MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.
Q. Sub Marking
Answer
No. Q. N. Scheme
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10 Marks
1. a) Define Synchronous speed. Write the relation between Ns and Nr.
Ans:
Synchronous speed (Ns):
The synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of Rotating Magnetic Field produced in the 1 Mark
air-gap between stator and rotor of synchronous or induction machine.
It is expressed as Ns = 120f/P, where f is supply frequency and P be the no. of poles.
Relationship between Ns & Nr: 1 Mark
Rotor speed Nr can be expressed in terms of Ns,
Nr = (1- s) Ns
Where, ‘s’ is the slip.
1. b) State any two application of repulsion motor.
Ans:
Applications of repulsion motor:-
1. High speed lift 1 Mark for
2. Film winding machines each of any
3. Hoists two
4. Machines in Textile applications
5. Machines for floor maintenance = 2 Marks
6. Printing presses
7. Air compressors
8. Pumps & Fans
9. Laundry equipment
10. Mixing machines
11. Machine tools
12. Air pump
13. Mining tools
14. Petrol pumps
15. Drive compressors

Page 1 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
1. c) Define voltage regulation of alternator.
Ans:
Voltage Regulation of an Alternator:
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no- 2 Mark
load to full-load expressed as fraction or percentage of full-load voltage, keeping the speed for any
and field excitation constant. definition or
OR any formula
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑔𝑒 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
% Voltage regulation = x 100
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
OR
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no-
load to full-load expressed as fraction or percentage of no-load voltage, keeping the speed
and field excitation constant.
OR
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑔𝑒 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
% Voltage regulation = x 100
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
1. d) List different torques in synchronous motor.
Ans:
Different Torques in Synchronous Motor:
1) Starting torque ½ Mark for
2) Running torque each of 4
3) Pull-in torque = 2 Marks
4) Pull-out torque
1. e) State methods of starting of synchronous motor.
Ans: 1 Mark for
Methods of starting of synchronous motor each of any
1) By using an Induction (Pony) motor two
2) By using a DC machine / source methods
3) By using Damper windings = 2 Marks
1. f) List applications of stepper motor.
Ans:
Applications of Stepper Motor: ½ Mark for
1) Computer controlled systems each of any
2) Numerical control of machine tools four
3) Tape drives applications
4) Floppy disc drives = 2 Marks
5) Computer printers
6) X-Y plotters
7) Robotics
8) Textile industries
9) Integrated circuit fabrication
10) Electric watches
11) CNC system
12) Milling machines
13) X-Ray table positing system
14) Cameras
15) Wall Clocks
16) Scanners

Page 2 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
17) Respirators
18) Digital Dental Photograph
19) Laser cutters
20) Extruders
21) Engravers
22) Analytical and Medical instruments
23) Embroidery Machines
24) Packaging Machines

1. g) Draw the torque speed characteristics of A.C. servo motor.

Ans:
Torque-Speed characteristics of A.C. Servo motor: 2 Marks
labelled
diagram

OR
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
2. a) Draw block diagram showing power stages of 3 phase induction motor.
Ans:

1 Mark for
each stage
of labeled
diagram
= 4 Marks

OR

OR

Page 3 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
2 b) Derive the emf equation of alternator.
Ans:
EMF Equation of alternator:-
Let P = No. of poles
∅ = Flux per pole
N= Speed in rpm
Z= Number of stator conductors per phase
𝑍
.ˑ. Turns per phase T = 2
The flux cut by a conductor in one revolution, 𝑑∅ = 𝑃. ∅
1 60
Time in seconds required for one revolution, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑁 = 𝑁 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ½ Mark
( )
60
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the average emf induced in a conductor is
given by,
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑑∅
Average emf /conductor = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑃.∅ 𝑃.∅.𝑁
Eavg/conductor = 60 = volts ½ Mark
( ) 60
𝑁
In one revolution, conductor cuts the flux produced by all the ‘P’ poles and emf completes
(P/2) cycles. If rotor is rotating at N rpm, the revolutions completed in one second are (N/60).
Therefore, the cycles completed by emf in one second are (P/2)(N/60) i.e (PN)/120. Thus the
frequency of the induced emf is,
𝑃.𝑁
𝑓 = (120) ½ Marks
120𝑓
∴𝑁=( ) ½ Marks
𝑃
Substituting this value of N in above equation,
𝑃.∅ 120𝑓
.ˑ. Eavg/conductor = 60 × 𝑃 = 2∅𝑓 volt
Since each turn has two conductors,
Eavg /turn = 2 × Eavg/conductor = 4∅𝑓 volt ½ Marks
The emf induced in a phase winding is given by,
Eavg/phase = (Eavg /turn) × Turns/phase
= 4∅𝑓𝑇 volt ½ Marks
The Rms value of emf per phase is given by,
Eph= (Eavg/phase) × Form Factor
Eph=1.11× 4𝑓∅𝑇 volt
Eph = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝒇∅𝑻 volt ½ Marks
This is for full pitched concentrated winding.
If winding is distributed & short pitched then
Eph = 𝟒 . 𝟒𝟒 𝑲𝒑 𝑲𝒅 𝒇∅𝑻 volt ½ Marks
where, Kp = Pitch factor
Kd = Distribution factor
2 c) Explain the effect of variable excitation on the behavior of synchronous motor under constant
load condition.
Ans:
Effect of Variable Excitation on the Behavior of Synchronous Motor Under Constant
Load Condition:
1. Consider a synchronous motor having a fixed supply voltage V and driving a constant

Page 4 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
mechanical load. Since the mechanical load is constant, the load angle  remains constant.
2. Now when excitation is changed, the back emf Eb changes but there is hardly any change
in the losses of the motor. Therefore, constant load demands constant output power and
consequently the input power of motor (=3 VphIa cos) remains same.
3. Since the applied voltage V to the motor is constant, the constant input demands constant
(Iacos). This means that the in-phase component (Iacos) drawn from the supply will remain 2 Marks for
constant. In synchronous motor, the stator current (Ia) is determined by dividing resultant explanation
voltage-phasor (ER) by the synchronous impedance Zs. If the field excitation is changed, back
e.m.f Eb also changes. This
results in the change of phase
position of resultant voltage
ER and current Ia w.r.t. V for
different values of field
excitation.
Normal Excitation:
When the excitation is
adjusted in such a way that the
magnitude of induced e.m.f. is
equal to the applied voltage
(Eb = V), the excitation is
called normal excitation. The
motor draws certain current Ia 2 Marks for
from the supply and the power diagram
factor is usually lagging, as
shown in Fig.(a).
Under Excitation:
When the excitation is
adjusted in such a way that the
magnitude of induced e.m.f. is
less than the applied voltage
(Eb < V), the excitation is
called under excitation.
Due to this, ER increases in
magnitude. This means for
constant Zs, current drawn by
the motor increases. But ER
phase shifts in such a way that, phasor Ia also shifts to keep (Ia cos) component constant.
This is shown in the Fig.(b). So in under excited condition, current drawn by the motor
increases. The p.f. cos decreases and becomes more and more lagging in nature.
Over Excitation:
The excitation to the field winding for which the induced e.m.f. becomes greater than applied
voltage (Eb > V), is called over excitation.
Due to increased magnitude of Eb, ER also increases in magnitude. But the phase of ER and Ia
also changes. The Ia increases to keep (Ia cos) constant as shown in Fig.(c). The phase of ER
changes so that Ia becomes leading with respect to V in over excited condition. So power
factor of the motor becomes leading in nature.
Critical Excitation:

Page 5 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the power factor of the motor becomes
unity, the excitation is called critical excitation. The motor draws minimum current Ia from
the supply and the power factor is unity, as shown in Fig.(d).
2 d) Compare slip ring induction motor with squirrel cage induction motor on any four
parameters.
Ans:
Sr. Slip Ring Induction Squirrel Cage Induction
Parameters
No. Motor Motor
1 Construction Comparatively complicated Simple and rugged 1 Mark for
construction construction. each of any
2 Slip ring and Brushes 3 slip-rings with brushes are No slip-ring and brushes four
present. required parameters
= 4 Marks
3 Addition of External External resistance can be External resistance cannot be
resistance inserted in rotor circuit. inserted in rotor circuit.
4 Starting torque High starting torque can be Small or moderate starting
obtained torque is obtained.
5 Construction of rotor Rotor is in the form of 3-ph Rotor is in the form of short
winding. circuited bars.
6 Power factor Power factor is better in the Power factor is poor in the
range of 0.8 to 0.9 lagging. range of 0.6 to 0.8 lagging
7 Size Relatively size is larger Size is compact for same HP.
8 Speed control Speed control by stator as Speed control by stator side
well as rotor side control control method only.
method.
9 Efficiency Low efficiency. High efficiency.
10 Cost More cost. Less cost.
11 Maintenance Frequent maintenance due Less maintenance.
to slip-rings and brushes.
12 Starting current Starting current can be High starting current i.e.
restricted to 1.2 to 2 times about 5 to 6 times full load
full load current. current.
13 Application Used where high starting Used as a constant speed
torque is required e.g. Lifts. drive e.g. Lathe machine
3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
3. a) The power input to a 500V, 50 Hz, 6 pole, 3ϕ induction motor running at 975 rpm is 40
kW. The stator losses are 1 kW and the friction and windage losses total 2 kW.
Calculate
i) The slip
ii) The rotor CU loss
iii) Shaft power
iv) The efficiency
Ans:
Page 6 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
Data Given: 3-phase induction motor, f = 50 Hz, P = 6, Actual Speed N = 975 rpm
Line voltage VL = 500V
Stator input Power Pin = 40kW = 40×103 W
Stator losses = Psloss = 1kW = 1000W
Friction & windage losses = Rotational losses PRot-loss = 2kW = 2000W
120𝑓 120×50
Synchronous speed 𝑁𝑆 = 𝑃 = = 1000 𝑟𝑝𝑚
6
1) Slip:
𝑁 −𝑁 1000−975 1 Mark
Slip = 𝑠𝑁 = 1000 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 or 2.5%
𝑠

2) Rotor Copper Loss:

Rotor input power = Stator input power ̶ Stator losses
= (40 kW ̶ 1 kW)= 39 kW = 39000W
Rotor Cu-loss = s × Rotor input power
= (0.025) (39kW) 1 Mark
= 975 W
3) Shaft Power:
Gross Rotor output power = (1 ˗ s) Rotor input power
= (1 ˗ 0.025)39000 = 38025W
OR
Gross Rotor output power = Rotor input power – Rotor Cu losses
= 39000 – 975 = 38025W

Shaft Power = Gross rotor output – Mechanical losses 1 Mark

= 38025 – 2000 = 36025W
4) Efficiency :
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 × 100 = 𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 × 100
36025 1 Mark
= 40000 × 100 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟎𝟔%
3. b) State why three phase induction motor never runs on synchronous speed.
Ans:
In induction motor, the force on rotor conductors, causing motion, is produced due to the 4 Marks
interaction between rotor currents and rotating magnetic field (RMF) of stator. The rotor for logical
currents are due to the rotor emfs. The rotor emfs are due to the cutting of RMF by rotor correct
conductors. The rotor conductors cut the RMF due to the relative motion between rotor and answer
the RMF. Thus, the root cause of the force or torque acting on the rotor is the relative motion
between the rotor and RMF.
When the rotor catches the synchronous speed of the RMF, the relative speed between rotor
and RMF becomes zero. Then rotor conductors cannot cut the RMF. Therefore, no rotor emf
could be induced and no rotor currents. Thus, the force or torque acting on the rotor becomes
zero. With no driving torque, this condition cannot be maintained because the friction is
always present to oppose the speed and the speed falls below the synchronous speed. That is
why the induction motor can never run at synchronous speed.
3. c) State the double field revolving theory of single phase induction motor. .
Ans:
Double Field Revolving Theory:
According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating

Page 7 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
components which rotate in opposite directions and each having magnitude as half of the
maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
According to double revolving field theory, consider the two components of the stator flux,
each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of stator flux i.e. (Φ1m/2). Both these
components are rotating in opposite directions at the synchronous speed Ns which is
dependent on frequency and stator poles.

2 Marks for
diagrams

OR

The Fig. shows the stator flux and its two components Φf and Φb. At start both the
components are shown opposite to each other in the Fig.1(a). Thus, the resultant ΦR = 0.
This is the instantaneous value of the stator flux at start. After 90o, as shown in the Fig. 1(b),
the two components are rotated in such a way that both are pointing in the same direction. 2 Marks for
Hence the resultant ΦR is the algebraic sum of the magnitudes of the two components. So explanation
ΦR = (Φ1m/2) + (Φ1m/2) =Φ1m. This is the instantaneous value of the stator flux at θ = 90o as
shown in the Fig 1(c). Thus, continuous rotation of the two components gives the original
alternating stator flux. Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the rotor
conductors. Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f. gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current.
The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward component Φf to
produce a torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux
interacts with backward component Φb to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. So if
anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is negative. At start, these two torques
are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its
own direction. Thus, the net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start, hence the single-
phase induction motors are not self- starting.
3. d) Define the following terms and write their mathematical expression
i) Pitch factor
ii) Distribution factor related to winding of alternator.
Ans:
Pitch Factor:
Pitch factor is defined as

Page 8 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
Vector sum of the induced emfs per coil 1 Mark
Kp = OR
Arithmetic sum of the induced emfs per coil
Emf induced in short pitch coil
Kp =
Emf induced in full pitch coil

Mathematical expression for Kp = cos (β / 2) 1 Mark for

where  be the value of the angular displacement between the slots expression
Distribution Factor of a Winding:
Distribution factor is defined as;
𝐸𝑚𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
Kd = OR
𝐸𝑚𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

Kd = 1 Mark
𝐴𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑓 /𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝑚𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
Mathematical expression for 𝐾𝑑 = 𝛽
𝑚×𝑠𝑖𝑛( )
2
1 Mark for
where, expression
m = No. of slots/pole/phase.
m β = Phase spread angle.
4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12 Marks
4. a) Explain the production of R.M.F. in 3-phase I.M. when 3ϕ supply is fed to it. Draw is its
phasor diagram.
Ans:
Production of Rotating Magnetic Field in Three-phase Induction Motor:
In three-phase induction motor, the three-phase stator windings are displaced in space by
120 and their three-phase currents are displaced in time by 120. So, they produce the three-
phase fluxes which are displaced in space by 120 and also in time by 120. Such fluxes give
rise to the resultant rotating magnetic field.

1 Mark for
flux
waveform

When a three-phase supply is given to the three-phase stator winding, three-phase currents
flow and three-phase fluxes, which are displaced in space and also in time by 120 are
produced. The waveforms of three-phase fluxes are shown in the figure. The directions of
fluxes in the air-gap are assumed as shown in the figure. The resultant total flux T at any
instant is given by the phasor sum of the three fluxes R, Y, and B. The resultant flux T can
be obtained mathematically and graphically at instants 0, 1, 2 and 3 when angle  is 0, 60,
120 and 180 as shown in the diagram of flux waveforms.

Page 9 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
1) At instant 0 ( = 0):
R = 0, Y = -0.866 m and B = 0.866 m
With assumed flux directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in
the figure (a). It is seen that the total flux is T = 1.5 m with direction vertically
upward.
2) At instant 1 ( = 60): 1 Mark for
R = 0.866 m, Y = -0.866 m and B = 0 explanation
With assumed flux directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in
the figure (b). It is seen that the total flux is T = 1.5 m with further clockwise
rotation of 60 in the space.
3) At instant 2 ( = 120):
R = 0.866 m, Y = 0 and B = -0.866 m
With assumed flux directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in
the figure (c). It is seen that the total flux is T = 1.5 m with further clockwise
rotation of 60 in the space.
4) At instant 3 ( = 180):
R = 0, Y = 0.866 m and B = -0.866 m
With assumed flux directions, the vector diagram for fluxes can be drawn as shown in
the figure (d). It is seen that the total flux is T = 1.5 m with further clockwise
rotation of 60 in the space.

2 Marks for
flux vector
diagrams

Thus, it seen that the rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude (1.5 m) is produced in
the air-gap or central space of the stator.
4. b) Describe the working of shaded pole induction motor with neat sketch.
Ans:
Shaded Pole Induction Motor:

1 Mark

Page 10 of 18
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM

1Mark

When single phase supply is applied across the stator winding, an alternating field is created.
The flux distribution is non uniform due to shading bands on the poles. The shading band
acts as a single turn coil and when links with alternating flux, emf is induced in it. The emf
circulates current as it is simply a short circuit. The current produces the magnetic flux in the
shaded part of pole to oppose the cause of its production which is the change in the
alternating flux produced by the winding of motor. Now consider three different instants of
time t1, t2, t3 of the flux wave to examine the effect of shading band as shown in the figure.
 At instant t1: The flux is positive and rising, hence the shading band current produces
its own flux to oppose the rising main flux. Due to this opposition, the net flux in
shaded portion of pole is lesser than that in unshaded portion. Thus, the magnetic axis 2 Marks for
lies in the unshaded portion and away from shaded portion. explanation
 At instant t2: The flux is maximum, the rate of change of flux is zero. So, the shading
band emf and current are zero. Thus, the flux distribution among shaded and
unshaded portion is equal. The magnetic axis lies in the center of the pole.
 At instant t3: The flux is positive but decreasing, hence according to Lenz’s rule, the
shading band emf and current try to oppose the fall in the main flux. So, the shading
band current produces its own flux which aids the main flux. Since shading band
produces aiding flux in shaded portion, the strength of flux in shaded portion
increases and the magnetic axis lies in the shaded portion.
Thus, it is seen that as time passes, the magnetic neutral axis shifts from left to right in every
half cycle, from non-shaded area of pole to the shaded area of the pole. This gives to some
extent a rotating field effect which is sufficient to provide starting torque to squirrel cage
rotor and rotor rotates.
4. c) Explain construction and working of capacitor start and capacitor run 1ϕ induction
motor with neat suitable diagram.
Ans:
Capacitor Start and Capacitor Run 1ϕ Induction Motor:
Construction:

1 Mark for
diagram

The figure shows the circuit diagram of the capacitor-start, capacitor-run induction motor.
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Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
Both the main and auxiliary windings remain permanently in the circuit during the starting
and running condition.
There are two capacitors in the auxiliary winding circuit. A capacitor CS is known as the
starting capacitor. It is connected in series with the centrifugal switch SC. So, CS remains in
the circuit only at start and it is switched out during normal running. Hence CS is of 1 Mark
electrolytic type, has high value but short duty. Another capacitor CR is known as running
capacitor. It remains in the circuit continuously during starting and running of the motor. It is
an oil capacitor having low value and continuous duty. Thus, the motor is a two-value
capacitor motor.
Capacitor serves the purpose of obtaining necessary phase displacement (about 90) at the
time of starting and also improves the power factor of the motor. Due to capacitor motor
operation becomes salient.
Working:
When single phase supply is given to the motor, two currents having phase displacement of
about 90 flow through two windings which are 90 displaced in the space. This results in the
production of rotating magnetic field (RMF). The RMF is cut by stationary rotor conductors, 2 Marks for
emf is induced in it, current flows and force is exerted on rotor conductors. The torque is working
developed and rotor starts rotating. When a particular speed is attained, the centrifugal switch
is opened and the capacitor CS gets disconnected from the circuit. The motor continues to run
with both windings in the circuit, the auxiliary winding in series with reduced capacitor. Due
to the presence of both the windings in the circuit, this motor is superior at all speed to
capacitor-start, induction-run motor.
4. d) Draw and explain dynamic characteristics of stepper motor.
Ans:
Dynamic Characteristics of Stepper Motor:

2 Marks for
diagram

Dynamic characteristics are those that are obtained under running conditions of the motor
(with respect to time). To control the stepper motor in various applications, it is important to
know the stepping rate for the input pulse. The dynamic characteristics give the stepping rate
of the motor with respect to the input pulse. The figure shows the dynamic characteristics or
stepping rate characteristics of a stepper motor.
A stepper motor is said to be in synchronism when it achieves the number of step positions
that are equal to the number of applied input pulses. Suppose if the stepping rate increases 2 Marks for
beyond a limit the motor fails to achieve the exact number of steps according to input pulses. explanation
From the above diagram, TL is the maximum load torque, then A will be the maximum
stepping rate for input pulse rate, that the motor can start or stop without losing synchronism.
The region below the Torque curve-1 is known as the start or stop region. Point B tells the

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Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
maximum stepping rate for input pulse rate, that the motor can run without losing its
synchronism shown as torque curve-2. The region between torque curves 1 and 2 is called
the slew region.
A stepper motor must be always operated in the slew region in order to obtain a synchronized
stepping rate with the input pulse rate. Also, it must ensure that the stepping rate must be in
the start or stop region while starting or stopping the motor without losing steps.
Similarly, for load torque TL', S1 and S2 are the maximum stepping rate to start or stop and to
run the motor respectively without losing steps. The slewing range plays an important role in
the applications where there is a frequent change in stepping rate. Hence it must be
accelerated at a low pulse rate so that the value doesn't exceed the maximum limit.
4. e) Describe the working of synchronous reluctance motor with the help of neat diagram.
Ans:
Synchronous Reluctance Motor:

1 Mark for
diagram

Working:
1. When the stator windings (1-ph or 3-ph) are connected to AC supply, the rotating
magnetic field is produced. This rotating magnetic field is cut by rotor conductors (bars),
emf is induced and currents are produced in rotor bars as they are shorted. According to
basic motor principle, force is exerted on current carrying rotor conductors (bars) placed
in rotating magnetic field. Thus, the motor starts as an induction motor.
2. The rotating magnetic field experiences unsymmetrical reluctance as it sweeps over the
rotor surface (toothed and non-toothed portion).
3. Since the magnetic flux always follow the path of minimum reluctance, the induced
magnetic field in rotor core creates magnetic poles in toothed portion of the rotor. 3 Marks for
4. The rotating magnetic field poles attract the rotor induced opposite poles. The torque so working
produced is called reluctance torque.
5. During starting period, when motor is started as induction motor and the speed reaches
close to the synchronous speed, reluctance torque produced causes tendency of the rotor to
align itself in the minimum reluctance position with respect to the synchronously rotating
magnetic field of stator. As a result, rotor is pulled into synchronism and then rotates at
synchronous speed with rotating magnetic field of stator.
6. Once rotor starts rotating with synchronous speed, the relative motion between rotor and
rotating magnetic field of stator becomes zero, so no induced emf, no rotor currents and
no induction motor torque. The rotor continues constant synchronous speed operation due
to reluctance torque only, hence it is called “Synchronous Reluctance Motor”.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
5. a) A 12 pole, 50Hz, 3 phase induction motor has rotor resistance of 0.15 and stand still
reactance of 0.25 / phase. On full load, it is running at a speed of 480 rpm. The rotor
induced emf per phase at stand still is observed to be 32V.
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
Calculate
i) Starting Torque
ii) Full load Torque
iii) Maximum Torque
Ans:
Data Given: No. of poles P = 12, Frequency f = 50 Hz,
Rotor resistance per phase, R2 = 0.15
Standstill rotor reactance per phase, X20 = 0.25
Full-load speed, N = 480 rpm
Rotor induced emf per phase at standstill, E20 = 32 V
120f 120×50
Synchronous speed, Ns = P = 12 = 500 rpm
Torque produced by three-phase induction motor is given by, 1 Marks for
3×60 2 𝑅
𝑠𝐸20 2
𝑇 = (2𝜋𝑁 ) (𝑅2 +𝑠2 𝑋 2 ) N-m torque
𝑆 2 20
equation
where, NS is synchronous speed in rpm,
E20 is the rotor induced emf at standstill condition,
R2 is the rotor resistance & reactance are constants,
X20 is the rotor reactance at standstill condition
i) Starting Torque (Tst):
At start slip s = 1, therefore torque equation becomes,
3×60 E2 R
2 3×60 (32)2 (0.15)
Tst = (2πN ) (R220 = (2π×500) [(0.15)2 +(0.25)2 ] = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟓𝟒 𝐍𝐦 1 Mark
S +X2 )
2 20
ii) Full load Torque (TFL):
𝑁 −𝑁 500−480 1 Mark for
Full-load slip, 𝑠𝐹𝐿 = 𝑠𝑁 = 500 = 0.04 sFL
𝑠
3×60 𝑠 𝐸2 𝑅 3×60 (0.04)(32)2 (0.15) 1Mark for
Full-load torque is given by, 𝑇𝐹𝐿 = (2𝜋𝑁 ) (𝑅2𝐹𝐿 20 2
= (2π×500) [(0.15)2 +(0.04×0.25)2 ]
+𝑠 2 𝑋 2 )
𝑆 2 𝐹𝐿 20 TFL
= 15.58 Nm
iii) Maximum Torque (Tm):
For maximum torque, R2 = sm X20 i.e slip s = sm = R2 / X20 = 0.15 / 0.25 = 0.6 1 Mark for
3×60 2 𝑅
𝑠𝑚 𝐸20 3×60 (0.6)(32)2 (0.15)
Maximum torque is given by, 𝑇𝑚 = (2𝜋𝑁 ) (𝑅2 +𝑠 2
= (2π×500) [(0.15)2 +(0.6×0.25)2 ] sm
2𝑋2 )
𝑆 2 𝑚 20 1Mark for
= 117.34 Nm Tm
5. b) Draw and explain torque speed characteristics of universal motor and state application
of the same.
Ans:
Torque-Speed characteristics:
• In electric motor, the torque is produced due to interaction
between conductor current (armature current, Ia) and 2 Marks for
magnetic flux . Therefore T .Ia labelled
• Universal motor is basically series motor i.e armature diagram
winding and field winding are in series, so field current If =
Ia. Therefore, the magnetic flux  produced by field winding
is proportional to field current i.e armature current.   Ia 2 Marks for
• Thus T  2  Ia2 explanation
• Speed is inversely proportional to flux, N  (1/).
• Comparing dependence of torque and speed on flux, it is clear that N  √𝑇.
Page 14 of 18
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Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
Model Answer: Only for the use of RAC Assessors
Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
• Therefore torque-speed characteristics of universal motors for both AC and DC are inverse
characteristics as shown in the figure.
• The speed of the universal motor is the lowest at full load and the highest at no load.

Applications of Universal Motor:

1) Mixer and Food processor
2) Heavy duty machine tools
3) Grinder 2 Marks for
4) Vacuum cleaners any four
5) Drills applications
6) Sewing machines
7) Electric Shavers
8) Hair dryers
9) Cloth washing machine
5. c) Define voltage regulation of alternator. A 400V, 20 KVA, 3 star connected alternator
has resistance per phase of 2, open circuit voltage per phase of 90V is obtained for
field current of 1.5A, for same field current, short circuit current per phase is 20A.
Calculate.
i) Synchronous impedance
ii) Synchronous reactance
iii) Open circuit voltage/phase
iv) Regulation while supply a load current of 20A at 0.7 power factor lagging.
Ans:
Voltage Regulation of an Alternator:
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no- 1 Mark for
load to full-load expressed as fraction or percentage of full-load voltage, keeping the speed definition of
and field excitation constant. regulation
OR
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑔𝑒 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
% Voltage regulation = x 100
𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
OR
The voltage regulation of an alternator is defined as the change in terminal voltage from no-
load to full-load expressed as fraction or percentage of no-load voltage, keeping the speed
and field excitation constant. OR
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑔𝑒 − 𝐹𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
% Voltage regulation = x 100
𝑁𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
Data Given: Power rating S=20 kVA
VL = Rated line voltage = 400V,
1 Mark for
Rated phase voltage V = VL/√3 = 230.94 V (Star-connected alternator)
computation
Armature resistance per phase R = 2 Ω,
of V
S.C. phase current ISC = 20A for field excitation If = 1.5 A
O.C. phase voltage VOC = 90V for same field excitation, If = 1.5 A
i) Synchronous impedance:
1 Mark for
ZS = Voc / Isc = 90/20 = 4.5 Ω,
Zs
ii) Synchronous reactance:
1 Mark for
XS = √(ZS2-R2) = √(4.52 - 22) = 4.031Ω.
Xs
iii) Open circuit voltage/phase = No-load emf or induced emf
Expression for no load emf or induced emf ‘E’ for any load current ‘I’ is
E = √[(VcosØ + IR)2+(VsinØ ± IXS)2] , here V = 230.94V and I = 20A
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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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At 0.7 pf lag: cosØ = 0.7 and sinØ = 0.714 and +ve sign to be taken in expression.
E = √[(230.94 x 0.7 + 20 x 2)2+(230.94 x 0.714 + 20 x 4.03)2] 1 Mark for
= √[40665.95+60265.91] = √[100931.86] = 317.70V E
iv) Regulation: 1 Mark for
% Regulation = [(E-V)/V] x100 = [(317.7 - 230.94)/(230.94)] = 37.57% %
Regulation
6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks
6. a) Define armature reaction in an alternator. Explain the effect of armature reaction at
various P.F. of loads of alternator.
Ans:
Armature Reaction:
The effect of armature flux on main flux is called as armature reaction. 1 Mark
Armature Reaction at Various Power Factors:
When armature is loaded, the armature flux modifies the air gap flux & its angle (electrical)
with respect to main flux depends on the load power factor. This is illustrated in waveform
diagram as shown below :

2 Marks for
diagram

a) When the load p.f. is unity, the effect of armature reaction is wholly distorting. In other
words, flux in air gap is distorted but not weakened. As shown in figure, at unity p.f.,
armature flux is 90° electrically behind the main flux. The result is that the total flux is
strengthened at trailing pole tips and weakened at leading pole tips. However the average
flux in the air gap practically remains unaltered.
b) When the load p.f. is zero lagging, the effect of armature reaction is wholly 3 Marks for
demagnetizing. In other words the flux in air gap is weakened. As shown in figure, at zero explanation
p.f. lagging, the armature flux and main flux are in direct opposition with each other
resulting in considerably reduction in air gap flux and hence generated emf.
c) When the load p.f. is zero leading, the effect of armature reaction is wholly magnetizing.
In other words the flux in air gap is increased. As shown in figure at zero p.f. leading the
armature flux and main flux are in phase with each other resulting in considerably
increased in air gap flux.
d) For intermediate values of load p.f. the effect of armature reaction is partly distorting and
partly weakening for inductive loads which is shown in figure for 0.7 lagging p.f. For
capacitive loads the effect of flux is partly distorting and partly strengthening.
OR Equivalent Diagrams & Explanation
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6. b) Draw and explain 'V' and inverted V curves for synchronous motors.
Ans:
‘V curves’ and ‘inverted V curves’ for Synchronous Motor:
V curve:
V curve is a plot of the stator current versus field
current for different constant loads. The graph is
plotted between the armature current Ia and field 2 Marks for
current If at no load. This curve is known as V explanation
curve because the shape of this curve is similar to +
the letter “V”. For higher values of field current the 1 Mark for
power factor is leading whereas for lower values of diagram of
field current the power factor is lagging. Similar V curves
curves are plotted for various constant loading = 3 Marks
conditions. When such number of V-curves are
plotted, the unity power factor line is locus of
minimum armature current. The family of curves for
different loads are as shown below:

Inverted V Curve: 2 Marks for

When the power factor is plotted against field explanation
current for any constant load, the shape of the +
graph looks like an inverted V. Such curves 1 Mark for
obtained by plotting p.f. against field current at diagram of
various constant load conditions, are called inverted V
Inverted V-curves of synchronous motor. The curves
highest point on each of these curves indicates = 3 Marks
unity power factor.

6. c) Explain with suitable diagram the phenomenon of hunting. State causes and effects of
hunting in 3 synchronous motors.
Ans:
Concept of Hunting and phase swinging in synchronous motor:
• The phenomenon of oscillation of the rotor of a synchronous motor about its final steady-
state position is known as hunting. Since during the rotor oscillations, the phase of emf
phasor (E) varies with respect to the phasor V, the hunting is also known phase swinging.
• Hunting means momentary fluctuations in the rotor speed of a synchronous motor.

1 Mark for
Diagram

• In a synchronous motor, when the electromagnetic torque developed is equal and opposite
to the load torque, such a condition is known as "condition of equilibrium" or "steady state
condition".

Page 17 of 18
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Winter – 2024 EXAMINATION
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Subject Name: Industrial A. C. Machines 22523: IAM
• In the steady-state, the rotor of the synchronous motor runs at synchronous speed, thereby
maintaining a constant value of torque angle (δ). If there is a sudden change in the load
torque, then the equilibrium of the motor is disturbed and there is a difference between the
electromagnetic torque (τe) and load torque (τl) which changes the speed of the motor.

• The electromagnetic torque of synchronous motor is given by, 1 Mark for

Τe = (3VEf/ωsXS)Sinδ explanation
• When the load on synchronous motor is suddenly increased, the motor retardation of hunting
(backward movement of rotor) starts. During backward movement of rotor, the torque
angle (δ) is increased, hence the electromagnetic torque increases opposing the backward
movement of rotor.
• Due to this, the backward movement of rotor stops and the rotor reaches to synchronous
speed.
• At this state, the torque angle (δ) is greater than the new required value (δ)' for the new
steady state condition. As a result, the motor is accelerated.
• Consequently, the torque angle (δ) decreases due to the acceleration of the rotor above
synchronous speed. At the point where the electromagnetic torque becomes equal to the
load torque, the steady-state condition is not restored, because at this point the speed of the
rotor is more than the synchronous speed.
• Therefore, the rotor continues to move forward and the torque angle goes on decreasing.
• When the torque angle (δ) becomes less than the new required value (δ)', the load torque
becomes greater than the electromagnetic torque.
• Therefore, the motor starts to slow down. The torque angle (δ) is increased again. Hence,
the rotor oscillates around the synchronous speed and the new required value (δ)'of the
torque angle before reaching the new state of equilibrium.
Causes of Hunting:
Following may be the reasons of hunting in a synchronous motor −
• Sudden changes of the mechanical load on the motor.
• Sudden changes in the field current.
• Cyclic variations of the load torque. 2 Marks for
• Faults occurring in the power system to which the motor is connected. any two
Effects of Hunting causes
The effects of hunting in a synchronous machine are given below −
• It may lead to loss of synchronism. 2 Marks for
• Hunting increases the probability of resonance. When the frequency of the torque any two
component becomes equal to that of the oscillations of the synchronous machine, effects
resonance may take place.
• Large mechanical stresses may develop in the rotor shaft of the synchronous machine.
• Hunting increases the losses of the machine.
• It increases temperature of the synchronous machine.
• It can disturb the supply system to which the synchronous machine is connected.

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