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Operating System GIT

This document provides an overview of operating systems, explaining their functions, types, and evolution. It distinguishes between processes and programs, outlines the roles of an OS in managing resources, providing user interfaces, and ensuring system security. Additionally, it discusses OS tools and utilities, highlighting their importance in maintaining system performance and data integrity.

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Mohamed Rashad
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3 views18 pages

Operating System GIT

This document provides an overview of operating systems, explaining their functions, types, and evolution. It distinguishes between processes and programs, outlines the roles of an OS in managing resources, providing user interfaces, and ensuring system security. Additionally, it discusses OS tools and utilities, highlighting their importance in maintaining system performance and data integrity.

Uploaded by

Mohamed Rashad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 3: Basics of Operating System

Introduction to Operating
Systems
Understanding the Basics of OS

Teacher: I.F. Aroosa


Operating System
An operating system is a system
software that Manages computing
resources, provides an interface for
users and applications and executes
applications.
Process vs Programme
Process vs Programme
Programme Process
A passive set of instructions
An active execution of a program
written in code

Static (does not change unless Dynamic (state changes during


edited) execution)

Stored on disk (.exe/.py file) Actively being executed by the CPU

Not executing until it is run Actively being executed by the CPU

When open it, the calculator program


A file named calculator.exe
becomes a process in memory
Time Sharing and Context Switching
Evolution of Operating System
Evolution Stage Features
Uniprogramming, single-user system, no OS, direct
No OS hardware interaction, programs loaded manually,
processor idle during I/O and loading.

Simple Batch Maximized processor utilization using magnetic tapes,


System Uniprogramming, no direct hardware access.

Multiple programs in memory, OS switches between


Multi-Programmed
them during I/O to minimize idle time, introduced in 3rd
Batch Systems
generation.

Minimized response time, context switching, shared


Time Sharing
processor time among programs, illusion of concurrent
System
execution.
Types of Operating System
Operating System
Description
Type
Single user-single task A single task is performed by one user at a time.

Single user-multi task Several programs are run at the same time by a single
user.
Multi user-multi task More than one user can access the computer at the
same or different time.
Multi-threading Threads (sub-processes) run in parallel to improve
application performance.
Real Time Designed to run applications with precise timing and
high reliability. Needed where downtime or delays are
critical.
Time Sharing Systems Processor’s time is shared among multiple
users/applications, giving quick response and reducing
CPU idle time.
Real Life Example
OS 5 State Process Diagram
Functions of an OS
1. Managing Resources
• CPU Scheduling: Determines which process gets to use the CPU and when.
• Memory Management: Allocates and deallocates memory space as needed.
• I/O Management: Coordinates and assigns I/O devices like printers, keyboards, and
disk drives.
• Storage Management: Manages data storage and retrieval from hard drives or SSDs.

Task Manager in windows 11


Functions of an OS
2. Providing User Interface (CLI & GUI)
• CLI (Command Line Interface): Text-based interface where users type commands.
o More control and flexibility, often used by advanced users and administrators.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface): Visual interface with windows, icons, and menus.
o More user-friendly, suitable for general users.
• The OS acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware.
Functions of an OS
3. Managing Files & Folders
• Organizes data in file systems, which include files and directories (folders).
• Handles:
o File creation, deletion, and modification.
o Access control and permissions.
o File naming, searching, and backup.
• Ensures data consistency and prevents unauthorized data access or corruption.
Functions of an OS
4. Handling System Security & User Access
• Manages user authentication via usernames and passwords or other methods.
• Implements authorization policies—determines what users can or cannot do.
• Uses encryption, firewalls, and access control lists to protect system resources.
• Provides audit logs and tracking to monitor activities and detect intrusions.
Setting Panel Configuration
OS Tools & Utilities
• Disk Cleaning: Removes unnecessary files (Disk Cleanup)
• Disk Optimization: Defragmentation for better performance
• Checking Disk: Verifies and fixes errors (Check Disk)
• Character Map: Special characters and symbols (Character
Map)
• Backup: Creating a duplicate copy of system files and data
onto another storage location to safeguard data.
Assignment 2
Explain the 7-State Process Model used in modern operating systems
with a clearly labeled diagram. In your explanation, describe the purpose
of each state.

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