In this chapter we will discuss about DTD Attributes.

Attribute gives more information

about an element or more precisely it defines a property of an element. An XML
attribute is always in the form of a name-value pair. An element can have any number of
unique attributes.
Attribute declaration is very much similar to element declarations in many ways except
one; instead of declaring allowable content for elements, you declare a list of allowable
attributes for each element. These lists are called ATTLIST declaration.

Syntax
Basic syntax of DTD attributes declaration is as follows −
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type attribute-value>
In the above syntax −
 The DTD attributes start with <!ATTLIST keyword if the element contains the
attribute.
 element-name specifies the name of the element to which the attribute applies.
 attribute-name specifies the name of the attribute which is included with the
element-name.
 attribute-type defines the type of attributes. We will discuss more on this in the
following sections.
 attribute-value takes a fixed value that the attributes must define. We will discuss
more on this in the following sections.

Example
Below is a simple example for attribute declaration in DTD −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address ( name )>
<!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
<!ATTLIST name id CDATA #REQUIRED>
]>

<address>
<name id = "123">Tanmay Patil</name>
</address>
Let us go through the above code −
 Begin with the XML declaration with the following statement −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
 
Immediately following the XML header is the document type declaration, commonly
referred to as the DOCTYPE as shown below −
The DOCTYPE informs the parser that a DTD is associated with this XML
document. The DOCTYPE declaration has an exclamation mark (!) at the start of
the element name.
<!DOCTYPE address [
 Following is the body of DTD. Here we have declared element and attribute −
<!ELEMENT address ( name )>
<!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
 Attribute id for the element name is defined as given below −
Here attribute type is CDATA and its value is #REQUIRED.
<!ATTLIST name id CDATA #REQUIRED>

Rules of Attribute Declaration

 All attributes used in an XML document must be declared in the Document Type
Definition (DTD) using an Attribute-List Declaration
 Attributes may only appear in start or empty tags.
 The keyword ATTLIST must be in upper case
 No duplicate attribute names will be allowed within the attribute list for a given
element.

Attribute Types
When declaring attributes, you can specify how the processor should handle the data
that appears in the value. We can categorize attribute types in three main categories −
 String type
 Tokenized types
 Enumerated types
Following table provides a summary of the different attribute types −

Sr.No. Type & Description

1 CDATA
CDATA is character data (text and not markup). It is
a String Attribute Type.

2 ID
It is a unique identifier of the attribute. It should not appear
more than once. It is a Tokenized Attribute Type.
3 IDREF
It is used to reference an ID of another element. It is used to
establish connections between elements. It is a Tokenized
Attribute Type.

4 IDREFS
It is used to reference multiple ID's. It is a Tokenized
Attribute Type.

5 ENTITY
It represents an external entity in the document. It is
a Tokenized Attribute Type.

6 ENTITIES
It represents a list of external entities in the document. It is
a Tokenized Attribute Type.

7 NMTOKEN
It is similar to CDATA and the attribute value consists of a
valid XML name. It is a Tokenized Attribute Type.

8 NMTOKENS
It is similar to CDATA and the attribute value consists a list
of valid XML name. It is a Tokenized Attribute Type.

9 NOTATION
An element will be referenced to a notation declared in the
DTD document. It is an Enumerated Attribute Type.

10
Enumeration
It allows defining a specific list of values where one of the
values must match. It is an Enumerated Attribute Type.

Attribute Value Declaration

Within each attribute declaration, you must specify how the value will appear in the
document. You can specify if an attribute −
 can have a default value
 can have a fixed value
 is required
 is implied
Default Values
It contains the default value. The values can be enclosed in single quotes(') or double
quotes(").
Syntax
Following is the syntax of value −
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type "default-value">
where default-value is the attribute value defined.
Example
Following is a simple example of attribute declaration with default value −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address ( name )>
<!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
<!ATTLIST name id CDATA "0">
]>

<address>
<name id = "123">
Tanmay Patil
</name>
</address>
In this example we have name element with attribute id whose default value is 0. The
default value is been enclosed within the double quotes.

FIXED Values
#FIXED keyword followed by the fixed value is used when you want to specify that the
attribute value is constant and cannot be changed. A common use of fixed attributes is
specifying version numbers.
Syntax
Following is the syntax of fixed values −
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #FIXED "value" >
where #FIXED is an attribute value defined.
Example
Following is a simple example of attribute declaration with FIXED value −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address (company)*>
<!ELEMENT company (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST company name NMTOKEN #FIXED "tutorialspoint">
]>

<address>
<company name = "tutorialspoint">we are a free online teaching faculty</company>
</address>
In this example we have used the keyword #FIXED where it indicates that the value
"tutorialspoint" is the only value for the attribute name of element <company>. If we try
to change the attribute value then it gives an error.
Following is an invalid DTD −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address (company)*>
<!ELEMENT company (#PCDATA)>
<!ATTLIST company name NMTOKEN #FIXED "tutorialspoint">
]>

<address>
<company name = "abc">we are a free online teaching faculty</company>
</address>
REQUIRED values
Whenever you want specify that an attribute is required, use #REQUIRED keyword.
Syntax
Following is the syntax of #REQUIRED −
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #REQUIRED>
where #REQUIRED is an attribute type defined.
Example
Following is a simple example of DTD attribute declaration with #REQUIRED keyword −
<?xml version = "1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address ( name )>
<!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
<!ATTLIST name id CDATA #REQUIRED>
]>

<address>
<name id = "123">
Tanmay Patil
</name>
</address>
In this example we have used #REQUIRED keyword to specify that the attribute id must
be provided for the element-name name

IMPLIED Values
When declaring attributes you must always specify a value declaration. If the attribute
you are declaring has no default value, has no fixed value, and is not required, then you
must declare that the attribute as implied. Keyword #IMPLIED is used to specify an
attribute as implied.
Syntax
Following is the syntax of #IMPLIED −
<!ATTLIST element-name attribute-name attribute-type #IMPLIED>
where #IMPLIED is an attribute type defined.
Example
Following is a simple example of #IMPLIED
<?xml version = "1.0"?>

<!DOCTYPE address [
<!ELEMENT address ( name )>
<!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
<!ATTLIST name id CDATA #IMPLIED>
]>

<address>
<name />
</address>
In this example we have used the keyword #IMPLIED as we do not want to specify any
attributes to be included in element name. It is optional.