A PROJECT ON STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

USING R STUDIO & PSPP SOFTWARE

Submitted to
Department of Library & Information Science
Master of Library & Information Science

Riya Talukder
M.LISc– Digital Library (Evening)
Roll No: 002400803007
Session: 2024-2026

Paper Name: Quantitative Techniques

Paper Code: MLDL03
Guided by: Dr. Sibsankar Jana
Department of Library & Information Science

JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY
KOLKATA – 700032
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my profound gratitude to my esteemed teacher, Dr.

Sibsankar Jana, for providing me with the invaluable opportunity to undertake
this fascinating project on [Project Title]. Working with statistical packages like
R software not only facilitated my research but also introduced me to a wealth of
new knowledge and insights.

I am deeply indebted to everyone who contributed to this endeavor. Their

valuable support and timely assistance were instrumental in shaping this project
into its present form.

Furthermore, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my parents and friends,

whose encouragement and assistance were crucial in enabling me to complete
this project within the given timeframe.
1 INTRODUCTION
R is a powerful open-source statistical software and programming language
developed by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman. It is inspired by the S language
created at AT&T Bell Laboratories, which is commercially available as S-PLUS.
While similar, R and S have key design differences, detailed in a paper by Ihaka
& Gentleman (1996) and the R-FAQ.

Distributed under the GNU General Public License, R is maintained and

developed by a dedicated team of statisticians known as the R Development Core
Team. It is available in various forms, including source code (primarily in C and
Fortran) for Unix/Linux and pre-compiled binaries for Windows, Linux, and
macOS. Installation files and instructions can be found on the Comprehensive R
Archive Network (CRAN) website. Linux distributions like Debian typically
provide binaries for the latest R versions.

R offers a wide range of statistical analysis and graphical functions. The

generated graphics are displayed dynamically and can be saved in various formats
(jpg, png, bmp, etc.). Statistical analysis results are displayed on the screen, and
intermediate values (P-values, coefficients, residuals, etc.) can be saved, written
to files, or used in further analyses.

2 R Software
Follow these steps to install R on a Windows computer:
Step 1: Download R
i. Open a web browser and go to the Comprehensive R
Archive Network (CRAN) website: https://cran.rproject.org.
ii. Click on "Download R for Windows".
iii. On the next page, click "base" to download the base version of R.
iv. Click the link to download the latest version of R for Windows (e.g., R-x.x.x-
win.exe).
Step 2: Install R
i. Locate the downloaded .exe file (usually in the Downloads folder) and double-
click it to run the installer.
ii. Follow the installation wizard:
 Choose Language: Select your preferred language.
 License Agreement: Accept the GNU General Public License (GPL).
 Installation Path: Choose the default path or specify a custom location.
 Customizations:
o You can select components like additional documentation or the 32-
bit version (if needed).
o Choose if you want shortcuts to R placed on the desktop or Start
menu.
iii. Once the installation is complete, click Finish.
Step 3: Verify Installation
i. Open the Start Menu or locate the R shortcut on your desktop.
ii. Click on R x64 x.x.x (64-bit version) or R i386 x.x.x (32-bit version) to launch
R.
iii. The R console will open, and you can start running R commands
Step 4: Optional –
i. Install R Studio (IDE for R)

ii. Run the installer and follow the instructions.

iii. Launch RStudio to write, debug, and run R scripts in a user-friendly interface.
Tips and Recommendations
 Ensure that your Windows OS meets the system requirements for R.
 Regularly update R and installed packages to keep them current.
 Consider installing additional R packages using the command:
install.packages("package_name")
Once installed, R is ready for use in data analysis, visualization, and statistical
modeling!
Steps to Import Excel File in R Studio Software:
1. Go to File
2. Import Dataset From Excel
3. Type location or Browse the file
Write in R Script
#install ggplot2
Install.packages(“ggplot2”)
Library(ggplot2)
ggplot()

Summary
SD & Correlation

Boxplot
Statistical Analysis Using PSPP Software

Bar Chart

Histogram
Scatterplot

Regression
Chi Square

3 CONCLUSION
R could seem too complex for a non-specialist. This may not be true actually. In
fact, a prominent feature of R is its flexibility. Whereas a classical software
displays immediately the results of an analysis, R stores these results in an
"object", sothat an analysis can be done with no result displayed. The user may
be surprised by this, but such a feature is very useful. Indeed, the user can extract
only the part of the results which is of interest. For example, if one runs a series
of 20 regressions and wants to compare the different regression coefficients, R
can display only the estimated coefficients: thus, the results may take a single
line, whereas a classical software could well open 20 results windows. R users
may benefit from a large number of programs written for S and available on the
internet, most of these programs can be used directly with R. R is an interpreted
language; users can access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user types
2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, the computer replies with 4.
R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions,
object-oriented programming with generic functions. Due to its S heritage, R has
stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing
languages. Extending it is facilitated by its lexical scoping rules, which are
derived from Scheme. R uses S-expressions to represent both data and code. R’s
extensible object system includes objects for (among others): regressions models,
timeseries and geo-spatial coordinates. Advanced users can write C, C++, Java,
.NET or Python code to manipulate R objects directly. Functions are first-class
objects and can be manipulated in the same way as data objects, facilitating meta-
programming that allows multiple dispatch. Function arguments are passed by
value, and are lazy—that is to say, they are only evaluated when they are used,
not when the function is called. A generic function acts differently depending on
the classes of the arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function
dispatches the method implementation specific to that object's class. R is highly
extensible through the use of packages for specific functions and specific
applications.