654 ◆ T HE O PERATIONAL A MPLIFIER

3. If Ri is increased in the circuit of Figure 12–18, the voltage gain will

(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
4. If 10 mV are applied to the input to the op-amp circuit of Figure 12–22 and Rf is increased, the
output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
5. In Figure 12–28, if Rf is changed from 100 k to 68 k, the feedback attenuation will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
6. If the closed-loop gain in Figure 12–43(a) is increased by increasing the value of Rf, the closed-
loop bandwidth will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
7. If Rf is changed to 470 kÆ and Ri is changed to 10 kÆ in Figure 12–43(b), the closed-loop
bandwidth will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
8. If Ri in Figure 12–43(b) opens, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

Section 12–1 1. An integrated circuit (IC) op-amp has
(a) two inputs and two outputs (b) one input and one output
(c) two inputs and one output
2. Which of the following characteristics does not necessarily apply to an op-amp?
(a) High gain (b) Low power
(c) High input impedance (d) Low output impedance
3. A differential amplifier
(a) is part of an op-amp (b) has one input and one output
(c) has two outputs (d) answers (a) and (c)
Section 12–2 4. When an op-amp is operated in the single-ended differential mode,
(a) the output is grounded
(b) one input is grounded and a signal is applied to the other
(c) both inputs are connected together
(d) the output is not inverted
5. In the double-ended differential mode,
(a) a signal is applied between the two inputs (b) the gain is 1
(c) the outputs are different amplitudes (d) only one supply voltage is used
6. In the common mode,
(a) both inputs are grounded (b) the outputs are connected together
(c) an identical signal appears on both inputs (d) the output signals are in-phase
7. Common-mode gain is
(a) very high (b) very low
(c) always unity (d) unpredictable
8. If Aol  3500 and Acm  0.35, the CMRR is
(a) 1225 (b) 10,000
(c) 80 dB (d) answers (b) and (c)
9. With zero volts on both inputs, an op-amp ideally should have an output equal to
(a) the positive supply voltage (b) the negative supply voltage
(c) zero (d) the CMRR
 S ELF -T EST ◆ 655

10. Of the values listed, the most realistic value for open-loop gain of an op-amp is
(a) 1 (b) 2000 (c) 80 dB (d) 100,000
11. A certain op-amp has bias currents of 50 mA and 49.3 mA. The input offset current is
(a) 700 nA (b) 99.3 mA (c) 49.7 mA (d) none of these
12. The output of a particular op-amp increases 8 V in 12 ms. The slew rate is
(a) 96 V/ms (b) 0.67 V/ms (c) 1.5 V/ms (d) none of these
Section 12–3 13. The purpose of offset nulling is to
(a) reduce the gain (b) equalize the input signals
(c) zero the output error voltage (d) answers (b) and (c)
14. The use of negative feedback
(a) reduces the voltage gain of an op-amp (b) makes the op-amp oscillate
(c) makes linear operation possible (d) answers (a) and (c)
Section 12–4 15. For an op-amp with negative feedback, the output is
(a) equal to the input
(b) increased
(c) fed back to the inverting input
(d) fed back to the noninverting input
16. A certain noninverting amplifier has an Ri of 1.0 kÆ and an Rf of 100 kÆ. The closed-loop
gain is
(a) 100,000 (b) 1000 (c) 101 (d) 100
17. If the feedback resistor in Question 16 is open, the voltage gain
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) is not affected (d) depends on Ri
18. A certain inverting amplifier has a closed-loop gain of 25. The op-amp has an open-loop gain
of 100,000. If another op-amp with an open-loop gain of 200,000 is substituted in the configu-
ration, the closed-loop gain
(a) doubles (b) drops to 12.5 (c) remains at 25 (d) increases slightly
19. A voltage-follower
(a) has a gain of 1 (b) is noninverting
(c) has no feedback resistor (d) has all of these
Section 12–5 20. Negative feedback
(a) increases the input and output impedances
(b) increases the input impedance and the bandwidth
(c) decreases the output impedance and the bandwidth
(d) does not affect impedances or bandwidth
Section 12–6 21. Bias current compensation
(a) reduces gain (b) reduces output error voltage
(c) increases bandwidth (d) has no effect
Section 12–7 22. The midrange open-loop gain of an op-amp
(a) extends from the lower critical frequency to the upper critical frequency
(b) extends from 0 Hz to the upper critical frequency
(c) rolls off at 20 dB/decade beginning at 0 Hz
(d) answers (b) and (c)
23. The frequency at which the open-loop gain is equal to 1 is called
(a) the upper critical frequency (b) the cutoff frequency
(c) the notch frequency (d) the unity-gain frequency
24. Phase shift through an op-amp is caused by
(a) the internal RC circuits (b) the external RC circuits
(c) the gain roll-off (d) negative feedback
656 ◆ T HE O PERATIONAL A MPLIFIER

25. Each RC circuit in an op-amp

(a) causes the gain to roll off at - 6 dB/octave
(b) causes the gain to roll off at - 20 dB/decade
(c) reduces the midrange gain by 3 dB
(d) answers (a) and (b)
26. If a certain op-amp has a midrange open-loop gain of 200,000 and a unity-gain frequency of
5 MHz, the gain-bandwidth product is
(a) 200,000 Hz (b) 5,000,000 Hz
(c) 1 * 1012 Hz (d) not determinable from the information
Section 12–8 27. The bandwidth of an ac amplifier having a lower critical frequency of 1 kHz and an upper
critical frequency of 10 kHz is
(a) 1 kHz (b) 9 kHz (c) 10 kHz (d) 11 kHz
28. The bandwidth of a dc amplifier having an upper critical frequency of 100 kHz is
(a) 100 kHz (b) unknown (c) infinity (d) 0 kHz
29. When negative feedback is used, the gain-bandwidth product of an op-amp
(a) increases (b) decreases (c) stays the same (d) fluctuates
30. If a certain op-amp has a closed-loop gain of 20 and an upper critical frequency of 10 MHz, the
gain-bandwidth product is
(a) 200 MHz (b) 10 MHz (c) the unity-gain frequency (d) answers (a) and (c)

PROBLEMS Answers to all odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.

BASIC PROBLEMS

Section 12–1 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers

1. Compare a practical op-amp to an ideal op-amp.
2. Two IC op-amps are available to you. Their characteristics are listed below. Choose the one
you think is more desirable.
Op-amp 1: Zin = 5 MÆ, Zout = 100Æ, Aol = 50,000
Op-amp 2: Zin = 10 MÆ, Zout = 75 Æ, Aol = 150,000

Section 12–2 Op-Amp Input Modes and Parameters

3. Identify the type of input mode for each op-amp in Figure 12–60.
4. A certain op-amp has a CMRR of 250,000. Convert this to decibels.
5. The open-loop gain of a certain op-amp is 175,000. Its common-mode gain is 0.18. Determine
the CMRR in decibels.
6. An op-amp datasheet specifies a CMRR of 300,000 and an Aol of 90,000. What is the common-
mode gain?
7. Determine the bias current, IBIAS, given that the input currents to an op-amp are 8.3 mA
and 7.9 mA.

Vin1

– – –

+ + +
Vin
Vin Vin2

(a) (b) (c)

 FIGURE 12–60
710 ◆ B ASIC O P -A MP C IRCUITS

3. If the zener diodes in Figure 13–13 are changed to ones with a rating of 5.6 V, the output volt-
age amplitude will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
4. If the top resistor in Figure 13–22 opens, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
5. If VIN2 is changed to -1 V in Figure 13–22, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
6. If VIN1 is increased to 0.4 V and VIN2 is reduced to 0.3 V in Figure 13–23, the output voltage
will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
7. If VIN3 is changed to -7 V in Figure 13–24, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
8. If Rf in Figure 13–25 opens, the output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
9. If the value of C in Figure 13–35 is reduced, the frequency of the output waveform will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
10. If the frequency of the input waveform in Figure 13–40 is increased, the amplitude of the
output voltage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

Section 13–1 1. In a zero-level detector, the output changes state when the input
(a) is positive (b) is negative (c) crosses zero (d) has a zero rate of change
2. The zero-level detector is one application of a
(a) comparator (b) differentiator (c) summing amplifier (d) diode
3. Noise on the input of a comparator can cause the output to
(a) hang up in one state
(b) go to zero
(c) change back and forth erratically between two states
(d) produce the amplified noise signal
4. The effects of noise can be reduced by
(a) lowering the supply voltage (b) using positive feedback
(c) using negative feedback (d) using hysteresis
(e) answers (b) and (d)
5. A comparator with hysteresis
(a) has one trigger point (b) has two trigger points
(c) has a variable trigger point (d) is like a magnetic circuit
6. In a comparator with hysteresis,
(a) a bias voltage is applied between the two inputs
(b) only one supply voltage is used
(c) a portion of the output is fed back to the inverting input
(d) a portion of the output is fed back to the noninverting input
7. Using output bounding in a comparator
(a) makes it faster (b) keeps the output positive
(c) limits the output levels (d) stabilizes the output
Section 13–2 8. A summing amplifier can have
(a) only one input (b) only two inputs (c) any number of inputs
 P ROBLEMS ◆ 711

9. If the voltage gain for each input of a summing amplifier with a 4.7 kÆ feedback resistor is
unity, the input resistors must have a value of
(a) 4.7 kÆ
(b) 4.7 kÆ divided by the number of inputs
(c) 4.7 kÆ times the number of inputs
10. An averaging amplifier has five inputs. The ratio Rf /Ri must be
(a) 5 (b) 0.2 (c) 1
11. In a scaling adder, the input resistors are
(a) all the same value (b) all of different values
(c) each proportional to the weight of its input (d) related by a factor of two
Section 13–3 12. In an ideal integrator, the feedback element is a
(a) resistor (b) capacitor (c) zener diode (d) voltage divider
13. For a step input, the output of an integrator is
(a) a pulse (b) a triangular waveform (c) a spike (d) a ramp
14. The rate of change of an integrator’s output voltage in response to a step input is set by
(a) the RC time constant (b) the amplitude of the step input
(c) the current through the capacitor (d) all of these
15. In a differentiator, the feedback element is a
(a) resistor (b) capacitor (c) zener diode (d) voltage divider
16. The output of a differentiator is proportional to
(a) the RC time constant (b) the rate at which the input is changing
(c) the amplitude of the input (d) answers (a) and (b)
17. When you apply a triangular waveform to the input of a differentiator, the output is
(a) a dc level (b) an inverted triangular waveform
(c) a square waveform (d) the first harmonic of the triangular waveform

PROBLEMS Answers to all odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.

BASIC PROBLEMS
Section 13–1 Comparators
1. A certain op-amp has an open-loop gain of 80,000. The maximum saturated output levels of
this particular device are ;12 V when the dc supply voltages are ;15 V. If a differential
voltage of 0.15 mV rms is applied between the inputs, what is the peak-to-peak value of the
output?
2. Determine the output level (maximum positive or maximum negative) for each comparator in
Figure 13–60.

+1 V – – +7 V –
VOUT VOUT VOUT

+ +2 V + + +
5V
–

(a) (b) (c)

䊱 FIG UR E 1 3 –60
756 ◆ S PECIAL -P URPOSE O P -A MP C IRCUITS

TRUE/FALSE QUIZ Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

1. Instrumentation amplifiers are particularly useful for amplifying small signals in a noisy envi-
ronment.
2. The gain of an instrumentation amplifier cannot be changed.
3. A basic instrumentation amplifier consists of three op-amps.
4. An isolation amplifier prefers to operate alone.
5. An isolation amplifier consists of two electrically isolated stages.
6. All isolation amplifiers use transformer coupling.
7. OTA stands for operational transistor amplifier.
8. The transconductance of an OTA is dependent on a bias current.
9. A log amplifier can be used for compression of large dynamic range signals.
10. A peak detector is a circuit that uses a diode and a capacitor to produce a dc voltage equal to
the peak of the input signal voltage.

CIRCUIT-ACTION QUIZ Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

1. If the value of RG in Figure 14–7 is increased, the voltage gain will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
2. If the voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier in Figure 14–7 is set to 10 at 1 kHz and the
frequency is increased to 100 kHz, the gain will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
3. If the voltage gain of the instrumentation amplifier in Figure 14–7 is increased from 10 to 100,
the bandwidth will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
4. If Rf 1 in the isolation amplifier of Figure 14–15 is increased to 33 kÆ, the total voltage gain
will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
5. If the values of all the capacitors in Figure 14–15 are changed to 0.68 mF, the gain of the out-
put stage will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
6. If the value of RL in the OTA of Figure 14–23 is reduced, the voltage gain will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
7. If the bias current in the OTA of Figure 14–23 is increased, the voltage gain will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
8. In the log amplifier of Figure 14–31, when the value of R1 is decreased, the output voltage
will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

Section 14–1 1. To make a basic instrumentation amplifier, it takes
(a) one op-amp with a certain feedback arrangement
(b) two op-amps and seven resistors
(c) three op-amps and seven capacitors
(d) three op-amps and seven resistors
2. Typically, an instrumentation amplifier has an external resistor used for
(a) establishing the input impedance (b) setting the voltage gain
(c) setting the current gain (d) interfacing with an instrument
 S ELF -T EST ◆ 757

3. Instrumentation amplifiers are used primarily in

(a) high-noise environments (b) medical equipment
(c) test instruments (d) filter circuits
Section 14–2 4. Isolation amplifiers are used primarily in
(a) remote, isolated locations
(b) systems that isolate a single signal from many different signals
(c) applications where there are high voltages and sensitive equipment
(d) applications where human safety is a concern
(e) answers (c) and (d)
5. The two parts of a basic isolation amplifier are
(a) amplifier and filter (b) input stage and coupling stage
(c) input stage and output stage (d) gain stage and offset stage
6. The stages of many isolation amplifiers are connected by
(a) copper strips (b) a capacitor (c) microwave links (d) current loops
7. The characteristic that allows an isolation amplifier to amplify small signal voltages in the
presence of much greater noise voltages is its
(a) CMRR (b) high gain
(c) high input impedance (d) magnetic coupling between input and output
Section 14–3 8. The term OTA means
(a) operational transistor amplifier (b) operational transformer amplifier
(c) operational transconductance amplifier (d) output transducer amplifier
9. In an OTA, the transconductance is controlled by
(a) the dc supply voltage (b) the input signal voltage
(c) the manufacturing process (d) a bias current
10. The voltage gain of an OTA circuit is set by
(a) a feedback resistor (b) the transconductance only
(c) the transconductance and the load resistor (d) the bias current and supply voltage
11. An OTA is basically a
(a) voltage-to-current amplifier (b) current-to-voltage amplifier
(c) current-to-current amplifier (d) voltage-to-voltage amplifier
Section 14–4 12. The operation of a logarithmic amplifier is based on
(a) the nonlinear operation of an op-amp
(b) the logarithmic characteristic of a pn junction
(c) the reverse breakdown characteristic of a pn junction
(d) the logarithmic charge and discharge of an RC circuit
13. If the input to a log amplifier is x, the output is proportional to
(a) ex (b) ln x (c) log10x
(d) 2.3 log10x (e) answers (a) and (c) (f) answers (b) and (d)
14. If the input to an antilog amplifier is x, the output is proportional to
(a) elnx (b) ex (c) ln x (d) e-x
Section 14–5 15. A constant-current source provides a nonchanging current to a load
(a) for all values of current
(b) for all values of load resistance
(c) for all values of load resistance within defined limits
16. A peak detector consists of
(a) a comparator, a transistor, and a capacitor (b) a comparator, a diode, and a capacitor
(c) a comparator, a diode, and an inductor (d) an integrator, a diode, and a capacitor
846 ◆ O SCILL ATORS

7. If the value of R1 in Figure 16–32 is decreased, the peak value of the sawtooth output will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change
8. If the diode in Figure 16–40 opens, the duty cycle will
(a) increase (b) decrease (c) not change

SELF-TEST Answers can be found at www.pearsonhighered.com/floyd.

Section 16–1 1. An oscillator differs from an amplifier because the oscillator
(a) has more gain (b) requires no input signal
(c) requires no dc supply (d) always has the same output
Section 16–2 2. One condition for oscillation is
(a) a phase shift around the feedback loop of 180°
(b) a gain around the feedback loop of one-third
(c) a phase shift around the feedback loop of 0°
(d) a gain around the feedback loop of less than 1
3. A second condition for oscillation is
(a) no gain around the feedback loop
(b) a gain of 1 around the feedback loop
(c) the attenuation of the feedback circuit must be one-third
(d) the feedback circuit must be capacitive
4. In a certain oscillator, Av = 50. The attenuation of the feedback circuit must be
(a) 1 (b) 0.01 (c) 10 (d) 0.02
5. For an oscillator to properly start, the gain around the feedback loop must initially be
(a) 1 (b) less than 1 (c) greater than 1 (d) equal to B
Section 16–3 6. Wien-bridge oscillators are based on
(a) positive feedback (b) negative feedback
(c) the piezoelectric effect (d) high gain
7. In a Wien-bridge oscillator, if the resistances in the positive feedback circuit are decreased, the
frequency
(a) decreases (b) increases (c) remains the same
8. The Wien-bridge oscillator’s positive feedback circuit is
(a) an RL circuit (b) an LC circuit
(c) a voltage divider (d) a lead-lag circuit
9. A phase-shift oscillator has
(a) three RC circuits (b) three LC circuits
(c) a T-type circuit (d) a p-type circuit
Section 16–4 10. Colpitts, Clapp, and Hartley are names that refer to
(a) types of RC oscillators (b) inventors of the transistor
(c) types of LC oscillators (d) types of filters
11. The main feature of a crystal oscillator is
(a) economy (b) reliability (c) stability (d) high frequency
Section 16–5 12. An oscillator whose frequency is changed by a variable dc voltage is known as
(a) a crystal oscillator (b) a VCO
(c) an Armstrong oscillator (d) a piezoelectric device
13. The operation of a relaxation oscillator is based on
(a) the charging and discharging of a capacitor (b) a highly selective resonant circuit
(c) a very stable supply voltage (d) low power consumption
 P ROBLEMS ◆ 847

Section 16–6 14. Which one of the following is not an input or output of the 555 timer?
(a) Threshold (b) Control voltage (c) Clock
(d) Trigger (e) Discharge (f) Reset

PROBLEMS Answers to odd-numbered problems are at the end of the book.

BASIC PROBLEMS

Section 16–1 The Oscillator

1. What type of input is required for an oscillator?
2. What are the basic components of an oscillator circuit?

Section 16–2 Feedback Oscillators

3. If the voltage gain of the amplifier portion of an oscillator is 75, what must be the attenuation
of the feedback circuit to sustain the oscillation?
4. Generally describe the change required in the oscillator of Problem 3 in order for oscillation to
begin when the power is initially turned on.

Section 16–3 Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuits

5. A certain lead-lag circuit has a resonant frequency of 3.5 kHz. What is the rms output voltage
if an input signal with a frequency equal to fr and with an rms value of 2.2 V is applied to the
input?
6. Calculate the resonant frequency of a lead-lag circuit with the following values: R1 = R2 = 6.2 kÆ,
and C1 = C2 = 0.02 mF.
7. Determine the necessary value of R2 in Figure 16–57 so that the circuit will oscillate. Neglect
the forward resistance of the zener diodes. (Hint: The total gain of the circuit must be 3 when
the zener diodes are conducting.)
8. Explain the purpose of R3 in Figure 16–57.

D1 D2

6.8 V 6.8 V
R3

R1 47 k⍀
100 k⍀
–
Vout
+
R2
C1 R4

0.015 μ F 1.0 k⍀

R5 C2
1.0 k⍀ 0.015 μ F

䊱 FIGURE 16– 5 7

9. For the Wien-bridge oscillator in Figure 16–58, calculate the setting for Rf, assuming the inter-
nal drain-source resistance, r¿ds, of the JFET is 350 Æ when oscillations are stable.
10. Find the frequency of oscillation for the Wien-bridge oscillator in Figure 16–58.