EXPERIMENT 1: Introduction to various Basic Instruments of Electrical
Science and Symbols used in Electrical Engg.
AIM: Introduction to various Basic Instruments of Electrical Science and symbols used in Electrical
Engineering
OBJECTIVE: Introduction to various Supply Systems, Ammeter, Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Energy meter,
Tachometer, Rheostat, Loading Devices, Transformer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Demonstration of various instruments like Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Wattmeter, Energy Meter, Tachometer, Rheostat, Various Capacitors, Various Resistors, AC and DC Power
Supply.
THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
AMMETER
Ammeter is employed for measuring of current in a circuit and connected in series in the circuit. As ammeter
is connected in series, the voltage drop across ammeter terminals is very low. This requires that the resistance
of the ammeter should be as low as possible. The current coil of ammeter has low current carrying capacity
whereas the current to be measured may be quite high. So for protecting the equipment a low resistance is
connected in parallel to the current coil and it is known as shunt resistance
Analog Ammeter
VOLTMETER
(a) Voltmeter is employed to measure the potential difference across any two points of a circuit. It is
connected in the parallel across any element in the circuit. The resistance of voltmeter is kept very high
by connecting a high resistance in series of the voltmeter with the current coil of the instrument. The
actual voltage drop across the current coil of the voltmeter is only a fraction of the total voltage applied
across the voltmeter which is to be measured.
Analog voltmeter
WATTMETER
The measurement of real power in AC circuits is done by using an instrument using Wattmeter. The real power
in AC circuits is given by expression
VI cos
where, cos is power factor.
A wattmeter has two coils, namely, current coil and pressure coil. The current coil (CC) is connected in series
with the load and the pressure coil (PC) is connected across the load. Watt meters are available in dual range
for voltages as well as for current
Internal Cicuit of Wattmeter Wattmeter
ENERGYMETER
Energy meter is an instrument which is used to measure the consumption of electric energy in a circuit (DC or
AC). It measures energy in kWh. The essential difference between a energy meter and a wattmeter is that the
former is fitted with some type of registration mechanism where by all the instantaneous readings of power are
summed over a definite period of time whereas the latter indicates the value at particular instant when it is read.
Energy Meter
TACHOMETER
Tachometer is an instrument to measure the speed in (revolutions per minute (r.p.m.)).The speed of a rotating
shaft is measured by inserting the tapered projected part of the tachometer into the tapered hole in the rotating
shaft speed of which is to be measured.
Tachometer
RHEOSTAT
Rheostats are made up of high resistivity material, like, nickel-chromium iron alloy closely wound over a
circular tube. These are available both in single tube and double tube. Inter-turn insulation is provided to avoid
short circuiting of turns. The tube of rheostat is made of insulating material, like asbestos. These are employed
at places where resistance of a circuit is to be varied without breaking the circuit.
LOADING DEVICES
The most commonly used loading devices are (1) lamp Bank (2) loading Rheostat. Lamp Bank load consists
of number of lamps connected to form a load. These are suitably connected and controlled by a no. of switches.
The switches are provided in a manner so that it should be possible to switch on any required no. of lamps at a
time.
A loading rheostat type of load consists of no. of identical resistive elements. These elements are connected in
series or parallel. The rheostat is made up of high resistivity material such as like nickel-chromium. The
elements of the load can be designed to take 1A, 2A or 4 A of current.
Loading Rheostat
VAROIUS SUPPLY SYSTEM
(a) A.C supply systems: There are two types of supply.
(i) Single phase-230V: In this system we have two wires, one is known as phase/line and the other is
neutral. Voltage between them is 230 V.
(ii) Three phase - 400 V (line to line): In his system we have three wires, one for each phase or line.
In case the fourth wire is there it is neutral. While voltage between two phases/lines is 400 V,
between any phase/line and neutral it is 230 V.
(b) DC Supply System
There are two type of D.C supply system
(i)From battery: We use rectifiers for 6V or 12V D.C supply current.
(ii)From generator
DC Supply AC Supply
MULTIMETER
Multimeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the current ,voltage and resistance.These can be
used to troubleshoot many electrical equipments such as domestic appliances,power supplies etc.
TRANSFORMER: A transformer is a static device which consists of two or more stationary electric circuits
interlinked by a common magnetic circuit for the purpose of transferring electrical energy between them. The
transfer of electric energy takes place from one circuit to another circuit without change in frequency.
Transformer may be for stepping up voltage from low to high or stepping down voltage from high to low.
Single Phase Transformer
Auto Transformer
Symbols used in Electrical Engineering:
Electrical Symbols are very important in Electrical and Electronics Engineering which virtually represents
the actual components in a circuit.
A Electrical Circuit is a graphical representation of the connection of various components represented by
their symbols.
Series Circuit: A circuit where bulbs are connected end to end. This type of circuit is known as series circuit.Here the current can flow
only in one direction and the same amount of electric current flows through all the bulbs.
Parallel Circuit:Here each bulb is connected to the battery terminals by separate wires. This type of circuit is known as parallel
circuit.In this circuit, different amount of current passes through the bulbs.
