1. What is a shell?

A: Shell is an intermediatory between user and Operating system—it provides user with an
interface.

2.What is Bash?

A: Bash is one kind of shell in Unix –commonly default shell

3.What is a shell script?

A: Group of Unix commands

4. How do you write a shell script?

 Using Vi or Vim(file editors) file name should have .sh extenstion.

 Start with Shebang #! /bin/bash

5.What is the file extension for a shell script?

A: .sh

6. How do you run a shell script?

A:Sh filename or ./filename

7. What is the shebang line?

A: Shebang is the first command line in the script

8. What is the purpose of the shebang line?

A: Shebang is the command line to run the script in specific shell

9. What is a comment in a shell script?

A: Comment is the Text that details about the steps in script.

10. How do you write a comment in a shell script?

A: # (single line) or “”(Multi line)

11. What is a variable in a shell script?

A: Variable is a placeholder of the value

12. How do you create a variable in a shell script?

A: Using $

13. What is the syntax for a variable in a shell script?

A: variable name = variable value

14. What is the scope of a variable in a shell script?

A: Local and Global variables

15. What is command substitution?

 A: Output of one command as input for another command

16. How do you use command substitution in a shell script?

A: $()

17. What is command chaining?

A: Different commands merged together using different operators.

18. How do you use command chaining in a shell script?

A: By using different operators like &, && ,|| ,: ,| ,>>,>

19. What is a function in a shell script?

A: Function are set of commands which will execute when called/initiated.

20. How do you create a function in a shell script?

A: function_name() { Unix commands }

21. What is the syntax for a function in a shell script?

A: function_name() { Unix commands }

22. What is the return value of a function in a shell script?

A: Value (Output value)

23. How do you call a function in a shell script?

A: Functionname (By calling the function name)

24. What is a conditional statement in a shell script?

A: Command that executes based on the condition provided

25. How do you use a conditional statement in a shell script?

A: if [ expression ]

then

statement

fi

26. What is a loop in a shell script?

A: repetitive execution of statement until condition is met

27. How do you use a loop in a shell script?

A: using for loop, while loop, untill loop

28. What is an array in a shell script?

A: multiple values grouped together

29. How do you create an array in a shell script?

A: Declare -a arrayname or

arrayname =(value1 value2 .... value…n)

30. What is the syntax for an array in a shell script?

A: arrayname =(value1 value2 .... value…n)

31. How do you access elements in an array in a shell script?

A: Arrayname[indexplace]

32. What is input/output redirection?

A: Process of directing input/output of one command/file to another file/command

33. How do you use input/output redirection in a shell script?

o >> append to the end of file

o | pass the left output to right
o > Redirect left output to right file
o Grep command to search

34. What is a pipeline in a shell script?

A: Pipeline is sequence of commands commonly output of left is transferred to the right of

the pipe command.

35. How do you use a pipeline in a shell script?

A: Command | command

36. What is a command-line argument?

A: Run time values for commands

38. What is the $0 variable in a shell script?

A: Name of the script file name

39. What is the $1 variable in a shell script?

A: , $1 denotes the initial argument passed,

40. What is the $2 variable in a shell script?

A: second argument passed

41. What is the $# variable in a shell script?

A: no of arguments passed

42. What is the $@ variable in a shell script?

A: List of arguments

43. What is the $? variable in a shell script?

A: Exit status code

44. What is the $$ variable in a shell script?

A: Returns the process ID of the shell

45. What is the $! variable in a shell script?

No idea on signals I will read on this

46. What is a signal in a shell script?

47. How do you handle signals in a shell script?

48. What is process substitution?

A: Comparing two different outputs from different commands.

50. What is a here document?I

A: It is a form of I/O redirection

***Need to look into these*******

50. What is a here document?

51. How do you use a here document in a shell script?

52. What is a here string?

53. How do you use a here string in a shell script?

******************************************

54. What is a glob?

A: A glob is a string of characters that matches file paths, using literal characters

55. How do you use a glob in a shell script?

56. What is brace expansion?

A: a useful technique to generate lists of strings that can be used in scripts and aliases and on the
Linux command line.

57. How do you use brace expansion in a shell script?

A: echo {x…y ..z} generates values from x to y incrementing by z.

58. What is a subshell?

A: subshell is a copy of the shell process.

59. How do you create a subshell in a shell script?

A: By enclosing the variables or commands in parenthesis

60. What is a background process?

A: process that is running independent of the shell.

61. How do you run a process in the background in a shell script?

A: using “nohup” command.

62. What is a foreground process?

A: a process that requires a user to start

63. How do you run a process in the foreground in a shell script?

A: Using fg command

64. What is the difference between a foreground process and a background process?

A: Process that requires user interaction is foreground process—process which is

independent for user interaction is called backend process.

65. What is a job in a shell script?

A: "job" is a shell's representation for a process group.

66. How do you manage jobs in a shell script?

67. What is a signal trap?

A: The trap command allows you to control the way a program behaves when it receives a
signal.

68. How do you use a signal trap in a shell script?

A: trap followed by command to be executed

69. What is a sourced file?

A: source is a Bash shell built-in command that executes the content of the file passed as an
argument in the current shell.

70. How do you source a file in a shell script?

A: source <fileName> or. ./<filename>

71. What is a script library?

A: sets of shell functions that you can import

72. How do you create a script library in a shell script?

73. What is a script module?

A: is a fragment of code that can be dynamically loaded into the Linux kernel without
requiring a reboot

74. How do you create a script module in a shell script?

A: Module “module_name”

75. What is a script package?

A: are simple containers that contain all the required artifacts necessary to run a script.

76. How do you create a script package in a shell script?

77. What is a script template?

A: a reusable packaged script that you can use when creating a new script

78. How do you create a script template in a shell script?

79. What is a script generator?

A: simplifies script creation for Unix and Linux systems.

80. How do you create a script generator in a shell script?

A:

81. What is a script runner?

82. How do you create a script runner in a shell script?

83. What is a script debugger?

A:It is a built-in feature that allows you to see what happens when your script is executed

84. How do you create a script debugger in a shell script?

A: Set -x

85. What is a script profiler?

86. How do you create a script profiler in a shell script?

87. What is a script unit tester?

A: Unit tests focus on one part of an application in total isolation. Usually, that means a
single class or function.

88. How do you create a script unit tester in a shell script?

89. What is a script integration tester?

A: helps find issues that are not obvious by examining the implementation of an entire
application or one specific unit,

90. How do you create a script integration tester in a shell script?

91. What is a script acceptance tester?

92. How do you create a script acceptance tester in a shell script?

93. What is a script deployment tool?

A: you call make (or Ant or whatever) to build the package and then call whatever
deployment tool you use for deployment

94. How do you create a script deployment tool in a shell script?

95. What is a script version control system?

A: Software tools that help software teams manage changes to source code over time. A

96. How do you use a script version control system in a shell script?

A: SVN or Git

97. What is a script documentation tool?

98. How do you create a script documentation tool in a shell script?

99. What is a script build system?

A: help compile your code in a neat and structured way,

File and Directory Operations:

1. List all files and directories in the current directory.

A: ls -a

2. Create a new directory named "my_folder."

A: mkdir my_folder
3. Move a file named "file.txt" from the current directory to "my_folder."
A: mv file.txt /path/my_folder
4. Display the contents of a file named "sample.txt."
A: cat sample.txt

5. Delete the directory "my_folder" and its contents.

A: rm -r my_folder

Process Management:

6. List all running processes.

A: ps -a

7. Find the process ID of a process named "nginx."

A: pidpof process nginx

8. Kill a process with a specific process ID.

A: kill -9 PID

9. Start a command in the background and then bring it to the foreground

10. Run a command and make it immune to hangups using nohup .

A: nohup [command] - run <command>

Text Processing:

11. Search for the word "error" in a file named "log.txt."

A: grep -i error log.txt

12.Extract the first column from a CSV file.

A: awk '{print $1}' my_file.txt

13. Count the number of lines in a file.

A: wc -l filename

14. Replace all occurrences of "old_text" with "new_text" in a file.

A: sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' filename

15. Display the last 10 lines of a file named "output.log."

A: tail -10 filename

Networking:
16. Ping a specific IP address to check its connectivity.
A: ping IPAddress

17. Display network information for all network interfaces.

A: netstat -in

18. Download a file from a specific URL using wget .

A: wget httpurl

19. Transfer a file named "data.txt" to a remote server using scp .

A: scp [options] [[user@]host1:]data.txt ... [[user@]host2:]destination

20. Establish an SSH connection to a remote server.

A: SSH-keygen -copy the pub key to auth_key file in other server.

System Information:

21. Display the amount of free and used disk space.

A: df -a
22. Check the available memory on the system.
A:top/ free -m

23. Display the system's uptime.

A: uptime

24. List all currently logged-in users.

A; Who

25. Find out the operating system type using uname .

A: uname -a

Package Management:

26. Install a package named "nginx" using the appropriate package manager.
A: yum install nginx -y

27. Update all installed packages on the system.

A: yum update all

28. Search for a package named "python" using the package manager.
A: yum list all | grep -I python

29. Remove a package named "apache" using the package manager.

A : Yum remove packagename

File Search:

30. Locate all files with the extension ".txt" on the system.

A: find . -type f -name "*.txt"

31. Find the location of the executable file for the command "ls."
A: whereis ls

32. Search for files relate to a specific program using whereis .

A: whereis filename
File Editors:
33. Open a file named "notes.txt" for editing using nano .
A: nano filename

34. Edit a file named "config.conf" using the vi or vim editor.

A: vim config.conf

35. Save and exit the editor after making changes to a file.
A: :wq! And enter

System Control:

36. Reboot the system using the appropriate command.

A: shutdown -r now

37. Shut down the system gracefully.

A: shutdown -h now

38. Halt the system immediately.

A: halt -l.

User Management:

39. Create a new user account named "john."

A: useradd john

40. Modify the password of the user account "mary."

A: passwd mary
41. Delete a user account named "jane."
A: userdel username

Compression/Decompression Utilities:

42. Compress a file named "data.txt" using

gzip .
A: gzip -r data.txt

43. Decompress a file named "archive.gz" using gunzip .

A: gunzip archive.gz

44. Create a tar archive named "backup.tar" containing the files in the directory
A: tar -c backup.tar /filepath/directoryname
6. How do you run a shell script?