“Life” Two or more atom
Molecules of Life
Favorite Food
Biomolecules
• They are carbon-containing compounds
that are essential to life.
• refers to any molecule that is produced
by living organisms.
• Includes here are the large molecules
such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids
and nucleic acids.
BIOMOLECULES
1.Carbohydrates
2.Proteins
3.Lipids
4.Nucleic Acids
1. Carbohydrates
• Function: Primary energy source
• Composition: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
(CHO)
• General empirical structure: (CH2O)n,
where n is the number of molecules
• Commonly referred to as "saccharides"
• Building block/monomer: Monosaccharides
• Stored carbohydrates act as an energy source
instead of proteins.
• Carbohydrates are intermediates in the
biosynthesis of fats and proteins.
• Carbohydrates aid in the regulation of nerve
tissue and the energy source for the brain.
• In animals, they are an important constituent
of connective tissues.
• Energy storage: Glycogen in animals, starch in
plants
CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
1.Monosaccharides
2. Disaccharides
3.Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
• prefix “mono” which means one
• the simplest sugar and the basic subunit of a
carbohydrate.
• FORMULA: C6H12O6
1. GLUCOSE- most common monosaccharides
/dextrose/blood sugar
2.FRUCTOSE- fruit sugar and
3.GALACTOSE (sugar in milk).
DISACCHARIDES
• consist of two monosaccharides that are chemically
combined.
• Double sugars (C12H22O11)
1. MALTOSE (Malt sugar) - glucose+ glucose
2. Lactose (milk sugar) – glucose+ galactose
3. Sucrose (table sugar) - glucose+ fructose
POLYSACCHARIDES
• are polymers containing numerous monosaccharide
monomers.
• Complex sugars (C6H10O5) wherein is the number of
carbon atoms
• COMMON POLYSACCHARIDES
• starch, glycogen,cellulose.
STARCH
• Used for energy storage in plants
• They provide a quick form of energy for the body
GLYCOGEN
Used for energy storage in
animals. When the body doesn’t
need glucose for energy, it
stores it in the liver and
muscles in the form of glycogen
CELLULOSE
•Found in plants, in
cell walls and
bark of trees
•Give us FIBER
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
1.LUGOL’S IODINE TEST FOR STARCH
2.BENEDICT’S TEST
-are used in food samples to test the
presence of carbohydrates.
LUGOL’S IODINE TEST
• TEST USED TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE
OF STARCH IN MINERALS
• Lugol’s iodine solution or tincture of iodine changes
from yellow to purple or blue or black in the
presence of starch.
BENEDICT’s TEST
• TEST USED FORM SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES.
• Positive Test: Benedict’s solution changes from blue to
green (very small amount of reducing sugar), to yellow
(higher amount of reducing sugar) to orange or brick red
(highest amount of reducing sugar). The change in color is
due to the formation of the brick red precipitate, Cu2O.
2. PROTEIN
• Body-building molecules: Proteins
• Functions: Structural materials in hair,
nails, and connective tissues
• Composition: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur
• Enzymes: Proteins acting as biological
catalysts
PROTEINS
• Elements: CHON
• Egg white, fish, meat, and cheese are foods rich in
proteins.
PROTEINS
• Second most common molecules in human body
• Makeup: About 10% to 20% of cell mass
• Building blocks: Amino acids
• Total amino acids: 20
• Synthesized by body: 11
• Essential amino acids: 9, obtained from food
BIURET TEST
•A chemical test used to determine the
presence of peptide bond (chemical
bond between amino acids) in a
substance. The test yields a negative
result if the Biuret reagent remains
blue, and it yields a positive result if
the reagent changes from blue to
purple.
3.LIPIDS
• Energy storage: Lipids, aside from
carbohydrates
• Higher energy storage than
carbohydrates and proteins
• Building blocks: Fatty acids
• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
LIPIDS
• The most abundant of the lipids are the fats and oils,
also called triglycerides.
Types of Examples of LIpids:
• Fats- from animals
• Oils- from plants
• Waxes-bees wax, ear wax, car wax, floor wax, candle
wax
• Steroids – cholesterols (in eggyolk, red meat
• Hormones
-sex hormones (testosterones-male and estrogen-female
•They are water insoluble molecules
(hydrophobic or water-fearing)
unable to dissolve in water
TWO TYPES OF LIPIDS:
1.SATURATED FATS
2. UNSATURATED FATS
1. SATURATED FATS 2. UNSATURATED FATS
• -usually solid forms -liquid in form
• Eg. Butter -oils
a.Saturated fatty acids b.Unsaturated fatty
have hydrocarbon chains acids have
connected by single bonds one or more double
only
bonds.
4.Nucleic Acids
• Biomolecules for hereditary traits:
Nucleic acids
• Source: Not necessarily from foods
• Building blocks: Nucleotides
• Elements: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)
Nucleotides- They are made up of three
parts: a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a
phosphate group, and a ring-shaped base
containing nitrogen.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids:
• DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid;
A found mainly in the cell nuclei
contains the genetic information
that codes for the sequences of
amino acids in proteins
• RNA, or ribonucleic acid
• - in many places in the cell and
carries out the synthesis of
proteins.
Four Nucleotides or bases in DNA:
• Adenine(A)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)
• Thymine (T)
RNA Four Nitrogenous bases:
•Adenine
•Cytosine
•Uracil
•Guanine
