Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

Wireless Charging and Battery Management for

EV using Arduino
Savitra C T1, Hemanth Kumar E Naik2, Hoysala Bise3, Sachin K R4, Kiran J Y5
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Jain Institute of Technology, Davangere, India

Abstract - Electric-powered vehicles will help reduce greenhouse be said of wireless charging electric vehicles. Wireless
gas emissions and increase fuel prices. The main purpose of performance charging is based on Electromagnetic
wireless transmission in electric vehicles is to transfer power Induction.
over a small distance. The wireless power transmission system
consists of a transmitter and receiver part that is separated by Coils phone is a basic unit that serves as the primary and
a small distance. Wireless transmission technology uses a creative wrap the magnetic field where the current passes
flexible electromagnetic field. This electric field is created in a through it. This field enters the stream to the nearest coil
free environment that carries a fixed amount of money that otherwise to touch it. If we look at this nearby coil as a second
creates a magnetic field around it and this field contains energy
in it and the EMF is generated between the coils and
wrap and connect it to a charging unit, wireless charging is
transmitted to the receiver. BMS is a battery management available. Electric car charging systems they are in the
system. In EV vehicles we use two batteries such as master and development stage for a number of reasons such as security,
slave. The first preference is given to the master battery in BMS. cost, infrastructure etc. However, in this case paper suggests
If the master battery charge comes down automatically the Static Wireless display Charging system as a possible example
relay will switch from master battery to slave battery. used in the future.

1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 Fundamental Circuit

Figure 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed region.
The proposed system uses wireless charging based on the
A transformer lowers the AC source voltage, which is then
ARDUINO microcontroller or a production method for
converted to DC by a reset circuit. An inverter is then used
charging electric vehicles. This program contains
to convert this voltage to the needed AC voltage. The
ARDUINO microcontroller, inductive coils, motor
system transfer coil in the base unit receives the desired
prototype module. Persistent weather conditions have led to
frequency voltage. The base unit will be installed on the
the research and development of electric vehicles over the
road in the event of flexible wireless charging. The receiver
past decade. Rising global warming has created awareness
will be installed beneath the vehicle. Inductive coupling is
among people to switch to electric vehicles. The waiting time
used to transfer power from the transmission coil to the
required for charging stations while the battery is being
receiving coil. The power is then adjusted and controlled to
charged will be reduced the amount of time that the
suit the battery requirements. Thus, battery charging will
discharge will be performed at the station. Although electric
vehicles are an alternative, there is a need for improvements occur.
in their charging system to be the best mode of
transportation. For this purpose, charging systems should
be upgraded. Solid charging systems are very reliable, easy
to use and timely. Also, the battery size can be reduced, and
the width can be improved. This charging system can also be
used in big cities. Wireless charging performance is based on
Electromagnetic Induction. The cable coils in the base unit
act as the main coil and create a magnetic field as the current
passes through it. This field sends a stream to the nearest
coil without touching it. here we look at this nearby coil as a
second turn and connect it to the car, wireless charging is
available. The car can charge automatically if it is mounted
on a battery-connected coil. This method is used to reduce
air pollution and demand in petroleum products.

1.1 Principle of Operation

Fig 1.2: Block Diagram of working of wireless charger
Wireless charging technology is based on Qi standard
(operated by the Wireless Power Consortium). This the
standard is used worldwide for wireless charging of
smartphones. The same can

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Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

2. IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS CHARGING 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Wireless charging helps to eliminate the need for holding
cables and thus the possible loss of conductivity over the wire
can be completely eliminated. Also, manipulating the wires
during the plug charging and discharging process can
sometimes be dangerous if not done properly. Thus, human
intervention can be avoided for security purposes. Although
wireless charging seems to be time-saving and efficient, it
does come with some restrictions. A key element of
implementation is the development of the infrastructure that
needs to be done to achieve the goal. This will require
significant investment in all phases of the project and that is
why it is costly. The first wireless charging technology to be
developed is standard, the system is designed to charge EVs
in garages or public parking lots, where the vehicle is not
operating for a long time. Because a portable connection is
not required, there has been a great deal of interest in the
possibility of charging EVs while on the go. Charging the EV
while on the go is called flexible charging.

2.1 Static Wireless Electric Vehicle

Fig 3.1 Block Diagram
WECCS Standing (Wireless Electric Car Charging System)
allows drivers to simply alter the plug charger, addressing 4. FLOW CHART
safety concerns such as travel risks and electrical shocks.
Figure 2 depicts the fundamental configuration of the current
WECCS.
The power you get is converted from AC to DC and then
transferred to a battery bank via a power converter. Power
controls and battery management systems have been installed
in the wireless communication network to get any response
from the main side in order to avoid any security issues. The
amount of time it takes to charge is determined on the source's
power, the size of the charging pad, and the distance between
the two windows. Between lightweight vehicles, the typical
distance is predicted to be 150-300 mm. WEVCS can be
mounted vertically.

Fig 4.1 Flow Diagram

Fig 2.1 Static wireless EV charging

2.2 Dynamic Wireless Charging System

As the name suggests the wireless charging system
Dynamic is a system in which EV is charged while on the
go. Of particular concern is the transmission of electric car
power and width. To improve the range of car wireless
charging will be beneficial. DWCS is also called "street
charging". If the charging is done at the right times a large
portable battery is not needed and this makes the car easier
and more economical.

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Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

Would like to rectify AC power to make full use of both half-

cycles of the undulation, thus we'll need a special rectifier
circuit. A rectifier is the name for such a circuit. The centre-tap
arrangement, as shown in Figure above, uses a transformer with
a centre-tapped coil and two diodes to provide a quiet rectifier.
The following are the key components of the power supply unit:

Step Down Transformer

When AC is applied to the ability transformer's first winding, it
can be stepped down or up depending on the amount of DC
required. In our circuit, a 230v/12-0-12v transformer is used to
execute the step-down operation, converting 230 V AC to 12 V
AC across the coil. The transformer is positive at the top and
negative at the bottom. The transformer used in the project has
a 0.5 A rating. It provides isolation between the facility source
and electronic circuitries by scaling down the AC voltage.

Rectifier Unit
One half-cycle at a time, the operation of this circuit is clearly
Fig 4.2 BMS of Master and Slave Battery understood. Consider the primary half-cycle, which has
positive (+) on top and negative (-) on bottom source voltage
polarity. Only the top diode is conducting at this time; the
bottom diode is obstructing current, so the load only sees the
principal 1/2 of the wave, which is positive on top and negative
on bottom. During this half-cycle, only the upper 1/2 of the
transformer's secondary coil transmits current, as shown in
Figure.

Rectifier With Full-Wave Center-TAP

Power supply Circuit
Power supply could be a relation to a source of electric power. During the positive half-cycle of input, the top half secondary
a tool or system that supplies electrical or other kinds of energy conducts, delivering the positive half-cycle to the load. The AC
to an output load or group of loads is named an influence polarity reverses on the next half-cycle. The opposite diode,
supply unit or PSU. during this project, a +5 V DC regulated and therefore the transformer's coil's partner, now carry current,
power supply comes from the facility supply unit designed and while the components of the circuit that carried current during
implemented. The Figure shows the circuit diagram designed the previous half-cycle now remain idle.
to urge the +5 V DC regulated power supply for the project. A Filtering Unit
rectifier could be a device that has two or more diodes
arranged in order that load current flows within the same The rectifier unit is always followed by a filter circuit, which is
direction during each half cycle of the ac supply. commonly a capacitor acting as a surge arrester. This capacitor,
also known as a bypassing capacitor or a decoupling capacitor,
is used to 'short' the ripple with a frequency of 120Hz to ground
as well as to leave the DC frequency to look at the output.

Regulators of Voltage

Voltage regulators are essential components of any power

supply unit. A regulator's primary function is to assist the
rectifier and filter circuit in maintaining a constant DC voltage
for the device. Because of variations in the load or fluctuations
in the AC liner voltage, power supplies without regulators
Figure 4.2.1 Power supply Circuit have an inherent challenge of correcting DC voltage values.
The voltage is frequently maintained within a specific
tolerable area of the specified output when a regulator is
attached to the DC output. The IC7805 is used to provide a
+5v DC regulated supply in this project.

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Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

5. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 5.4 Current Sensor

5.1 Arduino UNO

A current sensor is a device that detects and converts current

to an easily measurable output voltage, which is proportional
The Arduino Uno has a set of analogue and digital pins that to the current through the measured path. There are a wide
serve as input and output points for connecting the board to variety of sensors, and each sensor is suitable for a specific
external components. Inboard, there are a total of fourteen I/O current range and environmental condition.
pins, six of which are analogue input pins. The board contains
a USB port that can be used to connect to a power supply. 5.5 Ultrasonic SENSOR
5.2 LCD Display

The 162 LCD gets its name from the fact that it contains 16 Ultrasonic sensors work by sending out sound waves that are
columns and 2 rows. There are many different combinations too high in frequency for humans to hear. They then calculate
available, such as 81, 82, 102, 161, and so on, but the 162 LCD distance depending on the time it takes for the sound to be
is the most popular. As a result, it will have a total of (162=32) reflected back to them. This is comparable to how radar
32 characters, with each character consisting of 588 Pixel Dots. determines how long a radio signal takes to return after
5.3 Relay Coil colliding with an item.
5.6 INDUCTION COIL

Relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of primary and secondary coil are not connected with wires,
input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a Energy transfer is due to mutual induction.
set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any Example: transformer, wireless charging pad, electric brushes
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make on a wireless charging pad, the device are to be kept, battery
contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof. will be automatically charged.

5.7 Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is
programming prototype which can let the user to draft various

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Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

kind of programs and load them into the Arduino c) Simple to charge - Charging an electric car is simple. You
microcontroller. We can also be programmed by using other won't need to stop at a gas station to refuel your automobile
IDEs too, like Eclipse. Arduino IDE is more versatile. This before hitting the road! An electric car can be charged using
Arduino IDE needs no special drivers or additional any ordinary household outlet.
components. This is available for Windows, Linux and Mac.
Cross compiler compiles for a different target platform than d) Electric automobiles are quieter than regular cars because
the one being programmed. they have less moving parts. When they're working, they're
incredibly silent. A gasoline-powered indoor car engine is
significantly quieter and smoother than an electric car.

B) Demerits

a) A scarcity of charging stations - One of the major

benefits of utilising an electric vehicle is that it does not require
any gasoline or diesel to run. Instead, all it takes is a charging
station to connect the automobile and get it ready to go.
However, one of the main roadblocks to its widespread
acceptance is a scarcity of charging outlets. For example, India
has a scarcity of electric vehicle charging facilities. Even if you
acquire an electric vehicle, you won't be able to use it until you
have access to a charging station. To increase the reception of
these vehicles, a sufficient number of charging stations must
first be constructed.

6. CIRCUIT SETUP b) Expensive - Purchasing an electric vehicle is still

costly. There are a variety of petrol automobiles on the market,
each with its own set of features and pricing. Electric vehicles,
on the other hand, have fewer options, and the best are also the
most expensive. Governments should strongly encourage the
usage of electric vehicles by providing grants and incentives to
users and manufacturers alike. Even batteries remain costly,
though they are expected to drop in price in the near future.

c) Lower power and range – When compared to electric

vehicles, gasoline-powered vehicles accelerate faster. Although
Tesla and Volkswagen manufacture longer-distance electric
vehicles, the mid-range electric vehicle can easily travel 100 to
200 miles on a single charge. As a result, consumers are still
cautious to use electric vehicles for lengthy trips or highway
driving.

Low Pollution - Electric vehicles do not emit zero pollution.

Even so, they contribute to some indirect pollution. Batteries
and the electricity necessary to charge them are not made from
renewable resources.
BMS SETUP
8. FUTURE SCOPE
7. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF WIRELESS CHARGING Based on policy guidelines and emerging technologies. This
SYSTEM section should visualize the future of WEVC Today, the
international EV list is growing exponentially. Under the trend
A) Merits: of industrial prosperity, the two possible approaches to WEVC
a) Environmentally Friendly - The most compelling reason to include how to ensure sustainable growth of EV ownership and
drive an electric vehicle is to help the environment. When how to allow full play of uncontrolled EV development. In
compared to gasoline-powered vehicles, they do not emit addition, the emergence of new technologies, building
poisonous emissions that pollute the air. materials and ideas can make WEVC even more competitive.
Powerful electrical appliances can benefit from advanced
b) No Costs of Fuel or Gas - Because electric automobiles do features as well. First, apart from flux leakage, reversing losses
not require fuel or gas to operate, consumers may avoid the are another major source of energy wastage in the WEVC
escalating costs of these items. All you have to do now is system.
connect and you'll be ready to travel the additional 100 miles.

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Special Issue - 2022 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
ISSN: 2278-0181
ICEI - 2022 Conference Proceedings

9. RESULT REFERENCES
[1] S. Bhattacharya and Y.K. Tan. 2012. Design of static wireless
Wireless charging is based on the principle of charging coils for integration into electric vehicle, Proc. IEEE ICSET,
electromagnetic induction. When a power cable is Nepal. https://doi.org/10.1109/icset.2012.6357389.
[2] X. Mou and H. Sun. 2015. Wireless power transfer: survey and
connected by a coil (damaged cable), it creates a magnetic roadmap, Proc. IEEE 81st Vehicular Tech Conf, Glasgow UK.
field whose action generates more electricity from the https://doi.org/10.1109/vtcspring.2015.7146165.
second remote coil. [3] Supriyadi, Edi Rakhman, Suyanto, Arif Rahman and Noor Cholis
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[8] Altynay Smagulova, et.al., “Simulation Analysis of PI and Fuzzy
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and slows the need to stop at a charging station.

10. CONCLUSION
With the development of EV technology, charging
infrastructure and grid integration areas, EV popularity is
expected to grow significantly over the next decade. In this
context, wireless charging has sparked widespread attention as
it has no spark, is locally independent and operates in a
vacuum. This paper explains in detail the wireless charging
technology for EVs. This paper elaborates on EVs wireless
charging technology. technology offers the potential for better
power efficiency, lower environmental impacts, lower life
cycle costs, and greater comfort and safety operating benefits.

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