MoDULE 1 :

-Dala Communicahon
Componen
Reciever [Medium)[Brotoco)
Mes age |Soncler
Dala Reprenentatiom

) Binaxy fom Types data

NumboxInages Audio
Vides
Repxeaenla? uaing SBoxed as Storedas
chanactex encobtng binay pixels/ Encooe
"timege compresed wsing
fexmals.odobs
sbeame as data packe

Dizechion d Data las in Nehwoek

a) Simslez b) Duple ) Duplen

Commhicahom Both ays Both says,

but one_ata time simultanlousl
4 walkie-talkie

pataTranmibion Methods

Pasallel
) pib sent one altes anoBhex i)Multiple bita sent at ance
i)Slawer but mple
 Data flaw fechniues

LPacket Mexsage
Susitehing Sustehing Sushing
i) ata baaken in y Bedicatað path ie 3) ntixe messag
small packela established o sent&stored
i) Each acket mayi) Uaed in adihicnal at întemediate
take dish path. O telephony nodes be<ore houand
Protocol Data 7lons
UDP HTTP H TTS
TPanamisslon Hypenfextle HTIR
Conbot Preotocal/ Datag zam
Lntenet Brotocot Psotocot TronogerTeange
Paotoco Potocot
Serwte

Layened Anchitealure
O8T Re<erence Madel TePTP Modol
2. Aovelopd îSO: 2
1. 4laye
3. Thegreioal edel 3 rdhcal model
4. Protocola not
snecihied4ProtocaBs
5. Roteuence Model
4.
e5. hke.
Pacotocot TCP, UDP ett,
guite
6oict boundaies 6.
blo layers more O intexcennocted
Beniale
 0ST Modol
2 1 layet axchil ectwte whre cach lauyex hao speifi
oybncialita

work collakoratvely to tanomit

daBa cm ene
dota no network o anothot.
34andaidieo houw deviceo ommwnicate ovex a nebork
Helps in t oubiBeshooing deaigrg nehucnk.
layos 0SL Model
Funchos
Applioahion laye| per intenlace, nehvopk
neviees
prenentahorn Layerdata formnatinA. encypion
Sessicr taye Sesien conol

firanagort Layor ’eliable. data tra no}er

Nehwerk layor >Rouing ,2r addres
Data Link kayer’ MAe Adadrersirg, deteti¡n
Ehysical Layex ’ Ac tual media, hanemision

Pootocola (set o ules hat define hons daBa in

tpanbmited acrooa & nehwowa)
PROTOC0S(types)
STgarsnission întemet ile Trene Ermai Webaones

TCPT DP 1CMPFTP| SETP

[SMTPIfPOP3MAP [DHC P) |PNS
 TCP Traramission Conhot Protocot

dala
tranopert layer ptecat wacd
behveen derien
Lndig
is deiveed
dato in_
eemies h aw datb - reliablee
crdered
faat
Faalies
connechon ciented sliable . eidered
Peatems eisas checking e detechiom Acoerechon

Weking mechanism ’ ) Thue -usay handshake

b eotablish conechi on
i)ala in sent in Segmenb , each eagment acknooleoz
) Retransmi o a segment is loot
iv) lannechon looed aftes trarsmission

Sender Recievet

Request SYN
SYN Ack Rspere

Ack

Nesaage Encasing
JEncodenrmiten Trarsmission Redever
Soce 1signal) Medium

Messaae Decoden
Destinati on (Signat
 UDP Usco atagram Psotoof )
Eealases UDP
coRnech onee o handshake) unseb'able no cldoing
faalen (lem ouerheadý "low lateny

Lloktng 9mechaniam )Sonds datagams (pacols)

dixectly
12)z2o connechoma, n0 acknousledg&monls
L) No sehanomislon dat

Sondex Redevet
REQUEST

RES PONSE
Conechon
RESPON SE

RESPoNSE

what
ohat isea thepupoae
the puxpOn a oherltbachitee
pioviding 2 sepaale proocata
bune 9

ehasacteishes d wnseliable ammunicahon

) &usspat han eiable
in dala tranamission
Eleribility
Accurac-TeP &peed- uDP
d) Balanced trade dk blo Sheed k reliabiliy
 Client-Senven Nehwork
No cenhl senvex a) Cenral
)AlL_device a
ae b) Seer conhols present
tha
netwerek
c) ala h oirg
a) chlap Beers thr ough seber
e) Slaw, le &eeune
d) Epe noîve
e) fat more celwe
Ry Hasel to mantin
?)aTineenhing Easy maintanance
A ebsileo emails
file shari banting aPpa
TP Addes - Aunigue identifien asigned oen
deuiee connected to a nehotnk. eoeh
’ ) Helps în idenhißying Sowt ce" Adestina hon'
data in
TP_ Addnes LoG1CAL ADDRESS "
Types d 1P Addre

1PVe
O 32 b?t
Foonat -Decimal OFormot - Hexadoia
(3 Oct-4a each has 8bilß 9
) Octet -,eah bils
fotal addres
932
-’Q32 = 4 67om ’2128 340 3 l o

FO upposb broad caoting S)S oeon't cuppotbroadrastir

( wees Ymulhcast
Hlas 5 classelaru No clas Classle)
 Clases P
Rang e
(125.2ss. 23.12)

(2) elas B’ 128 to 191 (194. 23.28.144)

3) Clas C 192o 223 (192. 2sy. 10.114)
) Clas D ’ 224 to 239. ( Used fore multi castirg)
Ceass E’240 255(Ued tor tescac)

Paxts d an PAddness

Qctet
Eaeh octet - 8 bila i2) sctal 2ength 3a bilo
Clas A’ N H H H inatoorh 1D,3 heot To
ClassB’ N N H

ease NNN NH3

TPVg is needed 2
’1Pv4 exhaualhon , Retter seeuniby Sinplifted
header seucture
 Mutiplexing
Aralogue gital
Time
Asvisiom
FasaLant
Divis?.
wae
DiuiSIOm

Synchsoneus(Asynchtongu
Sta hshca
Nulhple xing ’ The set d techniques that allaus
the -eahanicaies gimultanew teansmission
Multiple siqnals acToss the sirgle dala Iink.

Exeauery DMultfplexing
*, Analogue Techniaue
*. Dandidth a ink >cambined
banduidth
Danduidth dividad into smal! band9
They act s a sepatalo channe!
*o Gusd bands preenl
. Each gunding device signals fxom ouexlapping
fregueny , which is odulata dih. casoe
hane
combinad înta compoite signal .
M
frput
lËnes Qutput
Linos
 Fxequency Biviston Muliplexing
Modulato

Composite
f3 Filten

SENDER RECIEVER
Guacd band
K
Ci C Cy

Link

Wave- Divisiom Mubkplexing

Analague techrique desiqnad to uaes tha high dala
ake capabililg g fbex optie cable
Cembine 'opticsinals
Same a 'EDM, Cencapt the light si nals bansmited
thstgugh fiber cqphhe channel O
Combiain (Muthplexirg) k spli#ting (demuliplexing)
iaht stoces ase hahdled b piism

12 MVX -12
|+12+13

Sowce
Betinahon
tt
Malhglesi
Fiben ophe
cabl
3
Muliplexex Aemuliplexen
hisms ir wamtenyh atviston
ulhipleriva demuligleirg
3) Time Siison Muliplexiry
"Aide
igital channo
techiquenta
into fipme slots usingino
Round Robin
slot .
given
Each deice eommunicala in aiven
alus Several oomnechono Uo shane ho
high banduidth a link .

C
a t a tow
2 2
U1413]2|||4/3l2|32|2|322

a) Bynchonsus TD M (tonwenhonal TDM)

Allocala exaolly samo. time slat to each doice
(whethex he device has anuyting t¡ kend on not).
Keads to saotag e banduid th ik time slos ae
(disodwarntal)
he dala ala s link is ntimes haster.
the cunt duaion! i n times shoter

AgAz A
IC B A,
Bo
Fscarme 3 Frome 2

o 3 ime sloa.
Each frame.
Each tinme &lot otation
ala ace taken
biom each line
euy Ts
b) Asynchonous TD M (stais hical TDm)
allocoo sloto_ lo acive devices on
Aypanicaly
anct come fiest Seve (FCES) Ptjonilg basis .
fnst
Qn deice caH be asiqned gealon
access tine
slot han othex.
o Full Wee link banduid th
ame 4 bytes Frame by tes
32bjt 32 bjt
D>
MUX DO Fxameslsec
3200 lbpá
1o0bytes Flame. decaion. = 1)100 sec

Gntoxleaving dala
Themeihod.b
diklenent Sonvtces înin an altesnating yelic
mbaner within thet allocated in slota
Preuenla ouexlaps delays, dala collisioma , helpsshaning
in sescce
Synchronisate
At Ag As

Eam3 Fzame2 sanal

Tndenleaxing
Franing Bîts - )aFxaming bita
bito ahe
dat sheam.
extra bita added to

R) Helps 4he srecievex ideniky he staxt kend o, frame d

data.
Uoed in TDM S0àal comnica hon protocot, bala
Link layex
1
Framing bit
C B3 Aa B2 Ag A

Foame 3
F'rame 2 foame 1
 Stahsfical 7DM
Synchengus TDM
slob for each ohanneb)8lota allocatod deyamicaly
Dixed
ii) No neeoLom adde% bila ii) Needs indomaion
?v) Qptimired bandunsth
MBanduoidi uhligahgn utilieatien
deso ophimizec
) Mini mal fined delay Vaiabla delay.
) Bimple ímplementihon v) ighly cemplen
Mi) Low Ouesthead bita vi) High Buexhead bis

SPREAD SPECTRUM ss)

In ths communicalion technigue, sinals aom
diteent souce are Ccmlainad to t înto a
lasgest banduidth.
" Goal ss o tomako tho siqral mone
mo esistant
to intoyerence. , noise eavedoppirg
Aesignad o be weed in oinele apiahono
Enables muliple LaDYMA to saxe sarne. rcquency harnd.

Fguency Hoping Aorect sequence SS

SS

Bss

SeReading
Procers

Spsaading (ode
Spraad Spadan
 a Fraquonsy Higpping Spruad Spodrum (EHs)
Sianalîn "haps" bebueen muliple iequonoieg within a
ban in a psoudo ardem patern.
Reaevex knos the paten k hops mync
Common. în. bluetzoth e mìlitang
ilitany ooAmunicatons
Modulato
sigimat Spiead Signat
Sighat
|9c0qeny
Synthesi2e4|

Pseudoardo Frequeny
Eodte heneratsr Talole

b) aivect Seauence pE Spaead &pacteum (Dsss)

ate,
" Osiginal data îa multiplied uith a high cpaod pseudo sandon
cade (spradingchipping cade) oand.
" Spreads the siqnal acxoas a widex freqony -Gede
Cmmn. n

Transmissin s Racieuex slay

slay onon sheaa
h channels for
eettoinme

Modulatsn
Bsigira Saad
Sigat
henexaos

D$SS