suspicious motion is detected, which is crucial for preventing crimes like break-
ins before they happen.
3
 Moreover, the ESP32-CAM’s flexibility makes it an ideal
solution for not only residential homes but also for small businesses, rental
properties, or temporary housing where a full-fledged security system might be
unnecessary. For instance, landlords can set up the system in rental properties
to monitor for signs of unauthorized entry or vandalism. Small businesses may
use it to safeguard their premises after hours without the high cost of installing a
complex security system. This broad applicability of the system makes it not
only practical but also adaptable to various real-world security needs.

1.5 Ease of Use and Deployment

One of the key challenges faced by homeowners and

businesses when implementing traditional security systems is the complexity of
installation and operation. Many of these systems require specialized knowledge
for setup, and the process can be time-consuming and costly. Once installed,
these systems often require professional maintenance and occasional
troubleshooting, which can add to the overall cost.

In contrast, the ESP32-CAM system is designed with

simplicity in mind. The system’s wireless nature eliminates the need for
complex wiring or professional installation. Users only need to connect the
ESP32-CAM to their home Wi-Fi network and configure the software, which
can be done using an Arduino IDE or a simple web interface. This greatly
simplifies the process and reduces the need for professional intervention.

The system is also highly customizable and adaptable,

meaning that users can modify it to suit their needs. For example, users can add
additional cameras, adjust motion detection sensitivity, or modify the way alerts
are sent. The open-source nature of the ESP32-CAM ensures that anyone with
basic technical knowledge can modify the system to fit their specific
requirements.

Furthermore, the web interface that is part of the system

makes monitoring and control incredibly easy. Whether you're at home or on
the go, you can access live video feeds, review past footage, or adjust settings
via your phone or computer. This ease of access ensures that users can maintain
control over their security system without needing to rely on complex, third-
party software or external services.

4
 By making home security more intuitive and user-friendly,
the ESP32-CAM system ensures that even individuals without any technical
background can set it up and maintain it on their own.

1.6 Empowering Users with DIY Security Solutions

The project also serves as an example of the DIY (Do-It-

Yourself) culture that has been growing in recent years, especially in the realm
of home automation and security. DIY home automation has become a popular
trend, as it empowers individuals to take control of their home security needs
without relying on expensive third-party companies.

By using affordable and easily accessible components like

the ESP32-CAM, anyone with basic technical skills can design, build, and
deploy their own smart home security system. This not only reduces costs but
also allows homeowners to have full control over their systems. They can
customize the features they need, modify the system as their requirements
evolve, and avoid ongoing subscription fees associated with professional
security companies.

5
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Literature Survey

The growing concern for home security, combined with

advancements in technology, has driven the development of IoT-based
systems that offer affordable and efficient solutions. Traditional security
systems such as CCTV cameras and alarm systems have been widely used,
but their cost and complexity often limit their accessibility. In contrast, IoT-
based home security systems leverage the power of connected devices and
cloud technologies to offer real-time surveillance, motion detection, and
remote monitoring at a fraction of the cost. The ESP32-CAM is a
prominent example of a microcontroller that integrates Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
and camera capabilities, which makes it a perfect candidate for such
applications (Patel, Shah, & Mehta, 2020) [1].

One of the significant advantages of IoT-based home security

systems is their flexibility and adaptability. These systems enable
homeowners to integrate various sensors and devices to enhance security,
such as motion sensors, gas detectors, and door/window sensors,
alongside video surveillance features. According to Zhou, Li, and Zhang
(2018), integrating multiple IoT technologies can result in an optimized and
responsive security system that alerts users to any abnormal activity, thus
enhancing overall safety (Zhou, Li, & Zhang, 2018) [2].

ESP32-CAM has gained attention in home security systems due to its

capability to provide both video surveillance and motion detection features.
By incorporating the ESP32-CAM module, systems can stream live video
feeds and notify homeowners of detected movements. As Xie, Sun, and
Zhang (2020) suggest, the ESP32-CAM's real-time video surveillance
capabilities make it a reliable choice for monitoring properties, ensuring that
users have access to instant video feeds via smartphones or computers (Xie,
Sun, & Zhang, 2020) [3].

The use of cloud storage with video surveillance is another trend in

IoT-based home security. Storing video footage in the cloud allows
homeowners to have secure, remote access to recorded data without
worrying about storage limitations. Zhang, Wang, and Liu (2019) discuss the
integration of cloud computing with home security systems, where cloud
platforms enable users to store large amounts of video footage securely
while facilitating real-time access (Zhang, Wang, & Liu, 2019) [4].

6
 The growing adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial
intelligence (AI) in home security systems has brought about significant
improvements in threat detection. AI-based algorithms can analyze video
feeds for specific patterns, such as recognizing intruders or suspicious
activities. As Rai, Singh, and Choudhury (2021) demonstrate, ML can be
used to detect abnormal behavior in real-time, reducing the reliance on
human intervention and enabling automated responses to potential threats
(Rai, Singh, & Choudhury, 2021) [5].

Security and privacy concerns remain a major challenge for IoT-based

home automation systems. Since these devices are connected to the internet,
they can be vulnerable to hacking and unauthorized access. Sharma, Kumar,
and Soni (2020) highlight that strong encryption and secure authentication
protocols are necessary to protect sensitive data, such as video footage, from
cyber threats (Sharma, Kumar, & Soni, 2020) [6].

Kumar, Patel, and Yadav (2020) highlight the role of real-time

motion detection in IoT-based home security systems and its effectiveness
in triggering immediate security actions (Kumar, Patel, & Yadav, 2020) [7]..
This significantly reduces the barrier to entry for homeowners looking for
affordable, yet reliable, security solutions (Lee, Kim, & Park, 2019) [8].

Integrating face recognition technology with IoT systems offers an

added layer of security. Yang and Liu (2019) demonstrate how face
recognition can be combined with video surveillance to ensure that only
authorized individuals can enter the premises. This integration adds
significant value to home security, as it provides an automated, non-intrusive
method of identification (Yang & Liu, 2019) [9].

As discussed by Soni and Kaur (2019), combining sensors with video

cameras creates a multi-layered security system that can detect intrusions,
monitor activity, and even record video evidence for later analysis. Such
systems are gaining traction in both residential and commercial sectors due
to their scalability and flexibility (Soni & Kaur, 2019) [10].

The increasing need for efficient, affordable, and reliable home

security systems has prompted researchers to explore the integration of IoT
technologies in this domain. In particular, the use of ESP32-CAM has
gained prominence due to its affordability, versatility, and ability to perform
both video streaming and motion detection functions. Singh and Kumar
(2021) explore the development of IoT-enabled smart security systems
with video streaming capabilities, emphasizing how the integration of
ESP32-CAM enables real-time surveillance while maintaining low system
costs (Singh & Kumar, 2021) [11].
7
 One significant development in modern security systems is the
incorporation of machine learning (ML) algorithms for real-time video
surveillance. Wu and Zhang (2020) propose the integration of ML models
with video surveillance systems to improve intruder detection, allowing
systems to autonomously identify suspicious behavior and enhance the
overall security of homes. Their work highlights how intelligent processing
can make video surveillance systems more proactive and efficient in
detecting potential threats (Wu & Zhang, 2020) [12].

Sharma and Arora (2020) discuss the integration of cloud

technologies with the ESP32-CAM for home security. Their research
suggests that cloud-based systems offer enhanced capabilities, such as
secure remote storage, real-time video streaming, and remote system
monitoring. This approach allows users to access their home security
system from anywhere in the world, providing peace of mind for
homeowners (Sharma & Arora, 2020) [13].

Gupta and Sharma (2021) focus on the potential of IoT-driven smart

security systems that combine sensors with video surveillance. Their
system integrates motion detection sensors with the ESP32-CAM, which
allows for automatic alerts when movement is detected. They also explore
the advantages of cloud storage for video footage, providing users with a
scalable solution that can be accessed remotely (Gupta & Sharma, 2021)
[14].. Their research emphasizes that the integration of facial recognition
technology adds an extra layer of security by ensuring that only authorized
individuals can access the home. This technology, when combined with
video surveillance, provides a more secure, intelligent, and automated
system for homeowners (Yang & Liu, 2019) [15].

Roy and Datta (2020) examine the use of IoT-based surveillance

systems for smart homes, highlighting the role of the ESP32-CAM in real-
time video monitoring and integration with other smart devices. Their study
reveals that IoT-based surveillance systems can provide a seamless and
flexible security solution for homes, offering capabilities such as motion
detection, video streaming, and cloud integration (Roy & Datta, 2020)
[16].

Patel and Jain (2021) present an innovative solution for cloud-based

home security, where video analytics are applied to live video feeds to
detect potential threats. Their approach allows for the real-time analysis of
video footage, offering immediate alerts to users. This system reduces the
burden of manual surveillance and improves response times (Patel & Jain,
2021) [17].

8
 Soni and Kaur (2019) highlight the importance of integrating sensors
with video surveillance in home security systems. Their research shows
how the combination of motion sensors, gas sensors, and video cameras
provides a comprehensive solution for home security. By detecting motion
or abnormal conditions, the system can trigger an alert and capture footage
for further analysis (Soni & Kaur, 2019) [18].

The use of remote surveillance in smart home security systems is

explored by Reddy and Murthy (2020), who discuss how IoT-based security
systems allow homeowners to monitor their properties from anywhere using
their smartphones or computers. Their study shows that IoT-based solutions
offer not only increased security but also convenience and peace of mind
for homeowners (Reddy & Murthy, 2020) [19].

Raj and Mishra (2021) emphasize the importance of cloud storage in

IoT-based security systems. They focus on the benefits of cloud integration,
such as unlimited storage for video recordings and the ability to access
these records remotely. Their findings suggest that cloud-based storage
improves the scalability of security systems, making them more flexible and
accessible (Raj & Mishra, 2021) [20].

Yadav and Saini (2021) discuss the advantages of low-cost video

surveillance systems that leverage IoT technologies. Their research
demonstrates how affordable components, such as the ESP32-CAM, can be
used to create efficient security systems without sacrificing functionality.
They emphasize the accessibility of these systems for homeowners on a
budget (Yadav & Saini, 2021) [21].

Singh and Garg (2020) present the ESP32-CAM as a cost-effective

solution for home automation. Their work suggests that such systems are
ideal for those looking for a DIY security solution that is easy to set up and
maintain (Singh & Garg, 2020) [22].Mehta and Patel (2018) offer insights
into the architecture and design of smart home surveillance systems. Their
study provides a comprehensive analysis of how IoT can be utilized for
home security, outlining the key components required to develop a robust
surveillance system. They emphasize the scalability and flexibility of IoT
systems, making them suitable for various home security applications
(Mehta & Patel, 2018) [23].

Iqbal and Hussain (2021) conduct a survey of various IoT-based

home security systems. Their. They examine the integration of various
sensors and the ESP32-CAM for enhanced home security, suggesting that
real-time video streaming and remote monitoring are vital components of
a modern home security system (Iqbal & Hussain, 2021) [24].
9
 Kumar and Nair (2020) investigate the application of smart video
surveillance systems in home security. Their study focuses on the
integration of the ESP32-CAM with IoT technologies to provide real-time
video feeds, motion detection, and automated alerts. They also explore the
role of cloud computing in storing and managing video footage (Kumar &
Nair, 2020) [25].

Patil and Jain (2019) explore the real-time monitoring of home

security systems using the ESP32-CAM. Their research highlights the
importance of live video streaming and motion detection in ensuring home
security. They suggest that IoT-based systems are more efficient than
traditional CCTV systems due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of use
(Patil & Jain, 2019) [26].

Sharma and Aggarwal (2021) discuss smart cameras and their role in
home security. Their work shows how the integration of IoT technologies
with smart cameras enhances the ability to monitor and control home
security systems remotely. By incorporating cloud-based video analytics,
their system can detect unusual activity and trigger alerts in real-time
(Sharma & Aggarwal, 2021) [27].

Tiwari and Kumar (2020) propose an IoT-based home automation

and security system using the ESP32. They explore the use of motion
sensors, cameras, and remote surveillance to ensure comprehensive home
security. Their study also emphasizes the importance of low-cost solutions
that are accessible to a wide range of users (Tiwari & Kumar, 2020) [28].

Patil and Singh (2020) analyze the integration of video surveillance

and IoT technologies for home security. Their research demonstrates how
combining these technologies can enhance security by providing real-time
monitoring, motion detection, and remote alerts. They also focus on the
affordability and ease of installation of IoT-based systems (Patil & Singh,
2020) [29].

Mehta and Kumar (2021) explore the use of the ESP32-CAM in

home surveillance systems. Their study focuses on cloud integration,
enabling homeowners to store and access video footage remotely. They
argue that IoT-based home surveillance is more reliable, efficient, and cost-
effective than traditional security systems (Mehta & Kumar, 2021) [30]

10
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 FLOW CHART

11
3.2 DESIGN OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The home security system composes of sensors which can monitor

the home conditions. The sensors used in this paper are flame sensor, MQ6 (Gas
sensor), magnetic sensor. ESP32-CAM is used to connect all the sensors, and it
has camera to capture the intruder photo and acts as main controller. The
telegram app is used to monitor the house conditions.

 All sensors connected to ESP32-CAM Development board. ESP32-

CAM is Wi-Fi enabled so it connects to our Wireless router which is
further connected to Internet.
 To Interact with our security system and get notified about all the
alerts we need to create Telegram Bot on Telegram Application in
our Smartphone.
 Using this Telegram bot, we can Engage/Disengage (Arm/Disarm)
our Home Security System and the entire alerts. On Telegram app,
we can also take/get live photos of our monitoring area where we
have installed our ESPCAM.
 If all sensors and alerts enabled, then system will give alerts on
telegram about whenever any security related event occurs.

For Example: Fire or smoke alert. You can operate from anywhere in the
world, you just need Telegram application with Authorized bot and Internet
connectivity to your phone. Only allowed/Authorized users (who's Chat ID is
registered) will be able to interact with this Bot.

12
 CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Fig: 4.1

13
4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 4.2

4.3 WORKFLOW OF THE SYSTEM

14
 System Power-Up
o The ESP32-CAM module is powered via a 5V source.
o On boot, it initializes all hardware peripherals including the
camera, motion sensor
 Wi-Fi Connection
o The ESP32-CAM attempts to connect to a predefined Wi-Fi
network.
o If successful, it assigns an IP address to host a local web server.
o If unsuccessful, the system may reboot or retry connection.
 Camera Initialization
o The onboard camera (OV2640) is initialized using the
esp_camera.h library.
o The system prepares for live video streaming and image capture.
 Web Server Activation
o A lightweight web server is launched using the ESP32.
o The live video stream is made accessible via a web browser or the
device’s IP address.
 Motion Detection (Optional)
o If a PIR motion sensor is integrated, it continuously monitors for
movement.
o When motion is detected, it sends a digital HIGH signal to the
ESP32.
 Trigger Event on Motion
o On receiving the motion signal:
o A snapshot is captured using the ESP32-CAM.
o An alert can be triggered (via email, Telegram, or IFTTT).
o The image may be stored locally (SD card) or uploaded to a cloud
storage service (Firebase/Google Drive).
 Live Monitoring
o The user can access the ESP32-CAM’s IP address to view the live
feed anytime.
o The interface may allow options like:
o Capturing a manual snapshot
o Viewing previous captures
o Activating or deactivating motion detection
 Loop and Reset
o The system continuously monitors for motion while keeping the
server active.
o It loops indefinitely unless manually reset or powered

15
 CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 ESP32-CAM MODULE

Fig:5.1

The ESP32-CAM module is a compact and powerful development

board that combines the capabilities of the ESP32 microcontroller with a built-
in camera module, making it ideal for a wide range of Internet of Things (iot)
and security applications. It is based on the ESP32-S chip, a dual-core
processor that supports both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity, enabling
wireless communication and data transfer. One of the main features of this
board is the OV2640 camera, which allows image and video capture at a
resolution of up to 2 megapixels (1600x1200). Despite its small size, the
ESP32-CAM has a number of GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins that
can be used to interface with sensors and other peripherals. It also includes a
microsd card slot, which can be used to store captured images or video files
locally.

16
 The ESP32-CAM operates at 3.3V logic level but is powered by a
5V input, which is regulated onboard. It does not include a USB interface, so
programming must be done using an external USB-to-TTL (FTDI) adapter.
For uploading code, the IO0 pin needs to be pulled LOW to enable boot mode.
Once programmed, the board can operate standalone and perform various tasks
like motion detection, real-time monitoring, and data logging. The combination
of camera functionality, wireless communication, and GPIO availability makes
the ESP32-CAM a perfect fit for smart surveillance systems, especially in home
security applications. It can be used to capture images when motion is
detected, monitor doors or gas leaks, and send alerts over the internet using its
Wi-Fi capabilities. Its affordability and versatility make it a popular choice
among students, hobbyists, and engineers working on smart home and iot
projects.

5. 2 MQ6 GAS SENSOR

Fig:5.2

The MQ6 Gas Sensor is an electronic sensor used to detect the

presence of combustible gases in the environment, particularly Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG), butane, propane, methane, and alcohol vapors. It is a
widely used module in safety and security systems, especially for gas leakage
detection in homes, industrial environments, and smart home applications. The
sensor consists of a heating element and a metal oxide semiconductor. When
the target gas comes into contact with the sensor, it undergoes a chemical
reaction on the surface of the semiconductor, which causes a change in the
electrical resistance.

17
 This change is measured and converted into an output signal that can
be read by microcontrollers like ESP32, Arduino, or Raspberry Pi.The MQ6
sensor module typically provides both analog and digital outputs. The analog
output (AO) gives a continuous voltage signal proportional to the gas
concentration, while the digital output (DO) gives a HIGH or LOW signal
depending on whether the gas concentration exceeds a preset threshold
(adjustable via an onboard potentiometer).

This makes the sensor highly flexible for different types of

applications, whether simple gas leak detection or detailed gas concentration
monitoring. The sensor operates at a voltage of 5V and requires a preheating
time of about 20 seconds to stabilize before it can provide accurate readings.

In the context of a home security system, the MQ6 gas sensor plays
a critical role in detecting gas leaks from LPG cylinders or kitchen appliances.
Once the sensor detects a significant concentration of gas, it sends a signal to
the microcontroller, which can then trigger an alarm, send a notification to the
user, or activate other safety measures. For example, when connected to an
ESP32-CAM, the system can capture an image and send an alert through Wi-
Fi. Due to its low cost, reliability, and ease of use, the MQ6 gas sensor is a
preferred choice in many IoT-based safety systems and educational electronics
projects.

5. 3. FLAME SENSOR

Fig: 5.3

18
 The Flame Sensor (IR Based) is a simple and effective electronic
module designed to detect the presence of flame or fire by sensing infrared
(IR) light emitted from a fire source. Flames emit a specific range of IR
wavelengths, and this sensor is designed to respond to IR light in the range of
760nm to 1100nm, which is typical of open flame radiation.

The module consists of a photodiode or phototransistor that is

sensitive to infrared light, along with an operational amplifier and a
potentiometer for adjusting sensitivity. When a flame is detected within its
sensing range, the sensor outputs a signal that can be read by a microcontroller
such as the ESP32, Arduino, or Raspberry Pi.

The Flame Sensor provides both analog and digital outputs. The
analog output gives a variable voltage that corresponds to the intensity of the IR
light detected, while the digital output provides a HIGH or LOW signal based
on whether the detected IR intensity crosses a preset threshold. This threshold
can be fine-tuned using the onboard potentiometer.

. Its detection range varies based on the flame size and ambient
lighting, but typically it can detect a flame within 0.5 to 1 meter under normal
conditions.

n a home security system, the Flame Sensor is a crucial safety

component that enables early fire detection. When placed in kitchens, near gas
appliances, or other high-risk areas, the sensor can quickly detect a flame and
notify the system.

When integrated with an ESP32-CAM, for example, the system can

capture an image of the area, send alerts via Wi-Fi, or trigger alarms and safety
protocols.

The Flame Sensor is highly valued for its low cost, fast response
time, and ease of integration into iot and fire safety applications, making it a
popular choice for both DIY and commercial security systems.

19
5 4. PIR MOTION SENSOR

Fig: 5.4

. The PIR (Passive Infrared) Motion Sensor – AM312 is a compact and low-
power electronic module used to detect human or animal movement by sensing changes in
infrared radiation in its environment. All living beings emit infrared radiation in the form of
body heat, and the PIR sensor is designed to detect this change when someone enters its
detection range. The AM312 is a mini version of typical PIR sensors, offering excellent
motion detection performance in a small size, making it ideal for compact embedded projects
like home security systems, automatic lighting, and alarm systems.

The AM312 PIR sensor operates with a supply voltage of 3.3V to 5V, making it
fully compatible with microcontrollers such as the ESP32, Arduino, and Raspberry Pi. It
has a digital output pin that goes HIGH (logic 1) when motion is detected and stays LOW
(logic 0) when no motion is present. The sensor has a detection range of about 3 to 5
meters and a detection angle of around 100°, which is sufficient for indoor applications. It
has an onboard control circuit and digital output, making it easy to integrate with any system
without needing complex signal processing.

In the context of a home security system, the AM312 PIR sensor is used to
monitor areas for unauthorized or suspicious movement. When connected to a
microcontroller like the ESP32-CAM, the sensor can trigger the camera to capture an image
or video, send alerts over Wi-Fi, or activate alarms. Its low current consumption and compact
form factor make it perfect for battery-powered or space-limited devices. The AM312 is
widely appreciated for its simplicity, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness, making it one of the
most popular choices for motion-sensing applications in IoT and automation systems.

20
5.5 MAGNETIC DOOR SENSORS
.

Fig: 5.5

The Magnetic Door Sensor, commonly known as a Reed Switch, is a

simple and reliable sensor used to detect the opening or closing of doors and windows. It
consists of two parts: a magnet and a reed switch housed in separate enclosures. The reed
switch contains two thin metal reeds sealed inside a glass tube. When the magnet is brought
near the switch (i.e., when the door is closed), the magnetic field causes the reeds to come
into contact, completing the circuit. When the door opens and the magnet moves away, the
magnetic field is removed, causing the reeds to separate and the circuit to break. This change
in circuit state can be easily detected by a microcontroller to determine the door status.

The sensor operates on a digital principle, outputting either HIGH or LOW

depending on the switch state. It is passive, meaning it does not require power to operate the
switch itself, though a pull-up resistor (usually 10KΩ) is typically used to ensure stable
output readings. These sensors are widely used in security systems to monitor doors,
windows, lockers, and cupboards. When integrated with a microcontroller like the ESP32-
CAM, the door sensor can trigger actions such as capturing an image, sending a Wi-Fi alert,
or activating an alarm if the door is opened unexpectedly.

In a home security project, magnetic door sensors play a crucial role in

intrusion detection. By placing the reed switch on the door frame and the magnet on the
door, the system can monitor the door’s status in real-time. This type of sensor is highly
valued for its low cost, ease of installation, low power consumption, and reliability. It’s a
perfect fit for smart security systems, especially when combined with other sensors like
motion detectors and gas sensors for complete home monitoring.

21
5.6 MB102 POWER SUPPLY MODULE

Fig: 5.6

. The MB102 Power Supply Module is a compact and

convenient power regulation board commonly used in electronics and
embedded system projects for providing stable DC voltage outputs. Designed
to be plugged directly into a standard breadboard, the module simplifies the
task of powering components and microcontrollers like the ESP32, Arduino, or
various sensors. It features two independent output channels, each of which can
be set to output either 5V or 3.3V using onboard jumpers. This makes the
module highly versatile, as it can power both 5V sensors (like the MQ6 gas
sensor or flame sensor) and 3.3V microcontrollers (like the ESP32)
simultaneously from a single module.

The MB102 is typically powered using a DC barrel jack (6.5V–

12V) or via a USB input, both of which pass through onboard voltage
regulators, usually based on the AMS1117 series. These regulators are capable
of delivering up to 700mA to 800mA of current per channel, which is sufficient
for small to medium-sized embedded projects. The board also includes an
on/off switch, power indicator LEDs, and outputs connected to the
breadboard's power rails, enabling easy and organized prototyping.

In the context of a home security system using ESP32-CAM,

the MB102 module serves as the central power source, delivering the
necessary voltage levels to the ESP32, PIR sensor, gas sensor, flame sensor,
door sensors, and level shifter. This ensures that all components receive stable
and appropriate power without the need for multiple adapters or regulators. The
MB102 is highly valued in DIY and academic projects due to its simplicity,
cost-effectiveness, and plug-and-play design, making it an ideal choice for
powering IoT and embedded systems.

22
5. 7 LOGIC LEVEL SHIFTER

Fig: 5.7

A Logic Level Shifter, also known as a TTL (Transistor-

Transistor Logic) Converter, is an essential module used in electronic projects
where devices with different operating voltage levels need to communicate
safely. The ESP32-CAM, for example, operates at 3.3V logic, meaning it can
be damaged if it receives signals directly from 5V devices like certain sensors
(e.g., MQ6 Gas Sensor or Flame Sensor). The module typically uses MOSFETs
or voltage divider circuits to perform bidirectional or unidirectional level
shifting. It has dedicated pins for high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV)
power inputs, and signal channels (often 4 or 8) for shifting the voltage of
communication lines like GPIO, I2C, UART, etc. When powered with 5V on
the HV side and 3.3V on the LV side, the module safely shifts any incoming
5V signal on the high side to a 3.3V output on the low side. Some level shifters
also support bidirectional communication, allowing data to flow both ways,
which is especially useful in serial communication setups.

In the Home Security System using ESP32-CAM, the level

shifter is used to interface 5V output sensors with the 3.3V-tolerant ESP32.
For example, the gas sensor or flame sensor outputs a 5V signal when triggered.
Feeding this directly to the ESP32’s GPIO pins may damage the board. Instead,
the signal is first passed through the logic level shifter, which safely drops it to
3.3V before reaching the ESP32. This module is compact, inexpensive, and
extremely useful in mixed-voltage environments, making it a critical part of
any reliable and long-lasting embedded system design.

23
5. 8 JUMPER WIRES (MALE-TO-MALE & MALE-TO-FEMALE)

Fig: 5.8

Jumper wires are essential components in electronics

prototyping and are widely used for making temporary connections between
various modules, sensors, and microcontrollers on a breadboard or development
board. These wires come in different types—Male-to-Male (M-M), Male-to-
Female (M-F), and Female-to-Female (F-F)—depending on the connection
requirements of the components used. In the context of a home security system
using ESP32-CAM, Male-to-Male jumper wires are commonly used to
connect modules like the MB102 Power Supply to the breadboard or between
sensor pins and breadboard rails. On the other hand, Male-to-Female jumper
wires are typically used to connect sensors or components with male header
pins directly to the ESP32-CAM’s female GPIO headers.

These wires are usually made of flexible insulated material

with a conductive metal core and come in various colors for easy identification
during circuit building. Jumper wires are designed for quick and tool-free
connections, which makes them ideal for experimental setups, educational
projects, and prototyping. They help maintain a clean and organized circuit
layout, especially when multiple components like PIR sensors, door sensors,
and gas sensors are interconnected.

The use of jumper wires significantly reduces soldering needs

during the testing phase and enables easy modifications or troubleshooting.In
this home security project, jumper wires play a crucial role in connecting all the
components reliably without any permanent attachment. Whether it's powering
the logic level shifter, linking the ESP32-CAM to the door sensor, or
connecting output pins of sensors to the correct GPIOs, jumper wires ensure
efficient and reversible wiring. Their reusability, availability in various
24
lengths, and ease of use make them a standard and irreplaceable part of any
embedded system project.

5.9 POWER SUPPLY

Fig: 5.9

A power supply is a fundamental requirement for any electronic system,

and in the case of a home security system using ESP32-CAM, it ensures stable and
uninterrupted operation of all components. The system typically requires a regulated 5V DC
supply, which can be provided through either a 5V DC adapter or a USB power source.
The ESP32-CAM module, sensors (PIR, gas, flame, etc.), and the MB102 power supply
board all operate efficiently at 5V or 3.3V, so choosing the right power input is critical. A
DC adapter (5V, 1A or more) is ideal for standalone installations where the device runs
continuously without depending on a computer or laptop.

It can be connected to the MB102 module’s barrel jack input, which

then distributes the required 5V or 3.3V to different components through regulated
outputs.Alternatively, a USB power source, such as a mobile charger or power bank, can be
used for portability or temporary setups during testing and prototyping. This is especially
useful in academic projects, where students often demonstrate the system without access to a
fixed power supply. However, since the ESP32-CAM lacks a direct USB port, programming
and powering the module initially may require a USB to TTL converter (FTDI module).
The power supply must be clean and stable, as voltage fluctuations can affect the
performance of sensitive components like the ESP32 or camera module

25
 CHAPTER 6

SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 CODE

// ----------------------------------
make2explore.com----------------------------------------------------//

// Project - Home Security System using ESP32 CAM and Telegram

App

// Created By - [email protected]

// Version - 1.0

// Last Modified - 22/02/2021 15:00:00 @admin

// Software - C/C++, Arduino IDE, Libraries

// Hardware - Ai Thinker ESP32 CAM, MQ6 Sensor, Flame Sensor,

AM312 PIR Sensor

// Sensors Used - MQ6 LPG/Gas/Smoke Sensor, Flame Sensor, AM312

PIR Sensor

// Source Repo - github.com/make2explore

//

// -- Latest Testing on - 01/09/22 ✅

// - With Following Environments

// - ESP32 Core Version : 2.0.1

// - Universal Telegram Bot library v. 1.3.0

// - ArduinoJson Library v. 6.15.2

//
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------//

26
#include <WiFi.h>

#include <WiFiClientSecure.h>

#include "soc/soc.h"

#include "soc/rtc_cntl_reg.h"

#include "esp_camera.h"

#include <UniversalTelegramBot.h>

#include <ArduinoJson.h>

// Replace with your network credentials

const char* ssid = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXX";

const char* password = "XXXXXXXXXXXXX";

// Use @myidbot or @userinfobot to find out the chat ID of an individual

or a group

// Also note that you need to click "start" on a bot before it can message
you

String chatId = "XXXXXXXXXXX";

// Initialize Telegram BOT

String BOTtoken =
"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
;

bool sendPhoto = false;

WiFiClientSecure clientTCP;

UniversalTelegramBot bot(BOTtoken, clientTCP);

//

// clientTCP.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add
root certificate for api.telegram.org

27
// Adding root certificate in Setup()

//CAMERA_MODEL_AI_THINKER

#define PWDN_GPIO_NUM 32

#define RESET_GPIO_NUM -1

#define XCLK_GPIO_NUM 0

#define SIOD_GPIO_NUM 26

#define SIOC_GPIO_NUM 27

#define Y9_GPIO_NUM 35

#define Y8_GPIO_NUM 34

#define Y7_GPIO_NUM 39

#define Y6_GPIO_NUM 36

#define Y5_GPIO_NUM 21

#define Y4_GPIO_NUM 19

#define Y3_GPIO_NUM 18

#define Y2_GPIO_NUM 5

#define VSYNC_GPIO_NUM 25

#define HREF_GPIO_NUM 23

#define PCLK_GPIO_NUM 22

#define FLASH_LED_PIN 4

bool flashState = LOW;

// Motion Sensor

const byte motionSensor = 13;

bool motionDetected = false;

28
bool motionDetectEnable = false;

// Door Sensor

const byte door1 = 12;

const byte door2 = 2;

bool door1stat = true;

bool door2stat = true;

bool doorLockMonitor = false;

// fire sensor

bool fireDetectMonitor = false;

const byte firePin = 14;

bool fire = false;

// MQ6 Smoke LPG gas leak Detector

bool smokeDetectMonitor = false;

const byte smokePin = 15;

bool smoke = false;

int botRequestDelay = 1000; // mean time between scan messages

long lastTimeBotRan; // last time messages' scan has been done

void handleNewMessages(int numNewMessages);

String sendPhotoTelegram();

// ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) Indicates when motion is detected

static void IRAM_ATTR detectsMovement(void * arg){

//Serial.println("MOTION DETECTED!!!");

29
 motionDetected = true;

void setup(){

WRITE_PERI_REG(RTC_CNTL_BROWN_OUT_REG, 0);

Serial.begin(115200);

// Set All Sensors Pin As INPUT

pinMode(door1, INPUT);

pinMode(door2, INPUT);

pinMode(firePin, INPUT);

pinMode(smokePin, INPUT);

// Camera Flash

pinMode(FLASH_LED_PIN, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(FLASH_LED_PIN, flashState);

// Initialize WiFi

WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);

Serial.println();

Serial.print("Connecting to ");

Serial.println(ssid);

WiFi.begin(ssid, password);

clientTCP.setCACert(TELEGRAM_CERTIFICATE_ROOT); // Add
root certificate for api.telegram.org

while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {

Serial.print(".");

delay(500);
30
}

Serial.println();

Serial.print("ESP32-CAM IP Address: ");

Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());

camera_config_t config;

config.ledc_channel = LEDC_CHANNEL_0;

config.ledc_timer = LEDC_TIMER_0;

config.pin_d0 = Y2_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d1 = Y3_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d2 = Y4_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d3 = Y5_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d4 = Y6_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d5 = Y7_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d6 = Y8_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_d7 = Y9_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_xclk = XCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pclk = PCLK_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_vsync = VSYNC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_href = HREF_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_sda = SIOD_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_sscb_scl = SIOC_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_pwdn = PWDN_GPIO_NUM;

config.pin_reset = RESET_GPIO_NUM;

31
 config.xclk_freq_hz = 20000000;

config.pixel_format = PIXFORMAT_JPEG;

//init with high specs to pre-allocate larger buffers

if(psramFound()){

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_UXGA;

config.jpeg_quality = 10; //0-63 lower number means higher quality

config.fb_count = 2;

} else {

config.frame_size = FRAMESIZE_SVGA;

config.jpeg_quality = 12; //0-63 lower number means higher quality

config.fb_count = 1;

// update/Fix by @alinabeel7953 in YT video comments. 16/02/2023

17:23:00 IST by [email protected]

// If anyone having a problem with the photos/pictures sent

being/appearing out of sequence. Then uncomment following config line

//config.grab_mode = CAMERA_GRAB_LATEST;

// camera init

esp_err_t err = esp_camera_init(&config);

if (err != ESP_OK) {

Serial.printf("Camera init failed with error 0x%x", err);

delay(1000);

ESP.restart();

32
 // Drop down frame size for higher initial frame rate

sensor_t * s = esp_camera_sensor_get();

s->set_framesize(s, FRAMESIZE_CIF); // UXGA|SXGA|XGA|SVGA|

VGA|CIF|QVGA|HQVGA|QQVGA

// PIR Motion Sensor mode INPUT_PULLUP

//err = gpio_install_isr_service(0);

err = gpio_isr_handler_add(GPIO_NUM_13, &detectsMovement, (void *)

13);

if (err != ESP_OK){

Serial.printf("handler add failed with error 0x%x \r\n", err);

err = gpio_set_intr_type(GPIO_NUM_13, GPIO_INTR_POSEDGE);

if (err != ESP_OK){

Serial.printf("set intr type failed with error 0x%x \r\n", err);

delay(40000); // Give time for PIR and MQ6 Gas Sensor to get Stable

Serial.printf("PIR Sensor Initilized!! \n");

void loop(){

if (sendPhoto){

Serial.println("Preparing photo");

sendPhotoTelegram();

sendPhoto = false;

33
}

// If Door 1 is got Opened

door1stat = digitalRead(door1);

if(!door1stat && doorLockMonitor){

bot.sendMessage(chatId, "Alert - Door1 Opened !!", "");

Serial.println("Door1 Opened");

door1stat = true;

// If Door 2 is got Opened

door2stat = digitalRead(door2);

if(!door2stat && doorLockMonitor){

bot.sendMessage(chatId, "Alert - Door2 Opened !!", "");

Serial.println("Door2 Opened");

door2stat = true;

// If Fire got detected in house

fire = digitalRead(firePin);

if(!fire && fireDetectMonitor){

bot.sendMessage(chatId, "Alert - Fire at house !!", "");

Serial.println("Fire Detected");

fire = false;

// If Smoke got detected in house

34
smoke = digitalRead(smokePin);

if(!smoke && smokeDetectMonitor){

bot.sendMessage(chatId, "Alert - Something is Burning !!", "");

Serial.println("Smoke Detected");

smoke = false;

// If Intruder Motion got detected in house

if(motionDetected && motionDetectEnable){

bot.sendMessage(chatId, "Motion detected!!", "");

Serial.println("Motion Detected");

sendPhotoTelegram();

motionDetected = false;

delay(2000);

if (millis() > lastTimeBotRan + botRequestDelay){

int numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);

while (numNewMessages){

Serial.println("got response");

handleNewMessages(numNewMessages);

numNewMessages = bot.getUpdates(bot.last_message_received + 1);

lastTimeBotRan = millis();

35
}

String sendPhotoTelegram(){

const char* myDomain = "api.telegram.org";

String getAll = "";

String getBody = "";

camera_fb_t * fb = NULL;

fb = esp_camera_fb_get();

if(!fb) {

Serial.println("Camera capture failed");

delay(1000);

ESP.restart();

return "Camera capture failed";

Serial.println("Connect to " + String(myDomain));

if (clientTCP.connect(myDomain, 443)) {

Serial.println("Connection successful");

String head = "--make2explore\r\nContent-Disposition: form-data;

name=\"chat_id\"; \r\n\r\n" + chatId + "\r\n--make2explore\r\nContent-
Disposition: form-data; name=\"photo\"; filename=\"esp32-cam.jpg\"\r\
nContent-Type: image/jpeg\r\n\r\n";

String tail = "\r\n--make2explore--\r\n";

uint16_t imageLen = fb->len;

uint16_t extraLen = head.length() + tail.length();

uint16_t totalLen = imageLen + extraLen;

clientTCP.println("POST /bot"+BOTtoken+"/sendPhoto HTTP/1.1");

36
 clientTCP.println("Host: " + String(myDomain));

clientTCP.println("Content-Length: " + String(totalLen));

clientTCP.println("Content-Type: multipart/form-data;
boundary=make2explore");

clientTCP.println();

clientTCP.print(head);

uint8_t *fbBuf = fb->buf;

size_t fbLen = fb->len;

for (size_t n=0;n<fbLen;n=n+1024) {

if (n+1024<fbLen) {

clientTCP.write(fbBuf, 1024);

fbBuf += 1024;

else if (fbLen%1024>0) {

size_t remainder = fbLen%1024;

clientTCP.write(fbBuf, remainder);

clientTCP.print(tail);

esp_camera_fb_return(fb);

int waitTime = 10000; // timeout 10 seconds

37
 long startTimer = millis();

boolean state = false;

while ((startTimer + waitTime) > millis()){

Serial.print(".");

delay(100);

while (clientTCP.available()) {

char c = clientTCP.read();

if (state==true) getBody += String(c);

if (c == '\n') {

if (getAll.length()==0) state=true;

getAll = "";

else if (c != '\r')

getAll += String(c);

startTimer = millis();

if (getBody.length()>0) break;

clientTCP.stop();

Serial.println(getBody);

else {

38
 getBody="Connected to api.telegram.org failed.";

Serial.println("Connected to api.telegram.org failed.");

return getBody;

void handleNewMessages(int numNewMessages){

Serial.print("Handle New Messages: ");

Serial.println(numNewMessages);

for (int i = 0; i < numNewMessages; i++){

// Chat id of the requester

String chat_id = String(bot.messages[i].chat_id);

if (chat_id != chatId){

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Unauthorized user", "");

continue;

// Print the received message

String text = bot.messages[i].text;

Serial.println(text);

String fromName = bot.messages[i].from_name;

// Implementation of all the Commands from START

if (text == "/flashOn") {

flashState = true;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Flash is set to ON", "");

39
 digitalWrite(FLASH_LED_PIN, flashState);

if (text == "/flashOff") {

flashState = false;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Flash is set to OFF", "");

digitalWrite(FLASH_LED_PIN, flashState);

if (text == "/photo") {

sendPhoto = true;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Capturing Photo...", "");

Serial.println("New photo request");

if (text == "/EnableMotionAlert") {

motionDetectEnable = true;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Motion Alert - Enabled", "");

Serial.println("Enable the Motion alert");

if (text == "/DisableMotionAlert") {

motionDetectEnable = false;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Motion Alert - Disabled", "");

Serial.println("Disable the Motion alert");

40
if (text == "/EnableDoorAlert") {

doorLockMonitor = true;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Monitor Doors - Enabled", "");

Serial.println("Enable the Monitor Doors");

if (text == "/DisableDoorAlert") {

doorLockMonitor = false;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Monitor Doors - Disabled", "");

Serial.println("Disable the Monitor Doors");

if (text == "/EnableFireAlert") {

fireDetectMonitor = true;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Fire Detector - Enabled", "");

Serial.println("Enable the Fire Detector");

if (text == "/DisableFireAlert") {

fireDetectMonitor = false;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Fire Detector - Disabled", "");

Serial.println("Disable the Fire Detector");

if (text == "/EnableSmokeAlert") {

smokeDetectMonitor = true;

41
 bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Smoke Detector - Enabled", "");

Serial.println("Enable the Smoke Detector");

if (text == "/DisableSmokeAlert") {

smokeDetectMonitor = false;

bot.sendMessage(chat_id, "Smoke Detector - Disabled", "");

Serial.println("Disable the Smoke Detector");

if (text == "/start"){

String welcome = "Welcome to the make2explore ESP32-CAM

Telegram bot.\n\n";

welcome += "Use the following command to Setup the ESPCAM.\n\n";

welcome += "/flashOn : Turn on the flash LED\n";

welcome += "/flashOff : Turn off the flash LED\n";

welcome += "/photo : takes a new photo\n\n";

welcome += "/EnableMotionAlert : enables the motion Alert System\

n";

welcome += "/DisableMotionAlert : disables the motion Alert System\n\

n";

welcome += "/EnableDoorAlert : enables the door Open Alert System\

n";

welcome += "/DisableDoorAlert : disables the door Open Alert System\

n\n";

welcome += "/EnableSmokeAlert : enables the Smoke Alert System\n";

welcome += "/DisableSmokeAlert : disables the Smoke Alert System\n\

n";

42
 welcome += "/EnableFireAlert : enables the Fire Alert System\n";

welcome += "/DisableFireAlert : disables the Fire Alert System\n\n";

welcome += "You'll receive a photo whenever motion is detected.\n";

bot.sendMessage(chatId, welcome, "Markdown");

// ----------------------------------
make2explore.com----------------------------------------------------//

43
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

7.1 Conclusion

The Home Security System using ESP32-CAM was

successfully developed to address the growing need for affordable, smart, and
efficient surveillance solutions for homes and small offices. This project
integrates a variety of sensors—including the PIR Motion Sensor, MQ6 Gas
Sensor, Flame Sensor, and Magnetic Door Sensor—with the ESP32-CAM
microcontroller, enabling the system to monitor physical activities, detect fire
and gas leaks, and capture images during suspicious events.

The ESP32-CAM, a powerful microcontroller with a built-in

camera and Wi-Fi capabilities, serves as the heart of the system. It captures real-
time images and can transmit alerts to a server or user via Wi-Fi. The use of
logic level shifters ensures safe communication between 5V and 3.3V
components, while the MB102 Power Supply Module provides stable voltage
for continuous operation. The system was successfully tested to respond to
motion, gas, flame, and door activity, and can trigger security responses such as
alerts or camera activation.

This project demonstrates how low-cost components can be

combined to create a reliable Internet of Things (IoT)-based home security
solution. It is modular, scalable, and can be customized according to specific
security needs. The system's efficiency, portability, and real-time capabilities
highlight the practical implementation of embedded systems in real-world
applications.

7.2 FUTURE WORK

While the current version of the system is effective for basic home monitoring,
there are several enhancements that can be added to improve functionality,
scalability, and user experience:

7.2.1 Cloud Storage and Remote Access

 The current system stores captured images locally or transmits them over
local Wi-Fi.

44
  In future versions, the system can be integrated with cloud platforms like
Google Firebase, Amazon AWS, or Thingspeak to:
o Store images and sensor logs securely.
o Provide remote access to authorized users from anywhere in the
world.
o Enable better data management and analysis over time.

7.2.2 Smartphone App Integration

 A dedicated Android or iOS mobile application can be developed.

 The app can:
o Show live camera feed.
o Receive push notifications and alerts.
o Control the system remotely (e.g., turn sensors ON/OFF, take
snapshots).
o Make the system more user-friendly and modern.

7.2.3 Integration with Voice Assistants

 Adding support for voice assistants like Google Assistant or Amazon

Alexa can allow users to control the system via voice.
 For example, users could say, “Hey Google, turn on the security system,”
or “Alexa, check the front door camera.”

7.2.4 Battery Backup and Solar Power

 Currently, the system depends on a stable power supply through a USB

adapter or power module.
 To improve reliability:
o A battery backup can be added to keep the system running during
power cuts.
o Solar panels can also be used for outdoor installations to make the
system more eco-friendly and independent.

7.2.5 AI-Based Image Processing

 Using machine learning models, the system can be made smarter by:
o Identifying human faces or animals.
o Filtering out false alarms (e.g., tree movement or shadows).
o Only sending alerts for actual threats.

45
  This would make the system more accurate and reduce unnecessary
notifications.

7.2.6 Multi-Camera and Multi-Sensor Setup

 Multiple ESP32-CAM modules can be deployed in different areas (living

room, backyard, entrance).
 All cameras can be linked to a central server or app for 360°
surveillance.
 Additional sensors like temperature, vibration, or sound sensors can also
be added.


SUMMARY

In conclusion, this project laid the foundation for a functional and affordable
smart home security system. It showcased how combining embedded
systems, IoT, and sensor networks can result in practical and scalable
solutions for real-life security challenges. With further upgrades in terms of
connectivity, intelligence, and user interface, this project can evolve into a fully
autonomous and commercial-grade home monitoring system.

46
 CHAPTER 8
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