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BİL1102
Programlamaya Giriş
Ders #7

Doç.Dr. Gonca Gökçe MENEKŞE DALVEREN

2024 Güz
•Repetition Structures
•While Loop
 Loops
• Display “Turkey” three times on separate lines.
• We can solve this problem by writing 3 printf statements:
printf ("Turkey\n");
printf ("Turkey\n");
printf ("Turkey\n");

• What about if you were asked to display it 30 times?

1-3
 Solution
• Repeat the statements you want in a controlled way
• Loop counter or control variable: count the number of repetitions
• Loop body: the group of instructions to be repeated
• Update the loop control variable and terminate the repetition when you do not
want to repeat the loop body anymore

1-4
 Repetition Structure

• A repetition structure allows the programmer to specify that an action is to be

repeated while some condition remains true.
• There are three repetition structures in C, the while loop, the for loop, and the do-
while loop.
• Almost all programs use repetition!
Similar But Different

• Except for one special condition, all three forms of the loops are the same.
• Except for the one special condition, any loop can be replaced by either of other two
types of loop.
• The special condition requires the use of the do-while loop.
Will Loops Be Required?

1. Design your algorithm by drawing a flowchart.

2. Check the flowchart for the loop!

If there are any loops:

1. Find the loop enter and exit conditions.

2. Locate what to do in the loop?

Will Loops Be Required?

Consider the algorithm (flowchart or pseudocode)

1. Were there any steps I repeated as I solved the problem? If so, which ones?
2. If the answer to question 1 is yes, did I know in advance how many times to repeat
the step?
3. If the answer to question 2 is no, how did I know how long to keep repeating the
steps?
The while Repetition Structure
while ( condition )
{
statement(s);
}

The braces are not required if the loop body

contains only a single (simple or compound)
statement . However, it is a good idea and
required by the general Coding Standards.
 The simplest example:

• Output numbers between 1 and 4, then “Bye” as shown below.

1
i=1; //initialization 2
while(i<5) //test 3
4
{ printf(“%d\n“, i); Bye
i=i+1; //update
}
printf(“Bye“); i < 5?
No

Yes

ii+1
 The simplest example cont:

• Change the code to output: • Change the code to output:

10 10
11 12
12 14
13 16
Bye Bye
i=10;
while(i<14) i=10;
{ printf(“%d\n“, i); while(i<=16)
i=i+1; { printf(“%d\n“, i);
} i=i+2;
printf(“Bye“); }
printf(“Bye“);
 The simplest example cont:

• Change the code to output • Change the code to

odd numbers between 51
and 61 (inclusive), 51
output: 100
53 90
then “Bye”: 55 80
57 70
59 60
61 Bye
i=51; Bye
while(i<=61)
i=100;
{ printf(“%d\n“, i); while(i>=60)
i=i+2; { printf(“%d\n“, i);
} i=i-10;
printf(“Bye“); }
printf(“Bye“);
A Simple Example

int children = 3;
int cookies = 0;
while ( children > 0 )
{
children = children - 1 ;
cookies = cookies + 2 ;
}
printf (“For %d children, we need %d cookies”, children, cookies);
Another while Loop Example

• Problem: Write a program that calculates the average exam grade for a class of 10
students.
• What are the program inputs?
• the exam grades

• What are the program outputs?

• the average exam grade
The Pseudocode
total = 0
grade_counter = 0 //initial value important!

While (grade_counter < 10) //condition important!

Display “Enter a grade: ”
Read grade
total = total + grade
grade_counter = grade_counter + 1
End_while
average = total / 10
Display “Class average is: “, average
The C Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( void )
{
int counter, grade, total, average ;
total = 0 ;
counter = 1 ;
while ( counter <= 10 )
{
printf (“Enter a grade : “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &grade) ;
total = total + grade ;
counter = counter + 1 ;
}
average = total / 10 ;
printf (“Class average is: %d\n”, average) ;
return 0 ;
}
The Pseudocode
total = 0
grade_counter = 1

While (grade_counter ? 10) //what should be condition?

Display “Enter a grade: ”
Read grade
total = total + grade
grade_counter = grade_counter + 1
End_while
average = total / 10
Display “Class average is: “, average
What is wrong with that Pseudocode?

total = 0
grade_counter = 0
While (grade_counter < 10)
Display “Enter a grade: ”
Read grade
total = total + grade
End_while
average = total / 10
Display “Class average is: “, average
What is wrong with that Pseudocode? (solution)

total = 0
grade_counter = 0
While (grade_counter < 10)
Display “Enter a grade: ”
Read grade
total = total + grade
grade_counter = grade_counter + 1
//do not forget to update condition!
End_while
average = total / 10
Display “Class average is: “, average
Versatile?(çok yönlü?)
• How versatile is this program?
• It only works with class sizes of 10.
• We would like it to work with any class size.
• A better way :
• Ask the user how many students are in the class.
• Use that number in the condition of the while loop and when computing the
average.
New Pseudocode
total = 0
grade_counter = 0
num_students = 0
Display “Enter the number of students: “
Read num_students
While (grade_counter < num_students)
Display “Enter a grade: ”
Read grade
total = total + grade
grade_counter = grade_counter + 1
End_while
average = total / num_students
Display “Class average is: “, <average>
New C Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( )
{
int numStudents, counter, grade, total, average ;
total = 0 ;
counter = 1 ;
printf (“Enter the number of students: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &numStudents) ;
while ( counter <= numStudents) {
printf (“Enter a grade : “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &grade) ;
total = total + grade ;
counter = counter + 1 ;
}
average = total / numStudents ;
printf (“Class average is: %d\n”, average) ;
return 0 ;
}
Using a Sentinel Value

• We could let the user keep entering grades and when he’s done enter
some special value that signals us that he’s done.

• This special signal value is called a sentinel value.

Using a Sentinel Value

• We have to make sure that the value we choose as the sentinel isn’t a
legal value.

• For example, we can’t use 0 as the sentinel in our example as it is a

legal value for an exam score.
The Priming Read

• When we use a sentinel value to control a while loop, we have to

get the first value from the user before we encounter the loop so
that it will be tested and the loop can be entered.

• This is known as a priming read.

The Priming Read

We have to give significant thought to:

• the initialization of variables,

• the sentinel value, and

• entering the loop.

New Pseudocode
total = 0
grade_counter = 0 //counts how many times loop is executed

Display “Enter a grade: “

Read grade
While ( grade != -1 ) // sentinel value is -1
total = total + grade
grade_counter = grade_counter + 1
Display “Enter another grade: ”
Read grade
End_while
average = total / grade_counter
Display “Class average is: “, average
Final “Clean” C Code
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( void )
{
int counter ; /* counts number of grades entered */
int grade ; /* individual grade */
int total; /* total of all grades */
int average ; /* average grade */

/* Initializations */
total = 0 ;
counter = 0 ;
Final “Clean” C Code (con’t)
/* Get grades from user */
/* Compute grade total and number of grades */

printf(“Enter a grade: “) ;
scanf(“%d”, &grade) ;
while (grade != -1) {
total = total + grade ;
counter = counter + 1 ;
printf(“Enter another grade: “) ;
scanf(“%d”, &grade) ;
}

/* Compute and display the average grade */

average = total / counter ;
printf (“Class average is: %d\n”, average) ;

return 0 ;
}
Example
Write a program such that :
• Program requests user to input a positive integer number

• If user inputs a negative integer number, program warns

and re-request a positive integer number

• Thus, program should loop for requesting positive number

unless user enters a positive integer number!

Draw the flowchart & write the pseudocode!

Using a while loop to check if user inputs
positive number
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( void )
{
int number ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer : “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
while ( number <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat’s incorrect. Try again.\n”) ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
}
printf (“You entered: %d\n”, number) ;
return 0 ;
}
What is Wrong with the below code for the given
problem?
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( void )
{
int number ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer : “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
if ( number <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat’s incorrect. Try again.\n”) ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
}
printf (“You entered: %d\n”, number) ;
return 0 ;
}
What is Wrong with the below code for the given
problem?
#include <stdio.h>
int main ( void )
{
int number ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer : “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
if ( number <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat’s incorrect. Try again.\n”) ;
printf (“Enter a positive integer: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &number) ;
}
printf (“You entered: %d\n”, number) ;
return 0 ;
}
Why Is It Wrong?

• If you use the if statement to do the error checking, you will force the error to correct it
once ( and only once)!
• But if the user repeats the same mistake, you let them continue.

• Usually, the user will try it three or four times before thinking about how to do it
correct.

• The while statement will not let them proceed until they do it correctly!
Use #define With Loops
What is the output of this code?
#define DAYS_IN_WEEK 7

int nr_days = 1;
float total = 0;
float sales;

while ( nr_days <= DAYS_IN_WEEK )

{
printf(“ Enter day %d sales: “ , nr_days );
scanf( “%f”, &sales );
total = total + sales;
nr_days = nr_days + 1;
}
What Is The Output?

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 13;
while ( x < 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n", x);
x = x + 1;
}
return 0;
}
What Is The Output? (cont’d)

• Nothing!
• The reason is the condition was never true, so the body of the loop is never
executed.
What is the output?

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 1;
while ( x < 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n“, x );
}
return 0;
}
Infinite Loop: Loop never stops!
WHY?

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 1;
while ( x < 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n“, x );
}
return 0;
}
Infinite Loop: Loop never stops!
WHY?
#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 1;
while ( x < 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n“, x );
// no action for changing loop condition!
}
return 0;
}
Correct Loop: Loop stops!

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 1;
while ( x < 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n“, x );
x++; // action for changing loop condition!
}
return 0;
}
 Another Infinite Loop
WHY?

#include <stdio.h>
int main( void )
{
int x = 1;
while ( x != 10 )
{
printf("x = %d\n“, x );
x = x + 2;
}
return 0;
}
 Example:

• Input n and find its factorial n!

printf(“Enter n value:”);
Enter n value: 5
scanf("%d", &n); 5 factorial is 120
count=1;
fact=1;
while(count<=n)
{ fact*=count;
count++;
}
printf(“%d factorial is %d", n, fact);
More Loops
Topics

• Counter-Controlled (Definite) Repetition

• Event-Controlled (Indefinite) Repetition
• for Loops
• do-while Loops
• Choosing an Appropriate Loop
Counter-Controlled Repetition
(Definite Repetition)
• If it is known in advance exactly how many times a loop will execute, it
is known as a counter-controlled loop.

int i = 0 ;
while ( i < 10 ) //we need a loop for 10 repetition
{
printf(“i = %d\n”, i) ;
i=i+1;
}
Counter-Controlled Repetition (con’t)

• Is the following loop a counter-controlled

loop?

while ( x != y )
{
printf(“x = %d”, x) ;
x=x+2;
}
Event-Controlled Repetition
(Indefinite Repetition)
• If it is NOT known in advance exactly how many times a loop will
execute, it is known as an event-controlled loop.

sum = 0 ;
printf(“Enter an integer value: “) ;
scanf(“%d”, &value) ;
while ( value != -1) {
sum = sum + value ;
printf(“Enter another value: “) ;
scanf(“%d”, &value) ;
}
Event-Controlled Repetition (con’t)
• An event-controlled loop will terminate when some event occurs.

• The event may be the occurrence of a sentinel value, as in the

previous example.

• There are other types of events that may occur, such as reaching
the end of a data file.
The 3 Parts of a Loop

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i = 1 ; initialization of loop control variable

/* count from 1 to 100 */

while ( i < 101 )
{
printf (“%d “, i) ;
i=i+1;
}
return 0 ;
}
The 3 Parts of a Loop

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i = 1 ;

/* count from 1 to 100 */

while ( i < 101 ) test/check of loop termination condition
{
printf (“%d “, i) ;
i=i+1;
}
return 0 ;
}
The 3 Parts of a Loop

#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i = 1 ;

/* count from 1 to 100 */

while ( i < 101 )
{
printf (“%d “, i) ;
i=i+1; modification of loop control variable
}
return 0 ;
}
The 3 Parts of a Loop
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
int i = 1 ; initialization of loop control variable

/* count from 1 to 100 */

while ( i < 101 ) test/check of loop termination condition
{
printf (“%d “, i) ;
i=i+1; modification of loop control variable
}
return 0 ;
}
The for Loop Repetition Structure

• The for loop handles details of the counter-controlled loop

“automatically”.
• The initialization of the loop control variable, the termination condition
test, and control variable modification are handled in the for loop
structure.

for ( i = 1; i < 101; i = i + 1)

{
initialization modification
} test/check
You can declare and initialize counter in the for
statement

for ( int i = 1; i < 10; i++ )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}
printf (“Out of the loop i = %d”, i);
You can declare and initialize counter in the for
statement
for ( int i = 1; i < 10; i++ )
{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}
printf (“Out of the loop i = %d”, i);
You can modify counter in the for statement

for ( int i = 1; i < 10; i ++ )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
i++;
}
printf (“i = %d”,i);
 You can modify counter in the for statement

for ( int i = 1; i < 10; i ++ )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
i++;
}
printf (“i = %d”,i);
When Does a for Loop Initialize, Test and Modify?

• Just as with a while loop, a for loop

• initializes the loop control variable before beginning the first loop iteration,
• modifies the loop control variable at the very end of each iteration of the loop, and
• performs the loop termination test/check before each iteration of the loop.
• The for loop is easier to write and read for counter-controlled loops.
A for Loop That Counts From 0 to 9

for ( i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 1 )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/Check and Modify ?

We Can Count Backwards, Too

for ( i = 10; i >0; i = i - 1 )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/Check and Modify ?

We Can Count By 2’s ... or 7’s
… or Whatever

for ( i = 0; i < 10; i = i + 2 )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/Check and Modify ?

Trace the code: What is the output?

for ( i = 1; i == 10; i = i + 2 )
{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
Output :
} Finish!
printf (“Finish!”) ;

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test and Modify ?

Trace the code: What is the output?

for ( i = 1; i < 10; i = i + 2 )

{
printf (“%d\n”, i) ;
}
printf (“i = %d”,i);

WHY?
More Example (Trace the code)
Output:

0 1
1 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
More Example (Trace the code)
Output:
for (k = 15; k > 0; k -= 3) 60
switch (k % 4) 12
24
{ 27
case 0: printf ("%d\n", k); 36
case 2: printf ("%d\n", k * 2); break; 12
12
case 1: printf ("%d\n", k * 3);
default: printf ("%d\n", k * 4);
}
More Example
• Write a program to find the sum of integers from 1
to n, for a given n value:

i
i =1
=1+2+3+…+n

• Accumulator variables: Variables that hold products or sums that

are cumulatively built on previous values as the loop iterates. Need
to be initialized.

79
// Summation with for
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int n, // (input) given number
i, // loop counter
sum; // (output) sum of integers from 1 to n

// Get n
printf ("Enter n: ");
scanf ("%d", &n);

// Initialize sum to zero Accumulator

sum = 0; variable

// Calculate the sum

for (i = 1; i <= n; i++)
sum = sum + i; // or sum += i;

// Display the sum

printf (“Sum is %d\n”, sum);

return(0);
}
80
What does this program do?
// Find the average of 10 integers
#include <stdio.h>
int main (void)
{ int num, // (input) given integers
k, // loop counter
sum = 0; // sum of given integers
double avg; // (output) average of given integers

// Repeat 10 times
for (k = 1; k <= 10; k++)
{ // Get an integer
printf (“\nEnter integer %d: ”, k);
scanf (“%d”, &num);
// Add it to the sum
sum += num;
}
// Calculate and display the average
avg = sum / 10.0;
printf (“Average is %f\n”, avg);
return(0);
}
Can you modify it so that it finds the average of even and odd
numbers separately? 81
Do While Loop
The do-while Repetition Structure
do
{
statement(s)
} while ( condition ) ;

• The body of a do-while is ALWAYS executed at least once.

• Is this true of a while loop? What about a for loop?
 Example
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
if ( num <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;

* Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/check and Modify?

Example
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
if ( num <= 0 ) //is it test/check?
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;
Example
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
if ( num <= 0 ) //is it test/check? NOOOO!
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;
Example
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
if ( num <= 0 ) //is it test/check? NOOOO!
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ; //is it test/check? YES!
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;

Which expressions are for Initialize?

Example
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ; // Initialize?
if ( num <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;
Example
Which expression is for Modify?
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ; // Initialize? YES
if ( num <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;
Example
Which expression is for Modify?
do
{
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ; // Initialize? YES //MODIFY!
if ( num <= 0 )
{
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num) ;
Do while Loop An Equivalent while Loop
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
do scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
{ while ( num <= 0 )
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ; {
scanf (“%d”, &num) ; printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”) ;
if ( num <= 0 ) printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
{ scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try }
again\n”) ; printf ("You entered a positive number: %d", num)
} ;
} while ( num <= 0 ) ;
printf ("You entered a positive number:
%d", num) ; • Notice that: using a while loop in this case
requires a priming read.

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/Check and Modify?

Do while Loop An Equivalent For Loop
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
do
{ scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ; for ( ; num <= 0; )
scanf (“%d”, &num) ; {
if ( num <= 0 ) printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try again\n”)
{ ;
printf (“\nThat is not positive. Try printf (“Enter a positive number: “) ;
again\n”) ;
scanf (“%d”, &num) ;
}
} while ( num <= 0 ) ; }
printf ("You entered a positive number: printf ("You entered a positive number: %d",
%d", num) ; num) ;

Which expressions are for Initialize, Test/Check and Modify?

So, Which Type of Loop Should I Use?
• Use a for loop for counter-controlled repetition.
• Use a while or do-while loop for event-controlled repetition.
• Use a do-while loop when the loop must execute at least one time.
• Use a while loop when it is possible that the loop may never execute.
More Example (Trace the code)
Output:
int num = 1;
do{ 2
4
num *= 2;
8
printf ("%d\n", num); 16
}while (num <= 50); 32
64
More Example - Menu Entry
do .. while is a good choice to display a menu and get the choice of the
user, until the user enters a valid choice. It is usually followed with a switch
statement.

Example: Write a program that gets two numbers from user, and displays a
menu as below, and shows the result of the chosen operation:

1) Add
2) Subtract
3) Multiply
4) Divide
5) Exit
Enter your choice:

99
Solution of
Menu Entry

100
Loop Conversions between For loop and While loop

101
 Loop Conversions between For loop and While loop

i=1;
for (i=1; i<=10; i++)
while (i<=10)
{
{
printf(‘’%d\n’’; i*5);
printf(‘’%d\n’’; i*5);
}
i++;
}

102