What Is Robotics?

Robotics is the intersection of science, engineering and technology that produces machines,
called robots, that replicate or substitute for human actions. Robots perform basic and repetitive
tasks with greater efficiency and accuracy than humans, making them ideal for industries like
manufacturing. However, the introduction of artificial intelligence in robotics has given robots the
ability to handle increasingly complex situations in various industries.

What Is a Robot?
A robot is a programmable machine that can complete a task, while the term robotics describes
the field of study focused on developing robots and automation. Each robot has a different level
of autonomy. These levels range from human-controlled bots that carry out tasks to
fully-autonomous bots that perform tasks without any external influences.

In terms of etymology, the word ‘robot’ is derived from the Czech word robota, which means
“forced labor.” The word first appeared in the 1920 play R.U.R., in reference to the play’s
characters who were mass-produced workers incapable of creative thinking.

Robotics Aspects

Mechanical Construction
The mechanical aspect of a robot helps it complete tasks in the environment for which it’s
designed. For example, the Mars 2020 Rover’s wheels are individually motorized and made of
titanium tubing that help it firmly grip the harsh terrain of the red planet.

Electrical Components
Robots need electrical components that control and power the machinery. Essentially, an
electric current — a battery, for example — is needed to power a large majority of robots.

Software Program
Robots contain at least some level of computer programming. Without a set of code telling it
what to do, a robot would just be another piece of simple machinery. Inserting a program into a
robot gives it the ability to know when and how to carry out a task.

What Are the Main Components of a Robot?

Control System
Computation includes all of the components that make up a robot’s central processing unit,
often referred to as its control system. Control systems are programmed to tell a robot how to
utilize its specific components, similar in some ways to how the human brain sends signals
throughout the body, in order to complete a specific task. These robotic tasks could comprise
anything from minimally invasive surgery to assembly line packing.

Sensors
Sensors provide a robot with stimuli in the form of electrical signals that are processed by the
controller and allow the robot to interact with the outside world. Common sensors found within
robots include video cameras that function as eyes, photoresistors that react to light and
microphones that operate like ears. These sensors allow the robot to capture its surroundings
and process the most logical conclusion based on the current moment and allows the controller
to relay commands to the additional components.

Actuators
A device can only be considered to be a robot if it has a movable frame or body. Actuators are
the components that are responsible for this movement. These components are made up of
motors that receive signals from the control system and move in tandem to carry out the
movement necessary to complete the assigned task. Actuators can be made of a variety of
materials, such as metal or elastic, and are commonly operated by use of compressed air
(pneumatic actuators) or oil (hydraulic actuators) but come in a variety of formats to best fulfill
their specialized roles.

Power Supply
Like the human body requires food in order to function, robots require power. Stationary robots,
such as those found in a factory, may run on AC power through a wall outlet but more
commonly, robots operate via an internal battery. Most robots utilize lead-acid batteries for their
safe qualities and long shelf life while others may utilize the more compact but also more
expensive silver-cadmium variety. Safety, weight, replaceability and lifecycle are all important
factors to consider when designing a robot’s power supply.

Some potential power sources for future robotic development also include pneumatic power
from compressed gasses, solar power, hydraulic power, flywheel energy storage organic
garbage through anaerobic digestion and nuclear power.

End Effectors
End effectors are the physical, typically external components that allow robots to finish carrying
out their tasks. Robots in factories often have interchangeable tools like paint sprayers and
drills, surgical robots may be equipped with scalpels and other kinds of robots can be built with
gripping claws or even hands for tasks like deliveries, packing, bomb diffusion and much more.

How Do Robots Work?

Some robots are pre-programmed to perform specific functions, meaning they operate in a
controlled environment where they do simple, monotonous tasks — like a mechanical arm on an
automotive assembly line.

Other robots are autonomous, operating independently of human operators to carry out tasks in
open environments. In order to work, they use sensors to perceive the world around them, and
then employ decision-making structures (usually a computer) to take the optimal next step
based on their data and mission.

Robots may also work by using wireless networks to enable human control from a safe distance.
These teleoperated robots usually work in extreme geographical conditions, weather and
circumstances. Examples of teleoperated robots are the human-controlled submarines used to
fix underwater pipe leaks during the BP oil spill or drones used to detect landmines on a
battlefield.

Types of Robotics

Humanoid Robots
Humanoid robots are robots that look like or mimic human behavior. These robots usually
perform human-like activities (like running, jumping and carrying objects), and are sometimes
designed to look like us, even having human faces and expressions. Two of the most prominent
examples of humanoid robots are Hanson Robotics’ Sophia and Boston Dynamics’ Atlas.

Cobots
Cobots, or collaborative robots, are robots designed to work alongside humans. These robots
prioritize safety by using sensors to remain aware of their surroundings, executing slow
movements and ceasing actions when their movements are obstructed. Cobots typically perform
simple tasks, freeing up humans to address more complex work.

Industrial Robots
Industrial robots automate processes in manufacturing environments like factories and
warehouses. Possessing at least one robotic arm, these robots are made to handle heavy
objects while moving with speed and precision. As a result, industrial robots often work in
assembly lines to boost productivity.

Medical Robots
Medical robots assist healthcare professionals in various scenarios and support the physical
and mental health of humans. These robots rely on AI and sensors to navigate healthcare
facilities, interact with humans and execute precise movements. Some medical robots can even
converse with humans, encouraging people’s social and emotional growth.
Agricultural Robots
Agricultural robots handle repetitive and labor-intensive tasks, allowing farmers to use their time
and energy more efficiently. These robots also operate in greenhouses, where they monitor
crops and help with harvests. Agricultural robots come in many forms, ranging from autonomous
tractors to drones that collect data for farmers to analyze.

Microrobotics
Microrobotics is the study and development of robots on a miniature scale. Often no bigger than
a millimeter, microrobots can vary in size, depending on the situation. Biotech researchers
typically use microrobotics to monitor and treat diseases, with the goal of improving diagnostic
tools and creating more targeted solutions.

Augmenting Robots
Augmenting robots, also known as VR robots, either enhance current human capabilities or
replace the capabilities a human may have lost. The field of robotics for human augmentation is
a field where science fiction could become reality very soon, with bots that have the ability to
redefine the definition of humanity by making humans faster and stronger. Some examples of
current augmenting robots are robotic prosthetic limbs or exoskeletons used to lift hefty weights.

Software Bots
Software bots, or simply ‘bots,’ are computer programs which carry out tasks autonomously.
They are not technically considered robots. One common use case of software robots is a
chatbot, which is a computer program that simulates conversation both online and over the
phone and is often used in customer service scenarios. Chatbots can either be simple services
that answer questions with an automated response or more complex digital assistants that learn
from user information.

Robotics Applications
Beginning as a major boon for manufacturers, robotics has become a mainstay technology for a
growing number of industries.

Manufacturing
Industrial robots can assemble products, sort items, perform welds and paint objects. They may
even be used to fix and maintain other machines in a factory or warehouse.

Healthcare
Medical robots transport medical supplies, perform surgical procedures and offer emotional
support to those going through rehabilitation.

Companionship
Social robots can support children with learning disabilities and act as a therapeutic tool for
people with dementia. They also have business applications like providing in-person customer
service in hotels and moving products around warehouses.

Home Use
Consumers may be most familiar with the Roomba and other robot vacuum cleaners. However,
other home robots include lawn-mowing robots and personal robot assistants that can play
music, engage with children and help with household chores.

Search and Rescue

Search and rescue robots can save those stuck in flood waters, deliver supplies to those
stranded in remote areas and put out fires when conditions become too extreme for firefighters.

Pros and Cons of Robotics

Robotics comes with a number of benefits and drawbacks.

Pros of Robotics
Increased accuracy. Robots can perform movements and actions with greater precision and
accuracy than humans.
Enhanced productivity. Robots can work at a faster pace than humans and don’t get tired,
leading to more consistent and higher-volume production.
Improved safety. Robots can take on tasks and operate in environments unsafe for humans,
protecting workers from injuries.
Rapid innovation. Many robots are equipped with sensors and cameras that collect data, so
teams can quickly refine processes.
Greater cost-efficiency. Gains in productivity may make robots a more cost-efficient option for
businesses compared to hiring more human workers.
Cons of Robotics
Job losses. Robotic process automation may put human employees out of work, especially
those who don’t have the skills to adapt to a changing workplace.
Limited creativity. Robots may not react well to unexpected situations since they don’t have the
same problem-solving skills as humans.
Data security risks. Robots can be hit with cyber attacks, potentially exposing large amounts of
data if they’re connected to the Internet of Things.
Maintenance costs. Robots can be expensive to repair and maintain, and faulty equipment can
lead to disruptions in production and revenue losses.
Environmental waste. Extracting raw materials to build robots and having to discard disposable
parts can lead to more environmental waste and pollution.
FUTURE OF ROBOTICS
Future of Robotics
The evolution of AI has major implications for the future of robotics. In factories, AI can be
combined with robotics to produce digital twins and design simulations to help companies
improve their workflows. Advanced AI also gives robots increased autonomy. For example,
drones could deliver packages to customers without any human intervention. In addition, robots
could be outfitted with generative AI tools like ChatGPT, resulting in more complex human-robot
conversations.

As robots’ intelligence has shifted, so too have their appearances. Humanoid robots are
designed to visually appeal to humans in various settings while understanding and responding
to emotions, carrying objects and navigating environments. With these forms and abilities,
robots can become major contributors in customer service, manufacturing, logistics and
healthcare, among other industries.

While the spread of robotics has stoked fears over job losses due to automation, robots could
simply change the nature of human jobs. Humans may find themselves collaborating with
robots, letting their robotic counterparts handle repetitive tasks while they focus on more difficult
problems. Either way, humans will need to adapt to the presence of robots as robotics continues
to progress alongside other technologies like AI and deep learning.