Reinforced Concrete Design Module 19

Subject: CE 414c- Reinforced Concrete Design

1. Title of the Module

Seismic Detailing NSCP 2015

2. Introduction

Question: Why is there a need for special detailing provisions?

: Aren’t Section 401-417 and Section 419-426 enough to keep our buildings
earthquake- resistant?
**Note: In Section 208.5.1.5.1.1.2 of the code, the detailing requirements in seismic zone
4 must meet the requirements in Section 421.

The answer partly lies in understanding the main difference between being strong and being
tough.

Some metals observed to be strong can support or withstand extremely large loads. But if these
metals are brittle, they may exhibit signs of distress, even failure when they are subjected to
lesser loads, but which are applied quickly and repeatedly.

In comparison, there are metals that are observed to be tough.

 They can support or withstand large loads.
 They are capable of withstanding frequent or repetitive application of the loads.
 They are capable of energy dissipation.
These metals are not just tough, they are also ductile (i.e., they are capable of undergoing large
deformations with little loss in their ability to support the imposed loads).

The structure and structural elements need to be strong and tough.

In our country, we have two (2) Seismic Zones:

 Zone 2 - covers Sulu, Palawan, and Tawi-tawi.
 Zone 4 – the rest of the country.

Section 418 Earthquake-Resistant Structures

In Seismic Zone 4, the minimum lateral force resisting system shall be of special moment
resisting frames. Structural frames will be subjected to 100% gravity and 100% earthquake
loads.

Moreover, when your structural elements have been subjected to seismic and wind analysis and
such that the wind analysis governs, still, the detailing requirements and limitations of your
sections shall be based on Section 208 Earthquake Loads of the code.
A. Beams of Special Moment Resisting Frames (Section 418.6)
The following requirements applies to beams of special moment frames that form part
of the seismic-force-resisting system and are proportioned primarily to resist flexure and
shear. The limits on the span length and section dimension shall be:

 Clear span (ln) shall be at least four (4) times the effective depth (d).
 Width, (bw) to depth (h) ratio shall be at least 0.3.
 Minimum width shall be 250 mm.
 Projection of the beam width beyond the width of the supporting column on each
side shall not exceed the smaller of c2, and 0.75c1.
Longitudinal Reinforcement (Section 418.6.3)
Beams shall have at least continuous bars at both top and bottom faces. At any section,
for top as well as for bottom reinforcement, the amount of reinforcement shall be:

√f'c
a. As ≥ Asmin = (bwd)
4 fy
1.4
b. As ≥ Asmin = (bwd)
fy
c. As ≥ required in the analysis

And the reinforcement ratio, ρ, shall not exceed 0.025.

Positive Moment Strength at joint face shall be at least one-half the negative moment
strength provided at that face of the joint.

Both the negative and positive moment strength at any section along member length
shall be at least one-fourth the maximum moment strength provided at face of either joint.

**Note: Asmin need to be satisfied if As supplied is 1/3 greater than As required.

Lap Splices – splices of longitudinal bars shall be permitted if hoop or spiral
reinforcement is provided over the lap length.
 No splices are allowed within the joints.
 No splices are allowed within 2H from face of the joint.
 No splices are allowed within 2H from points of flexural yielding as a result of
lateral displacement.
 Lap length must be provided with hoops or spiral with s=d/4 or 100 mm.

Transverse Reinforcement
The design shear force Ve shall be calculated based on the following assumptions:
 From forces of the beam between faces of the joints.
 Assume that the probable flexural strength acts in opposite direction.
 Assume that the beam is loaded with the factored gravity load.
M probable 1+ M probable 2 W u ln
±
ln 2

Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement at the joint face shall be determined by

assuming that the stress in the flexural tensile reinforcement is 1.25fy

Transverse reinforcement over the confined region shall be proportioned to resist shear
assuming Vc = 0 when both of the following conditions occur:
Ve (M probableA + M probableB)
 ≤
2 L
 Pu ≤ 0.05 f ' cAg

Ag f ' c
In beams having factored axial compressive force exceeding Pu > , hoops shall comply
10
with the column requirements provided within 2H from face of the support. Along the remaining
length, hoops satisfying the column requirements shall have a spacing not exceeding the lesser of
 6db
 150 mm

Spacing of hoops shall be

 d/4
 6db
 150 mm

**Note:
Corner and alternate longitudinal bars shall be provided with lateral support by a tie with
included angle not more than 135◦ and no further than 150 mm from such laterally supported bars.
Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hook at both ends shall be spaced at a
distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member.
B. Columns of Special Moment Resisting Frames (Section 418.7)

Dimensional Limits
Columns shall satisfy (a) and (b)
a. The shortest cross-sectional dimension, measured on a straight line passing through a
geometric centroid, shall be at least 300 mm.
b. The ratio of the shortest cross-sectional dimension to the perpendicular dimension
shall be at least 0.4.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
 Limitation on longitudinal reinforcement, 0.01 < ρg < 0.06
 Four pieces on rectangular columns
 Six pieces on circular columns

Clear spacing of the longitudinal reinforcement shall be 40 mm or 1.5db but not more
than 150 mm.

Lap splices shall be permitted only within the

 Center half of the member length
 Shall be designed as tension lap splices
 Shall be enclosed with traverse reinforcement equal to
o s ≤ ¼ of least column dimension
o s ≤ 6dbsmallest longitudinal bar
350−hx
o s ≤ 100+ ; 100mm < s < 150mm
3

**Note: Lap splicing length shall be at least 300 mm

Transverse Reinforcement
Importance of transverse reinforcement
a. To confine the concrete core
b. To provide lateral support to longitudinal reinforcement
c. To confine longitudinal reinforcement lap splices
d. To provide shear strength
Column Reinforcement Zone

Length of Confinement Tie Zone (Lo)

Confinement ties shall be found in Lo, maximum of the following:
 hc1 or largest cross-sectional dimension @ top
 hc2 or largest cross-sectional dimension @ bottom
 Lu/6 (one-sixth of clear height)
 18 inches or 460 mm

Spacing Requirements (S1) along Confinement Zone, Lo

 Minimum of (hc1/4, hc2/4) or (1/4 of least dimension)
 6dbsmallest longitudinal bar
 So
 As per required for transverse reinforcement of SMF
 As required for shear

Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement along, Lo

 ¼ least column dimension (hc1, hc2)
 6dbsmallest longitudinal bar
 350−hx
 So = 100+ mm
3
350−hx
o 100mm ≤ 100+ ≤ 150mm
3
14−hx
o 4 inches ≤ 4 + ≤ 6 inches
3
hx = maximum center to center spacing of hoop or crosstie

How to find hx
a. Establish Xi (center to center spacing of
longitudinal bars)

db
D−2 cc−2∅ ties−2( )
Xi = 2
number of longitudinal bars−1

b. Find hx

db ∅ ties
hx = Xi + 2 ( )+2( )
2 2

Required Transverse reinforcement of Special Moment Frame Columns

Conditions Applicable Equations

Pu≤ 0.3 Ag f’c A sh f 'c
≥ 0.3 ¿-1) (a)
and (a) and (b) s bc f yt
f’c≤10 000 psi (70 MPa)
A sh f'c
≥ 0. 09 (b)
s bc f yt
Pu > 0.3 Ag f’c
or (a), (b), and (c) A sh Pu
f’c > 10 000 psi (70 MPa) ≥ 0.2 k f k n (c)
s bc f yt A ch

s = spacing
bc = base of concrete core (Perpendicular to shear action)
Ac = Area of Concrete Core
Ash = Area of transverse reinforcement (Parallel to shear action)
Shear Force Vx

In equation (c) of the table above, variables kf and kn are defined by

f'c
a. kf (concrete strength factor) = + 0.6 ≥1.0 (in MPa)
175
nl
b. kn (confinement effectiveness factor) =
nl−2

nl= the number of longitudinal bars or bar bundles around the perimeter
of a column core that are laterally supported by the corner of hoops or
by seismic hooks

1 2 3 4 5
nl = 14
14 6

13 7
12 11 10 9 8

Pu≤ 0.3 Ag f’c and f’c≤10 000 psi (70 MPa)

 Every corner and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support,
and no bar shall be farther than 6 inches (150 mm) clear from a laterally
supported bar
 Consecutive crossties around the perimeter and along the length have
their 90◦ hooks in opposite sides of columns
 The dimension Xi from center to center of supported bars shall not
exceed 14 inches (360 mm)
 Pu > 0.3 Ag f’c or f’c > 10 000 psi (70 MPa)
 Every longitudinal bar around the perimeter of the column core shall
have lateral support, provided by the corner of hoop or by a seismic
hook
 The dimension Xi from center to center of supported bars shall not
exceed 8 inches (200 mm)
Spacing Requirements (S2) beyond the confinement zone
Beyond the length Lo, the column must have hoops with spacing not exceeding the
smaller of 6db and 6 inches (150 mm)
 6db
s≤  6 inches (150 mm)
 As required for shear

The exception is where the column longitudinal reinforcement is lap spliced in which
case hoops along the lap splice are required to satisfy the same requirements specified for
the length Lo.
 Along splice zone use s1 or use 100 mm o.c. spacing

Splicing of Columns
 The lap length with a slope of 1:6
 The distance of lap length shall be in accordance with parameters for
development length
 The distance between splices bound within the same splice zone shall be 600
mm from end to end

Additional Requirement in Hoop Configuration

Column hoops should be configured with at least three hoop or crosstie legs restraining
bars along each face. A single perimeter hoop without crossties, although permitted by
ACI 318 for small column cross sections, is discouraged because confinement
effectiveness is low
 Poorly confined Improved Confinement Well Confined
Once the transverse reinforcement has been selected in accordance with this seismic
detailing, the shear strength of the column needs to be checked.

3. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
a. design earthquake-resistant structural members in accordance with Section 418 of NSCP
2015

4. Learning Content
These are the application of the latest NSCP 2015 provisions on short columns.

Problem 1
A 300x300 square tied column having a clear length of 2.7 m is reinforced with 20mm diameter
bars. A load of Pu = 600 kN applies on the column. Use 10 mm diameter lateral ties and steel
covering of 40mm. f'c = 27.6 MPa, fy = fyt = 276 MPa.⍴ g=0.01
a.) Compute the number of 20mm diameter bars.
b.) Determine the length of the confinement tie zone (lo).
c.) Determine the spacing along the confinement tie zone.
Solution:
a.) The number of 16mm diameter bars
As = ⍴ gAg
As = 0.01 ( 300 ) 300
As = 1800 mm2
1800
N= π = 2.864 min: 4 pcs of bars
(202 )
4
USE 4 pcs of 20 mm Ø bars

b.) The length of the confinement tie zone

lo will be the maximum of the following:
1. hc = 300 mm
2. lu / 6 = 2700 / 6 = 450 mm
3. 460 mm
lo = 460 mm

c.) The spacing along the confinement tie zone

Pu ≤0.3 A g f ' c
600,000 ≤ 0.3(300)300(27.6)
600,000 N ¿ 745,200 N
'
f c ≤10,000 psi (or 70 MPa)
27.6<10,000 psi (or 70 MPa)

APPLICABLE EQUATIONS: greater of case (a) and (b)

Ash = 2 ( π4 (10 ))=50 π

2

bc = dimension – 2cc = 300-2(40)

bc = 220 mm
Ach = 220(220) = 48,400 mm

A sh Ag f'c
Case (a) : =0.3( −1)
s bc A ch f yt
50 π ( 300 ) 300 27.6
=0.3( −1)
s (220) 48400 276
50 π
=0.025785
s (220)
A sh f'c
Case (b) : =0.09
s bc f yt
50 π 27.6
=(0.09)
s (220) 276
50 π 27.6
=(0.09)
s (220) 276
50 π
=0.009
s (220)
Choose case (a):
50 π
=0.025785
s (220)
S = 27.69 = 25 mm
Max spacing:
1.) Least dimension / 4 = 300/4 = 75mm
2.) 6(db) = 6(20) = 120
350−hx
3.) So = 100+
3
hx = xi + db + dties

xi = 300 – 2(40) – 2 (10) -20 = 180

hx = 180 + 20 + 10 = 210
 350−210
So = 100+ =146.6=145 mm
3
S = 25 mm

Problem 2
A circular spiral column that is reinforced with 7-20mm Ø bars has an outside diameter of 500
mm and the diameter of spiral wire is 10 mm. It has a clear length of 2.5 m and is subjected to a
factored load of 1500 kN. Use f'c = 27.6 MPa, fy = fyt = 414.6 MPa
a.) Determine the length of the confinement tie zone.
b.) Determine the spacing along the confinement tie zone.
Solution:
a.) The length of the confinement tie zone
lo will be the maximum of the following:
1. hc = 500 mm
2. lu / 6 = 2500 / 6 = 415 mm
3. 460 mm
lo = 500 mm

b.) The spacing along the confinement tie zone

Pu ≤0.3 A g f ' c
1,500,000 ≤ (0.3) π ¿ ¿ (27.6)
1,500,000 N ¿ 1,625,774 N
'
f c ≤10,000 psi (or 70 MPa)
27.6<10,000 psi (or 70 MPa)

APPLICABLE EQUATIONS: greater of case (d) and (e)

bc = dimension – 2cc = 500-2(40)

bc = 420 mm
Ach = π ¿ ¿ = 138544.236 mm
Ag = π ¿ ¿ = 196349.5408 mm

Ag f 'c
Case (a) : ρ s=0.45( −1)
Ach f yt
196349.5408 27.6
ρ s=0.45( −1)
138544.236 414.6
ρ s=0.0124989
f 'c
Case (b) : : ρ s=0.12
f yt
27.6
ρ s=(0.12)
414.6
ρ s=0.007988
Choose case (a):
ρ s=0.0124989
 4 As(Dc−db) 4 (50 π )(420−10)
S= 2 = = 58.42028 = 55 mm
ρ s Dc 0.0124989(420)2
Max spacing:
4.) Least dimension / 4 = 300/4 = 75mm
5.) 6(db) = 6(20) = 120
350−hx
6.) So = 100+
3
hx = xi + db + dties

xi = 500 – 2(40) – 2 (10) -20 = 380

hx = 380 + 20 + 10 = 410

350−410
So = 100+ =80 mm
3
S = 55 mm

5. Teaching and Learning Activities

Solve the following problems for mastery of the procedures and specifications:

1.) A 400x400 square tied column having a clear length of 2.5 m is reinforced with 20mm
diameter bars. A load of Pu = 850 kN applies on the column. Use 10 mm diameter lateral ties
and steel covering of 40mm. f'c = 27.6 MPa, fy = fyt = 276 MPa.⍴ g=0.01
a.) Compute the number of 20mm diameter bars.
b.) Determine the length of the confinement tie zone (lo).
c.) Determine the spacing along the confinement tie zone.

2.) A circular spiral column that is reinforced with 8-16mm Ø bars has an outside diameter of
300 mm and the diameter of spiral wire is 10 mm. It has a clear length of 2.5 m and is subjected
to a factored load of 1500 kN. Use f'c = 27.6 MPa, fy = fyt = 276 MPa
a.) Determine the length of the confinement tie zone.
b.) Determine the spacing along the confinement tie zone.

6. Recommended learning materials and resources for supplementary reading.

7. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality (FTLM) adopted

Remote
Asynchronous (modules, exercises, problem sets, etc…)
8. Assessment Task
In this part, students are given Self-assessment Questions (SAQs) and asked to consider
broader aspects of the different topics taken up. Quizzes have been prepared for this part and
can be found in the original module of the author.

9. References
National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Ear3_iBOXg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vth9ECxzPzk