THEORY OF MAGNETOSTRICTIVE DELAY LINES F02 PULSE MI)

CONTINUOUS WAVE TUEISMISSION

Roscoe C. William'
Bell TelephoneLaboratories,Incorporated
Murray H i l l , New J e r s e y

Summary--The t h e o r y p r e s e n t e d is a n a n a l y t i c f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t l r i s t i z 3
o f m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ed e l a yl i n e s . Assuming l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p s bctwezn t h e
elastic and magnetic variables involved, equations are deri-Jed that give ana-
l y t i c forms f o rt h em a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e and i n v e r s e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i ~ e e f f e c t , ~ 3 , .
analytic expression for the magnetostrictive effect enables the strain pulse
be c a l c u l a t e d i n t e r m s o f t h e d r i v i n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d . The e x p r e s s i o nf o r t h e
inverse magne.tostrictive effect gives the output magnetic flux density f o r 311
open-circuitedreceivercoil..Theoutputvoltage i s thendetermined f r o m t h i s
flux density.

Frequencyresponsecurvesareobtainedfor two cases: (1) t h e i d e a l cas(,

which refers t o m a g n e t i c f i e l d s t h a t t e m i n a t e S h a r p l y a t the extremes o f the
t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l and r e c e i v i n g c o i l s w i t h p e r f e c t e f f i c i e n c i e s ; and ( 2 ) non-
uniform and fringing magnetic fields a t t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l and i n e f f i c i e n t
r e c e i v e rc o i l s . The responsecurvesenable one t o c a l c u l a t e t h e e f f e c t i v e lenI;t)l
of t h e c o i l s needed t o o p e r a t e - a t t h e f r e q u e n c y w h i c h g i v e s maximum gain. They
a l s o show t h a t the n i c k e l m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e h a s a n i n t r i n s i c conversion
l o s s of 35' db. The voltage response i s obtained by Fourier transform methods for
inputcurrentstep-functionsforboth of theabove cases. These waveforms agrw
with experiment.

INTBODUCTION

Magnetostrictive delay l i n e s a r e p a s s i v e networks t h a t c a n s t o r e a large

number of dc o r ac p u l s e s . They a l s o form a c o n t i n u o u s l y v a r i a b l e d e l a y l i n e .
These f e a t u r e s a r ~
b l e n d e dt o g e t h e ri n t o an extremelysimplestructure: two
c o i l s and a rod o f m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e matsrial. T h i s s i m p l i c i t y of s t r u c t u r e along!
with the features of being both a s t o r a g e tnedium anJ a continuously variable
delayhave made t h e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e a n e.utrmely usefu device in any
system t h a t u s e s dc pulses, such as analog o r d i g i t a l cornputers.l-

The m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e has b e e n t h e s u b j e c t ofmany investiga-

tions.1-7 The r e s u l t s of two s u c hi n v e s t i g a t i o n s 6 , 7e n a b l et h ea u t h o r st o calcll-
l a t e t h e waveshapeof t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e p u l s e f o r a n i n p u t p u l s e o f arbitrary
waveshape. Thispaper is concerned with presenting a t h e o r y t h a t c o n s i d e r s ,Such
f a c t o r s as loss, frequency response, nonuniform and fringing magnetic fields
thetransmittingcoil,andinefficientreceivercoils.

PROPEHTIES OF THE MAGNZTTOSTi3ICTISrE DELAY LINE

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 D
I

ROD,

Fig. 1 M a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e in
schematicform.

1. The m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ee f f e c t (commonly known as t h eJ o u l ee f f e c t - ) 8

2. The propagationofsonicenergy i n an e l a s t i c medium

3. The i n v e r s em a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ee f f e c t (commonly known as t h e Villari e f f e c t ) 9

The m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e e f f e c t refers t o t h e f a c t t h a t i f a m a g n e t i c f i e l d i s
applied t o a sampleof m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e m a t e r i a l , p a r a l l e l t o i t s length, it w i l l
undergo a change i n length. The i n v e r s em a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ee f f e c t refers t o t h e
f a c t t h a t i f t h e sample i s s u b j e c t e d t o a m e c h a n i c a l s t r a i n w h i l e immersed i n a
magnetic f i e l d t h e r e w i l l be a change i n flux i n t h e sample.

The m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e e f f e c t i s used a t t h e i n p u t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g way. When

the current i s turned on it p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l , g e n e r a t i n g a
magnetic f i e l d p a r a l l e l t o t h e l e n g t h of t h e l i n e . T h i s c a u s e s t h e material
underneath t h e c o i l t o expand o r contract depending upon whether it h a s p o s i t i v e
or negativemagnetostriction.Nickelhasnegativemagnetostriction s o it con-
tracts, launching a r a r e f a c t i o n . T h i s r a r e i a c t i o n p r o p a g a t e s down t h e d e l a y l i n e
with t h e v e l o c i t y of sound. When it a r r i v e s a t t h e r e c e i v e r c o i l an emf is
generated i n t h e c o i l t h r o u g h i n v e r s e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n .

Theemf g e n e r a t e 6 i n t h e c o i l i s a v o l t a g e p u l s e w i t h a p o s i t i v e andnega-
t i v e peak [a and b i n Fig.2(b)]. When t h e c u r r e n t i s turned o f f themagnetic
f i e l d c o l l a p s e s and t h e r n a t e r i a l u n d e r n e a t h t h e c o i l r e t u r n s t o i t s normal length,
thus launching a c o q r e s s i m . T h i s c o m p r e s s i o n a l s o g e n e r a t e s a n emf i n t h e
receiver coil invsrse magnetostriction which i s o p p o s i t e i n p o l a r i t y t o
the one generated 5y t h e r a r e f a c t i o n . The v o l t a g e p u l s e g e n e r a t e d b y t h e com-
Pression is .shown as peaks c and d i n “g. 2(b).

2,.
m e nt h ed u r a t i o n o ft h ei n p u tc u r r e n tp u l s e i s longerthanthetime Tc
1 takenfor a s t r z h p u l s e t o t r a v e r s e one t r a n s d u c e rl e n g t h l , t h e output
voltage is given in Fig. 2(b). When t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e i n p u t p u l s e i s less than
tk Or equal t o l / c , then the output pulse is given by Fig. d) Figure c ) is an
b P u tc u r r e n t p l s e o f d u r a t i o n e/,.
,I The output pulse, F i g .2 ( d ) , i s formed by
negativeportions (’2) and ( c )c o a l e s c i n g i n t o s i n g l e peak. It is t h i s
peak t h a t is amiplified and used i n systems t h a t o p e r a t e i n an a n a l o g
Or d i g i t a l f a s h i o n .

17

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 The following are o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e d e l a y l i n e :

2. The i n s e r t i o n loss v a r i e s between 40 and 60 db.

3. The t o t a l d e l a y i s d i r e c t l y d e p e n d e n t upon t h e l e n g t h o f t h e l i n e .

CONTINUOUS WAVE TRANSMISSION

The basic assumption i s t h a t t h e v a r i a b l e s c o n c e r n e d i n m a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n ,

i n v e r s em a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n ,e l a s t i c i t y , and magnetism a r e l i n e a r l y r e l a t e d . T h i s
r e q u i r e s t h e p r e s e n c e of b i a s i n g m a g n e t s a t b o t h t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g and r e c e i v i n g
coils to insure that the operating points lie in the linear regions of t h e s t a t i c
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f strain v e r s u sm a g n e t i ci n t e n s i t y . Small s i g n a l analysis w i l l
thenapply,sincetheinputmagneticfield i s assumed t o be small i n comparison
t o t h e s a t u r a t i o n v a l u e of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d .

The e f f e c t o f eddy c u r r e n t s w i l l b e n e g l e c t e d b e c a u s e t h e r a d i u s o f the wire

used t o form t h e d e l a y line w i l l b e l e s s t h a n t h e s k i n d e p t h of t h e magnetic
f i e l d a t t h eo p e r a t i n gf r e q u e n c y .H y s t e r e s i s w i l l a l s o beneglected. Hence t h e
p e r m e a b i l i t y becomes t h e r e v e r s i b l e p e r m e a b i l i t y .

Consider Fig. 3. T h i s i s a g r a p ho fo u t p u tv o l t a g ea g a i n s ti n p u tc u r r e n t
f o r a n i c k e lm a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ed e l a y l i n e . The t r a n s m i t t i n g a n d r e c e i v i n g c o i l s
a r e i d e n t i c a l , h a v i n g a diameter o f 35 mils and a length of 60 mils. The c o i l s

F- 4
b IC0

Input current pulse

3
o f d u r a t i o n T. b

Output voltage pulse

due t o c u r r e n t pulse
6 0 MILS
in (a) 0
Input c u r r e n t p u l s e
with T Te C/c,
t h e time for a strain
0 200 300 400 500 600
p u l s e t o t r a v e r s e one
transducer length.
Output voltage p u l s e Fig. 3 Output v o l t a g e input cur-
due t o c u r r e n t p u l s e r e n t f o r a n i c k e l magneto-
in s t r i c t i v e d e l a y line.
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are s i n g l e l a y e r w i t h a t o t a l o f t u r n s of 1 m i l diameter wire. It canbeseen
t h a t t h e g r a p h is i n d e e d l i n e a r u p t o o e r s t e d s (400 ma) and it j u s t i f i e s t h e
use of small s i g n a l a n a l y s i s .

The coordinatesystemused i s shown i n Fig. 4. The model i s one dimensional,

w i t h the origin a t the edge of the effective lewth of the transmitting coil.
The e f f e c t i v e and geometric lengths are not equal i n r e a l i t y b u t t h e y w i l l be
assumed equal i n t h e i d e a l c a s e . The r e c e i v i n g c o i l is s i t u a t e d a t d i s t a n c e d
from t h e o r i g i n . The t r a n s m i t t i n g and r e c e i v i n g c o i l s have geometriclengths of
cms.

Fig. 4 Diagram of the coordinate

An elementof volumeof masspdxdydz i s considered a t some p o i n t x i n s i d e

thecore of t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l ( p i s t h ed e n s i t y ) . A magnetic f i e l d H e x i s t s
in t h i s c o r e due t o a c u r r e n t I flowing in t h e c o i l w i n d i n g s . The equation o f
motion f o r t h i s e l e m e n t o f volume is:

where U i s the displacement, p i s t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e c o r e m a t e r i a l , and T i s

t h e t o t a l stress a c t i n g on t h e volume element.10 The e q u a t i o n s t h a t r e l a t e t h e
s t r e s s e s t o t h e s t r a i n =el1:

is the magneto-
B is the flux density, ~r is t h e r e v e r s i b l e permSability' and is the
striction constant, is the young's modulus for 'Onstant
strain.

Equations ( l ) ,( 2 ) , and ( 3 ) form t h eb a s i sf o rt h e analysis. The known

i q u a n t i t yi nt h e s et h r e ee q u a t i o n s i s t h em a g n e t i ci n t e n s i t y ,s i n c e ,f o r a given
4
"3.
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c o i l geometryand a g i v e n c u r r e n t , H can be computed. The q u a n t i t y o f intepest
i s t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t U , s i n c e it y i e l d s t h e form of t h e s t r a i n and also gene7ates
thefluxintheoutputcoil.

The f i r s t s t e p i s t o s e t upan e q u a t i o n r e l a t i n g t h e unknown displacerent

t o t h e known m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y H. To t h i s end s u b s t i t u t e f o r B from Eq.
into ( 3 ) . Then

Let

This new modulus E i s c a l l e d Young'smodulus f o r c o n s t a n t f i e l d i n t e n s i t y . The

constant 72 bTprh2/E-r i s u s u a l l y small, hence E i s approximately equal to
S u b s t i t u t i n g f o r E i n Eq. (h) gives:

S u b s t i t u t i n g Eq. (5) into Eq. (1) anddividingthrough by E y i e l d s :

where c thevelocityofthelongitudinal sound wave i n t h e mediun. Equ3-

t i o n (6) i s a standard wave equation with an inhomogeneousterm t h a t c o n t a i n s t h e
d r i v i n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d whose d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s p a c e andtime i s assumed known. I t
i s then a differential statement of the magnetostrictive effect.
Since we are considering .continuous harmonic waves, ICt U ( k , x , t!
k,x)eJWtandH(x, t ) H(x)eJot. Substitutingthesequantitiesinto Eq. ( 6 )
yields

T h i s i s an o r d i n a r ys e c o n do r d e rd i f f e r e n t i a le q u a t i o n . The generalSolution
Eq. (7) is:

The p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n t o Eq. (7) i s t h e t h i r d term i n Eq. (8) whichcanbe

a r r i v e d a t by t h e method o fv a r i a t i o no fp a r a m e t e r s . Thewavenumber K u/C-

The natureofH(x)must now be e s t a b l i s h e d . It i s assumed t h a t

f ( x )f o r o x <Q
H(x) H,
for x 0 and x > %

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where H, i s t h e f a c t o r . i n v o l v i n g t h e c u r r e n t a m p l i t u d e and t h e t u r n s , w h i l e f(x)
is t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d . P h y s i c a l l y t h i s means t h a t i f
t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l i s assumed t o be open-circuited there w i l l be zero curfen5 and
hence z e r om a g n e t i ci n t e n s i t yw i t h i nt h ec o i lc o n f i n e s . Thus H(x) i s zero every-
where e x c e p t w i t h i n t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l ; i.e., 0 x

I n view of t h e dampingpads shown i n Fig. 1, we shal1,now confine ourselves

t o t h e c a s e where the line extends t o infinity in both the positive and negative
x directions.Fortheregionx> e
u(k,x,t) e-jk(x-ct)

Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t on a n i n f i n i t e w i r e w e can only have waves propagating away

from t h e t r a n s d u c e r , t h e s o l u t i o n f o r x requires

For t h e r e g i o n x t h e s o l u t i o n i s Simply

u(k,x,t) Ae' j k ( x - c t ) BeJk(X+ct)

s i n c e dH/df i n t h e i n t e g r a n d of Eq. (8) vanishes over the range of integration.

Since there can be no wave t r a v e l i n g toward t h e o r i g i n , c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s
solution f o r o requires that A 0.

The complete solution, valid for a l l x is:

For x o t h e second term vanishes, while for x the expression simplifies to

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Equation (13) states t h a t f o r a n y d i s t r i b u t i o n H(x) t h e r e w i l l be a displacement
u(k,x,t)travelinginthepositive x d i r e c t i o nt o w a r dt h er e c e i v i n gc o i l . This
equation w i l l be taken as an i n t e g r a l s t a t e m e n t of t h e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e e f f e c t
as it e x i s t s i n m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e s .

It was s t a t e d p r e v i o u s l y t h a t t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l was open c i r c u i t e d ; hence H

v a n i s h e ds i n c et h e r e was z e r o c u r r e n t . E q u a t i o n ( 2 ) s t a t e s t h a t when H vanishes,
the sole factor that determines the flux w i l l b e t h e s t r a i n d u / a x ; i. e . ,

This is a d i f f e r e n t i a l s t a t e m e n t o f i n v e r s e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n u n d e r t h e c o n d i t i c n s
of an o p e n - c i r c u i t e d r e c e i v i n g c o i l .

Let t h e o u t p u t c o i l have n2 t u r n s p e r cm, t h e n i n t h e i n t e r v a l dx t h e r e a r e

n2dx t u r n s . The p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l normal f l u x d412 threading these n2dx t u r n s
i s , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e line t o haveuni't area,

The t o t a l normal f l u x q 2 p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e o u t p u t c o i l i s obtained by i n t e g r a t -

i n g Eq. (15) overthe'length of c o i l . However, onemust e x e r c i s ec a u t i o n a t t h i s
point.ConsiderFig. 5. The t r a n s m i t t i n gc o i lh a s a geometriclength cms,
b u tt h em a g n e t i cf i e l d H(x) e x t e n d sb e y o n dt h ec o i le n d s( f r i n g ee f f e c t ) . The
effective length of the transmitting coil w i l l be defined as t h e l e n g t h 2 o f t h e
magnetic f i e l d b e c a u s e o f t h i s f r i n g i n g .

The d e l a y l i n e h a s b e e n assumed t o be i d e a l i n t h a t once t h e s t r a i n wave

leaves the sending transducer it s u f f e r s no d i s p e r s i o n o r a t t e n u a t i o n u n t i l it

Fig. 5 Diagram i l l u s t r a t i n g s p r e a d i n g
of t h e m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t t h e
i n p u t and t h e v a r i a t i o n i n
e f f i c i e n c y of t h e r e c e i v i n g
coil.
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a r r t v e s a t t h er e c e i v i n gc o i l . The s t r a i n w i l l c a r r y w i t h it any f r i n g i n g t h a t
e x i s t s a t t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l andimpart it t o t h e f l u x r e g e n e r a t e d a t t h e
receivingcoil,Thisfollows from Eq. (14). Thus, becausethedelay medium i s
ideal,anyfringing a t t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l is r e f l e c t e d a t t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l
through the conversion of the strain to flux density by inverse magnetostriction.
Practically,magnetostrictivedelaylineswithshortdelays(i.e., l e s s than
psec)behavelikeidealtransmission mediums, s o t h a t t h e above statement can
be r e a l i z e d .

Q u a l i t a t i v e l y one c a n s e e t h a t t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l h a s a nonuniform e f f i -
ciency over i t s l e n g t h f o r c o n v e r t i n g t h e density created by the strain into
an emf. When t h e s t r a i n r e a c h e s t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l , o n l y a frac-
t i o n of the lines created w i l l be c o n v e r t e d i n t o an emf because not a l l t h e l i n e s
enterthecoil. They spreadout i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s and o n l y t h o s e l i n e s t h a t are
moving in f r o n t o f t h e s t r a i n become p a r t of the emf. On t h e o t h e r hand, when
the strain reaches the center of t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l a l l t h e f l u x c r e a t e d w i l l l i e
within the confines of the coil, and hence all t h e f l u x w i l l b e c o n v e r t e d i n t o
voltage.Thusthereceivingcoilhas a nonuniform e f f i c i e n c y o v e r i t s l e n g t h ,
b u t t h i s p a r t o f t h e e f f i c i e n c y i s stye t o t h e f i n i t e l e n g t h o f t h e r e c e i v i n g
c o i l ;i . e . , it a c t s as an aperture.

There a r e o t h e r f a c t o r s , s u c h as f l u x l e a k a g e and v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e number

o f t u r n s p e r cm, that contribute towards the nonuniformity of the efficiency.
The f l u x l e a k a g e w i l l be g r e a t e r a t t h e c o i l e x t r e m e s t h a n a t thecenter. We
s h a l l lump a l l o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n t o onenonuniform e f f i c i e n c y e ( x ) Becausethe
d e l a y l i n e i s a reciprocal network we s h a l l assume t h a t t h e e f f i c i e n c y v a r i e s i n
t h e same f u n c t i o n a l manner as t h e flux p a t t e r n a t t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l . T h i s
tantamount t o s a y i n g t h a t i f t h e i n p u t m a g n e t i c f i e l d i s given by I? ClrHof (x)e;lc”t,
t h e n t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l e ( x ) i s given by e ( x ) f (x-d) where
d i s . t h e d i s t a n c e between t h e o r i g i n and t h e face o f t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l n e a r e s t
t h eo r i g i n .

The outputvoltage vo(k,t) -dVp/dt. Therefore,

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If H(f) H o f ( f ) ,t h e ne ( x ) f(x-d)bythepreviousarguments.Thus

EQTchanging the variable of integration i n t h e first i n t e g r a l t o x d the

expression f o r t h e v o l t a g e c a n b e w r i t t e n as:

where H H,f(x)ejkct. The induced emf i s v i -alql/at. Therefore,

The s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n H(x) Hof(x) can be computed r i g o r o u s l y 1 3 f o r s h o r t

solenoids,butthefunctions are verycomplicated. To s i r r p l i f y t h e a n a l y s i s we
shall approximate the spatial distribution by simple functions.

I n order to evaluate the voltage gain ( o r loss) o f t h e system t h e v o l t a g e

t h e i n p u t must be obtained, The i n p u t f l u x i s given by

Dividing Sq. (18) by ( 2 0 )y i e l d st h e complex g a i n G Vo/Vi.

The f a c t o r t h a t i s measured i s g where E i s t h e complex conjugate I

o f G. We w i l l a l s o d e f i n e a t r a n s f e r f u n c t i o n C ( k , x) s u c h t h a t :

If Eq. (l?) i s d i f f e r e n t i a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o x and t h e n d i v i d e d by Eq. ( 1 9 ) we

obtain

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 Two c a s e s will beconsidered: (1) idealcaseand(2)caseofnonuniform
and f r i n g i n g m a g n e t i c f i e l d s .

I d e a l Case
The m a g n e t i c f i e l d d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l beassumeduniformover t h e l e n g t h of
thetransmittingcoilbutterminatingsharply a t t h e ends; i.e., the geometric
and e f f e c t i v e l e n g t h s a r e e q u a l .

H(x) Thus Hof ( x ) where

f(x) S(X-Q)]

where
S(X) 1 if o

S(x) o if x o

The a s s u m p t i o n s t h e n s t a t e t h a t e ( x ) must have t h e form:

e(x) S(x-d-f)]

t h a t is, t h er e c e i v e rc o i lh a s a p e r f e c te f f i c i e n c y .S u b s t i t u t e Eqs. (24) and

i n t o Eqs. (13), (lS), (21), and (23). A f t e rp e r f o r m i n gt h en e c e s s a r yi n t e -
g r a t i o n s we obtain:

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 Inspection of Eq. (26) and ( 2 7 ) shows t h a t t h e m p l i t u d e s of boththe
displacement and the output voltage are dependent on themagnetic,magnetostpic,
t i v e , and e l a s t i c o n s t a n t ostfh m
e a t e r i aul s e dt o form t h ed e l a yl i n ea l h g
withthefrequency. The f a c t o r t h a t i s measured i s g I G I when one Ccnsiders
voltagegain.

The g a i n of t h e m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e i s t h u s s e e n t o b e t h e p r o d u c t
of t h r e e f a c t o r s . The f i r s t f a c t o r dependson t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s of t h e
problem; t h e second i s t h e t u r n s r a t i o f o r t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g and r e c e i v i n g c o i l s ;
ar,d t h e t h i r d i s a frequency dependent term t h a t i s determined by c o i l geometry,
the magnetic f i e l d d i s t r i b u t i o n ; and t h e v e l o c i t y of sound i n t h e material used
as t h e d e l a y l i n e .
The first f a c t o r 4TprA2/E i s called i n t r i n s i c c o n v e r s i o n l o s s . The
c o n s t a n t Y i s theelectromechanicalcouplingconstant. The i n t r i n s i c c o n v e r s i o n
loss i n d i c a t e s t h e e f f i c i e n c y of t h e material for converting magnetic energy
into mechanical (sound) energy a t t h e i n p u t , or mechanicalenergy into magnetic
energy a t t h e o u t p u t . It w i l l be shown t h a t is much l e s s t h a n u n i t y and
a c c o u n t s f o r 70 p e r c e n t t o 90 p e r cent o f t h e loss t h a t o c c u r s i n t h e system.

The t h i r d f a c t o r i s thefrequencyresponseofthe system. It canbe m a x i -

mized by p r o p e r c h o i c e o f t h e c o i l l e n g t h t h a t t h e loss due t o t h e frequency
responsecan be v e r y low. Figure 6 i s a graph of s i n k / n .T h i sr e s p o n s e has a
main maximum and a number of secondary maxima. The time f o r a s t r a i n wave t o
t r a v e r s e one t r a n s d u c e r l e n g t h i s T e </c. The main maximum of the response
curveoccurs atn 1.22, t h e r e f o r e

IjfTe 1.22 (31)

It follows t h a t maximum response i s obtained when t h e p e r i o d o f t h e e x c i t i n g wave
is 2.57 times t h e t i n e t a k e n t o t r a v e r s e one transducer length o r , i n o t h e r words,
t h e t r a n s d u c e r l e n g t h is about 0.39 times the wavelength.

Nonuniformand Fringing Magnetic Fields

The s i t u a t i o n t h a t i s beinganalyzed i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n Fig. 5. The effec-

tivelengthsofthecoils w i l l bewhere t i s t h el e n g t ho ft h em a g n e t i cf i e l d
at thetransmittingcoil. The m a g n e t i c f i e l d has a nonuniform d i s t r i b u t i o n over
t h i sl e n g t h .S i n c e 41 (41 i s t h e g e o m e t r i c l e n g t h ) , t h i s c a s e a l s o t a k e s
fringing into account.

The magnetic f i e l d d i s t r i b u t i o n H(x) Rof(x) w i l l beassumed to be given by

The e f f i c i e n c y of t h e r e c e i v e r c o i l i s then
x-d)
e(x) f(x-d) sin
e [S(x-d) S(x-d-e)]

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 Fig. 6 Frequency response o f t h e
m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y line
f o r Cases A and B .
S u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs. (32) and (33) i n t o Eqs. ( U ) , (18) (21), and a n ip e r -
forming the necessary integrations yields:

If one compares t h e e x p r e s s i o n s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t and t h e o u t p u t

v o l t a g e in Eqs. (34) a n d ( 3 5 ) w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d f o r t h e i d e a l c a s e , we s e e that
'the e f f e c t o f f r i n g i n g andnonuniform e f f i c i e n c i e s is t o make the amplitudes
frequency dependent i n such a way t h a t t h e i r h i g h f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e i s markedly

The complex g a i n G of the system is affected in the way. This i s shown

c l e a r l y i n F i g . 6 whereg, t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f G given i n Eq. (36), is shown

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p l o t t e da g a i n s tf r e q u e n c y . I t c a nb es e e nt h a t it i s reduced from t h e i d e a l
case, but the bandwidth i s i n c r e a s e d i n t h e m a i n maximurn.The secondary maxirna
a r e down by a f a c t o r o f 1s r e l a t i v e t o t h o s e i n t h e i d e a l case. As i n t h e i d s a l
c a s e ,t h eg a i n i s t h ep r o d u c t of t h r e ef a c t o r s . The t h i r d f a c t o r , however, is
changedmarkedly r e l a t i v e t o t h e i d e a l c a s e b e c a u s e of a f r i n g i n z and non11nifom
magnetic f i e l d a t t h e t r a n s m i t t i n g c o i l and an i n e f f i c i e n t r e c e i v e r c o i l .

Thiscase i s c l o s e s t t o r e a l i t y and i s t h e one t h a t s h o u l d becompared wit+

experiment.KeasuringthefrequencyresponseCurve of a magnetostrictivedelay
l i n e w i l l provide a means of determining the magnitude 6 of t h e f,/el
f r i n g i n g e f f e c t t h a t e x i s t s i nt h es e n d i n gt r a n s d u c e r . h e l o c a t e s t h e main
maximum andknowing t h e v a l u e o f t h e a p p l i e d f r e q u e n c y t h a t y i e l d s t h i s maxinxT,
one t h z n u s e s t h e t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e o f n t h a t g i v e s t h e maximum t o c a l c u l a t e
from

PULSE TRANSNISSION

The i d e a l case will bediscussed first, and t h e c a s e ofnonuniform and

fringing magnetic f i e l d s second.

I d e a l Case

transfer f u n c t i o n C ( k , x ) definedby is t h a t € o r any harmon-

i c a l l y varying f i u x <p1 l i n k i n g the c o i l , t h e s t r a i n w i l l be given by

I n order t o f i n d t h e s t r a i n as a function of x and t, one i.,nteg-at,es Eq. ( 3 9 )

over all frequencies kc,

If we apply a s t e p o f c u r r e n t to thetransducer,then we s h a l l appll 9

s t e p o f flux, s i n c e t h e c u r r e n t and flux are d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l . Thus the
conditions for a step function of flux are:

if t < 0

2lijkc

where @l(k, t) i s t h e k t h F o u r i e r componentof the of flu. S u b s t i t n t i W

Eqs. and (h1) i n t o Eq. (40)y i e l d s

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The i n t e g r a l .is well knownl7 and is given by

J1 = g [ S ( t S(t

Thus
au=--
2E
[S( t xc 4. e_)
c
S(t
C

This is t h e r e s u l t when t h e c u r r e n t is suddenlyturned on; i . e . , t h e

r e s p o n s et o a s t e p o fc u r r e n t . When t h e c u r r e n t is t u r n e d o f f , a similar p u l s e
of opposite polarity is produced.Thus i f the e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t is

I Io [ S ( t ) S(t T)] (45)

then

[S(t x 4 T) S(t
c c C

F i g u r e 7 ( a ) shows a c u r r e n t p u l s e of unit amplitude and d u r a t i o n T, while

Fig. 7(b) shows t h es t r a i np r o d u c e d a t some p o i n t x on t h e d e l a y line. When
t h e c u r r e n t is turned on, a r a r e f a c t i o n [Eq. (bb) ofmagnitude -prhHd22 is
launched down t h e d e l a y l i n e . Its d u r a t i o n i s TQ </c, thetime t o t r a v e r s e
one t r a n s d u c e r l e n g t h . A t time T when t h e c u r r e n t pulse is t u r n e d o f f a com-
p r e s s i o n r e s u l t s which is t h e n e g a t i v e of Eq. (&h) and is g i v e n a n a l y t i ’ c a l l y a s
the l a t t e r p o r t i o n of Eq. (&6) i . e . , t h a t p o r t i o n i n v o l v i n g T in ‘the arguments
of t h e step f u n c t i o n s . It is of magnitude +pr’hHJ2E and d u r a t i o n Te. The t o t a l
d u r a t i o n of t h e strain pulse produced by t h e c u r r e n t p u l s e o f d u r a t i o n T is
T Tt.

If a r e c e i v i n g c o i l is placed s o ‘ t h a t t h e r e i s a d i s t a n c e d between the

nearfacesofbothtransmitting and r e c e i v i n g c o i l s ( F i g . h), t h e n F i g . 7 ( b )
shows t h a t t h e l e a d i n g edge of the rarefaction w i l l a r r i v e a t thenearfaceof
t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l a t time(d/c 4/c)and t h e t r a i l i n g edge a t timed/c. The
leading and t r a i l i n g e d g e s of the compressioll caused by t u r n i n g t h e c u r r e n t o f f
arrive a t thenearfaceofthereceivercoil a t times(d/c t/c T) and
(d/c T), respectively.
The complex v o l t a g e g a i n is given by Eq. ( 2 8 ) , .hence t h e o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r
any harmonically varying i n p u t v o l t a g e w i l l be given by

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- l
au
Fig. 7 (a) I n p u t c u r r e n t p u l s e o f dur-
a t i o n T.
(Cl (b) S t r a i n p u l s e s c o n s i s t i n g of
SDSXlt)
a r a r e f a c t i o n and compres-
s i o n of amplitude ?pr2&/2~.
(c) Output f l u x ' 4 2 produced by
(dl
vo(x,t) (b)
(d) Output voltage produced by
(c)
(e) Input current pulse o f dur-
ation T Tf.
( f ) Coalesced output voltage
due t o

t,

X L to
t L 5

v0( k , t ) d u G( k , d ) V l e j k c b k (48)
where v1 n$+H c. The o u t p u vt o l t a g e a f u n c t i o n Of and
d t i s obtained bY
i n t e g r a t i n g Eq. ( t 8 ) over a l l t h e wave numbers k produced in t h e r e c e i v i n g C o i l
of length e.
po(d,t) 9 l +a0
G(k,d)Vlajkctdk

S u b s t i t u t i n g Eq. (28) into Eq. yields

T h i s i n t e g r a l is w e l l known18 and i s given by

J2 S"([
2 S(t 5c c S(t [S(t d)
C S(t dc -&l}.
c (51)
Thus,

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 This is t h e r e s p o n s e t o a s t e p of c u r r e n t o r a v o l t a g e d e l t a f u n c t i o n . When
t h e c u r r e n t i s t u r n e d o f f , a slmilar p u l s e o f o p p o s i t e p o l a r i t y i s produced.
Thus if t h e e x c i t i n g c u r r e n t i s I I S(t) S(t T ) ] it g e n e r a t e s a v o l t a g e
d e l t a f u n c t i o n V i V1 (t) d (t which y i e l d s an o u t p u t v o l t a g e

[S(t 2)
C S(t 2c c

e T) - S ( t - - -
C T)]

This i s p l o t t e d i n F i g .7 ( d )f o r T 2T4 2</c and in F i g . 7 ( e ) f o r T Tt. The

case T Te c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e c a s e t h a t e n a b l e s t h e d e l a y l i n e t o beoperated i n
e i t h e r an analog o r d i g i t a l manner. Only t h e b o t t o m p o r t i o n of t h i s v o l t a g e
p u l s e is used.

The way t h i s pulse is generatedcan be i l l u s t r a t e d g r a p h i c a l l y . The l e a d i n g

edge of t h e r a r e f a c t i o n p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e r e c e i v i n g c o i l d u r i n g t h e time d/c
e/c t d/c. I t generates a flux p a t t e r n t h a t d e c r e a s e s l i n e a r l y w i t h t i m e , a s
shown in F i g .7 ( c ) . When t h e t r a i l i n g e d g e of t h er a r e f a c t i o np a s s e st h r o u g ht h e
r e c e i v i n gc o i l ,t h ed i r e c t i o n of t h e flux p a t t e r n is reversed. The o u t p u t v o l t -
age is t h e n e g a t i v e t i m e d e r i v a t i v e o f t h i s flux p a t t e r n , hence t h e p o s i t i v e and
n e g a t i v e v o l t a g e swings shown f o r d/c e/c t d/c f/c. similar argument
applies f o r the compression that results when t h e c u r r e n t is t u r n e d o f f except
for a reversalinsign. I t should be n o t i c e d t h a t t h e p e a k - t o - p e a k v a l u e of t h e
o u t p u t v o l t a g e is V 1 steppedup by t h e t u r n s r a t i o ( n z / n l ) and a t t e n u a t e d by t h e
intrinsic conversion factor 7 2 !$urA2/E.

Nonuniform and Fringing Magnetic Fields

The s t r a i n a s a f u n c t i o n of and t i s given by Eq. (40) where C(k,x) i s

now given by Eq. ( 3 7 ) . As in t h e p r e v i o u s c a s e , we s h a l l a p p l y a s t e p of c u r r e n t
w h i c h ' w i l l r e s u l t i n a s t e p of f l u whose kth F o u r i e r component 91 i s given by:

The minus sign results because we a r e now applying a c u r r e n t p u l s e of negative

p o l a r i t yw h i c h ,o fc o u r s e ,r e v e r s e st h ed i r e c t i o n of flux. S u b s t i t u t i n g Eqs.
and (SL) i n t o Eq. (40) y i e l d s

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The i n t e g r a l t h a t a p p e a r s h e r e is denoted by 53 and i s evaluated t h e A~~~~~~~
Substituting for J j gives

S i n c e t h i s . i s t h e r e s u l t when a n e g a t i v e s t e p o f c u r r e n t i s a p p l i e d , a simi-
when t h e c u r r e n t i s turnedoff.
lar r e s u l t o f o p p o s i t e p o l a r i t y r e s u l t s The
response to a c u r r e n t p u l s e o f t h e form I -Io [S( t) S( t T ) ] i s

COS t T S(t T X S(t T (57)

2E 2c c c C

The r e s u l t i s p l o t t e d i n Fig. 8. The s t r a i n s t h a t r e s u l t from turningthe

c u r r e n t on and o f f now have s l o w e r r i s e and f a l l times that are determined by t h e
cosjnefunction,which, in t u r n , i s due t o t h e nonuniform and f r i n g i n g magnetic
f i e l d . The o u t p u t v o l t a g e f o r t h e c a s e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i c n will be given by
( b 9 ) , whereG(k,d.) i s given by Eq. (36). Vi(k, t) i s given by t h e n e g a t i v e t h e
d e r i v a t i v eo f E q . P e r f o r m i n gt h e s eo p e r a t i o n sl e a d st o

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 Fig. 8 Compression and r a r e f a c t i o n
produced by transmitting coil
with nonuniform and f r i n g i n g
m a g n e t i cf i e l d s . T h i s is
given by Eq.

Equation (60) is p l o t t e d i n Fig. 9(a) f o r T Te </c.This me,ans t h e

d u r a t i o n of t h e i n p u t c u r r e n t p u l s e i s longer than the time taken f o r a s t r a i n
pulse t o t r a v e r s e one t r a n s d u c e rl e n g t h . The waveform of t h eo u t p u tv o l t a g e
t h a t i s obtained when T is shown i n Fig. 9(b). This is t h e waveformused
i n analog and. d i g i t a l computers. The t h e o r e t i c a l waveforms presentedhereagree
with those obtained experimentally. In particularthecase of T has the
exactshapeoftheoutputvoltage waveforms r e orted.1L1,15The c o n v e r s i o nf a c t o r
y2 has been calculated by Sussrnan and E h r l i c h l g thermodynamically.
Returning to the continuous wave case momentarily, the l o s s can be calcu-
l a t e d from Eq. (36) by t a k i n g 20 loglog,where g i s theabsolutevalueof G;

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l

Fig. 9 (a) Output voltage when T Te.

V,(d,t)given by Eq. ( 6 0 )

set equal to unity.

(b) Outputvoltage V ( d , t )
given by Eq. (607 w i t h
T Te and t h e same fac-
t o r as i n ( a > s e t e q u a l
to unity.

One o f t h en i c k e m l a g n e t r o s t r i c t i v ed e l a yl i n e sb u i l t a t B e l l Telephone labora-

t o r i e s had a pr L. 5 , 2.5 loL, and E 20 x dynes/cm2. The p,
r e p o r t e dh e r e i s f o r 1.5 mc. These c o n s t a n t s y i e l d a y* i . e . , an
e f f i c i e n c y o f 1.76 per c e n t . The v o l t a g e l o s s due t o t h i s low e f f i c i e n c y is
20 l o g l o (1.765 10-2) -35 db.Sincemostdelay l i n e s havebetween !l0 and
db loss it can be s e e n t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n a c c o u n t s f o r 75 90 p e r c e n t of
the l o s s .

The a u t h o r h a s a l s o been a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e s that

can work a t p u l s e r e p e t i t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s u p t o 5 mc. T h i s has beenobtained by
u s i n g n i c k e l w i r e 1 and mils i n diame'ter along w i t h s o l e n o i d a l c o i l s 16 mils
long and 10 mils i n diameter.Design of d e l a y l i n e s s h o u l d be done w i t h due
r e s p e c tp a i dt ot h eF n t r i n s i cc o n v e r s i o nf a c t o r The valuesobtained f o r this
c o n s t a n t vary w i t h material, and it turns o u t t h a t n i c k e l i s n o t oneofthe best.

DISCUSSION

The theory whichhasbeenpresentedaccounts f o r most of the observed phen-

omena in m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ed e l a yl i n e s . Such t h i n g s d i s p e r s i o n in t h e delay
medium, i n d u c t i v e e f f e c t s of t h e c o i l s , eddycurrents, and h y s t e r e s i s have n o t
beenincluded i n t h e analysis, s o it is l i m i t e d . Thus when one i s comparing

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theory with experiment one must take the time constant of theinductanceinto
a c c o u n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y when measuring r i s e and f a l l t i m e s . I t shouldbepointed
o u t t h a t in o r d e r t o compare any frequency response curves obtained by experiment
w i t ht h et h e o r e t i c a lr e s p o n s ec u r v e sp r e s e n t e dh e r e ,t h ee x p e r i m e n t a lc u r v e s
should be corrected for I2R loss in t h e c o i l s and l o s s i n t h e d e l a y medium.

The author i s deeplyindebted t o Drs. Warren P.Mason, R. N . Thurston,John

A. L e w i s , and ConyersHerring. Dr. J. A . Morrisonand E. J. P o s ta r ea l s o t o be
thanked f o r t h e i r v a l u a b l e d i s c u s s i o n s .

BIBLIOGPAPHY

1.

2. E p s t e i n , H., and Stram, 0.: lfMagnetostrictivesonicdelay line." Review of

S c i e n t i f i c I n s t r u m e n t s 211 231 (Mar. 1953)

3. Robbins, R. and M i l l e r s h i p , R.: "Applications of MagnetostrictionDelay

Lines.IfProceed-ings o f Symposium on Automatic DigitalComputations,National
Physical Lab. England,p.199 (Mar. 1953).

h. DeBarr, A. E.: "Digitalstorageusingferromagneticmaterials.f1 The E l l i o t

Journal, England, 1:116 (May 1953).

5. Chaplin, G. B. B., Hayes, R. E., and Owens, A. R.: "A t r a n s i s t o r d i g i t a l

f a s t multiplierwithmagnetostrictivestorage."Proc. IEE, 102:412
(July 1955)

6. Lyon, J. A. M., and Thompson, T. B. "Analysis and application .of magneto-

s t r i c t i o nd e l a yl i n e s . " PGuE;-b, Trans. IRE, pp. 8-22 (Aug. 1956).
7. Rothbart, A., and Rosenberg, L.: "A theoryofpulsetransmissionalong a
m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v e d e l a y l i n e . " PGUE-6, T r a n s . IRE, pp. 32-58 (Dec. 1957).

8. J o u l e , J. P.: "On t h e e f f e c t s o f magnetism upon thedimensions of i r o n and

s t e e l bars. P h i l . Mag. 111, 30: '(1847).

9. Villari, E.: "Change of magnetizationbytension and by e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t . f 1

A n n . Phys. Chem. LpZ., 126, pp.87-122 (1865).

10. Mason, W. p.: l f P i e z o e l e c t r i c Crystals and T h e i rA p p l i c a t i o n s t o Ultrason-

ics." New York, D. V a n Nostrand Company, Inc.,chap. 5 , p. 62.
11.

12. Merz, P., and Gray, F.: theory of scanning and i t s r e l a t i o n t o t h e c h a r -

a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l in telephotography and t e l e v i s i o n . f 1
B e l l System Technical Journal, vol. 13, pp. h64-515 193b).

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13. Bozorth, R. M. "Ferromagnetism." New York, D. Van Nostrand Company,
chap. 19, p.

14.

15 Rothbart, A . , and Rosenberg, L.: t h e o r yo fp u l s et r a n s m i s s i o nd o n g a

m a g n e t o s t r i c t i v ed e l a yl i n e . " PGUE-6, Trans. pp. 56-57, Figs. 22 a d
25 (Dec
16.

18.
19.

APPENDIX

The evaluation of
kt!

i s performed by expandingthedenominator i n terms o f p a r t i a l f r a c t i o n s .

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o J3 y i e l d s

I n the f i r s t i n t e g r a l l e t k'4? kt 7 and in t h e s e c o n d i n t e g r a l l e t k1-e k t 7.

With t h e s e c h a n g e s i n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n v a r i a b l e s 53 becomes:

but

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 The e v a l u a t i o n o f
5c0s2 g
2 ejck dk
JIr j
-B [ky2 12r
proceeds in a similar manner. One o b s e r v e st h a t

S u b s t i t u t i n g into J4 yields:

Substituting
2
ke
2
x2 i n t o t h e f i r s t integral and
k
G i n t o the
2 2 2
ond and t h e n f a c t o r i n g o u t t h e integral t h a t r e m a i n s in common y i e l d s

If K k t h e integral becomes

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c

The i n e q u a l i t y 4 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o d/c t d/c since P d.

The i r i e q u a l i t y 0 i s e q u i v a l e n t t o d/c t 4 d/c.

or

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 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE AUTHORS

Miss Florence Nesh has an M.S. i n P h y s i c a l Chemistryfrom New York

University. A t theSloan-KetteringInstituteforCancerResearch, New York City,
shedeveloped a r a d i o i s o t o p e c o r r e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f blood
iodine. A t present,she is a physicalchemist a t t h e H a t e r i a l L a b o r a t o r y of the
New York Naval Shipyard.

Miss Nesh has published i n t h e f i e l d s of a n a l y t i c a l method development,ion

exchange,electron-microscopy,chemicalkinetics,radio-chemistry and u l t r a -
s o n i c s , She i s a member of t h e S c i e n t i f i c R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y o f Americaand t h e
American Chemical Society.

Mr. John Andreotti attended the School of Engineering a t C.C.N.Y.,

wherehe r e c e i v e d h i s b a c h e l o r ' s d e g r e e i n e l e c t r i c a l e n g i n e e r i n g . S i n c e t h e n
he has worked a t the Material Laboratory of the New York Naval Shipyard as an
electricalengineer.Therehe i s engaged i n a study of t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f
d i e l e c t r i c s , p a r t i c u l a r l y as t o t h e e f f e c t s of h i g h f r e q u e n c y e l e c t r i c f i e l d s on
t h e s e media. He has p a r t i c i p a t g d i n a study of u l t r a s o n i c a p p l i c a t i o n s i n
which f i e l d hehaspublished. He i s a memberof t h e AIEE.

Mr.
John Antonevich has participated a t Battslle i n a v a r i e t y o f stud-
ies involving the application of ultrasound, including the treatment of biolog-
icals,thedevelopmintofultrasonictechniques of d i s p e r s i n g m a t e r i a l s , and t h e
development of u l t r a s o n i c equipment. He h a s a l s o a i d e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of
an electronic system for storing and handling information.

D r . iloscoeCharles Williams graduated with honors from the University

o f Manitoba i n 1951, r e c e i v i n g B.S. i n bothPhysics and Mathematics. He
obtained his master's degree i n t h e o r e t i c a l p h y s i c s fromMcGill U n i v e r s i t y i n
1953, h i s t h e s i s b e i n g a quantum mechanicaldevelopmentof a theory for linear
growth r a t e s i n c o r r o s i v e r e a c t i o n s .

While working on h i s Ph.T). i n Fxperimental Physics a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f

Manitoba, Dr. Williams d i s c o v e r e d t h a t a d h e s i v e b r e a k s betweenhighpolymers and
glass c o u l db ei n d u c e dt h e r m a l l y ,l e a d i n gt ot h ee m i s s i o no fv i s i b l gl i g h t . His
d o c t o r a l t h e s i s was on gama-gamma a n g u l a r c o r r e l a t i o n i n s t r o n g l y deformed
n u c l e i . Dr. Williams joined Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1956 wherehe worked
on magnetostricti-qe delay lines and t r a n s i s t o r c i r c u i t d e s i g n . He i s p r e s e n t l y
with RCA Laboratories at Princeton, engaged i n semiconductor research.

39

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