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Decision Making

The document explains C++ conditional statements, including if, else, else if, and switch statements, along with their syntax and examples. It covers how to use logical conditions for decision-making in code and introduces the ternary operator as a shorthand for simple if-else statements. Additionally, it describes the use of break and default keywords in switch statements for controlling execution flow.

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16 views

Decision Making

The document explains C++ conditional statements, including if, else, else if, and switch statements, along with their syntax and examples. It covers how to use logical conditions for decision-making in code and introduces the ternary operator as a shorthand for simple if-else statements. Additionally, it describes the use of break and default keywords in switch statements for controlling execution flow.

Uploaded by

sbrafi50
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C++ Conditions and If Statements

You already know that C++ supports the usual logical conditions from
mathematics:

 Less than: a < b 3<4: true, false


 Less than or equal to: a <= b
 Greater than: a > b
 Greater than or equal to: a >= b
 Equal to a == b
 Not Equal to: a != b

You can use these conditions to perform different actions for different
decisions.

C++ has the following conditional statements:

 Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified


condition is true
 Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same
condition is false
 Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition
is false
 Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be
executed

The if Statement

Use the if statement to specify a block of C++ code to be executed if a


condition is true.

Syntax
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}

Note that if is in lowercase letters. Uppercase letters (If or IF) will


generate an error.

In the example below, we test two values to find out if 20 is greater than
18. If the condition is true, print some text:
Example
if (20 > 18) {
cout << "20 is greater than 18";
}

We can also test variables:

Example
int x = 201;
int y = 18;
if (x > y) {
cout << "x is greater than y";
}

The else Statement

Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the


condition is false.

Syntax
if (condition) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is true
}
else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition is false
}

Example
int time = 24;
if (time < 18) {
cout << "Good day.";
}
else {
cout << "Good evening.";
}
// Outputs "Good evening."
The else if Statement

Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition
is false.

Syntax
if (condition1) {
// block of code to be executed if condition1 is true
}
else if (condition2) {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and
condition2 is true
}
else {
// block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and
condition2 is false
}

Example
int time = 22;
if (time < 10) {
cout << "Good morning.";
}
else if (time < 18) {
cout << "Good day.";
}
else {
cout << "Good evening.";
}
// Outputs "Good evening."

C++ Short Hand If Else

Short Hand If...Else (Ternary Operator)

There is also a short-hand if else, which is known as the ternary


operator because it consists of three operands. It can be used to replace
multiple lines of code with a single line. It is often used to replace simple
if else statements:
Syntax
variable = (condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

Instead of writing:

Example
int time = 20;
if (time < 18) {
cout << "Good day.";
} else {
cout << "Good evening.";
}

You can simply write:

Example
int time = 20;
string result = (time < 18) ? "Good day." : "Good evening.";
cout << result;

C++ Switch Statements

Use the switch statement to select one of many code blocks to be


executed.

Syntax
switch(expression) {
case x:
// code block
break;
case y:
// code block
break;
default:
// code block
}

This is how it works:


 The switch expression is evaluated once
 The value of the expression is compared with the values of
each case
 If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed
 The break and default keywords are optional, and will be described
later in this chapter

The example below uses the weekday number to calculate the weekday
name:

Example
int day = 2;
switch (day) {
case 1:
cout << "Monday";
break;
case 2:
cout << "Tuesday";
break;
case 3:
cout << "Wednesday";
break;
case 4:
cout << "Thursday";
break;
case 5:
cout << "Friday";
break;
case 6:
cout << "Saturday";
break;
case 7:
cout << "Sunday";
break;
}
// Outputs "Thursday" (day 4)

The break Keyword

When C++ reaches a break keyword, it breaks out of the switch block.

This will stop the execution of more code and case testing inside the
block.
When a match is found, and the job is done, it's time for a break. There is
no need for more testing.

A break can save a lot of execution time because it "ignores" the


execution of all the rest of the code in the switch block.

The default Keyword

The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no case


match:

Example
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 6:
cout << "Today is Saturday";
break;
case 7:
cout << "Today is Sunday";
break;
default:
cout << "Looking forward to the Weekend";
}
// Outputs "Looking forward to the Weekend"

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