Part 3. For questions 76-85 (1.0 point - 0.

1/ each), read an extract from a journal and choose

the answer A, B, C or D that fits best according to the text. Write your answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
No man likes to acknowledge that he has made a mistake in the choice of his profession, and every
man, worthy of the name, will row long against wind and tide before he allows himself to cry out, “I
am baffled!” and submits to be floated passively back to land. From the first week of my residence
in X— I felt my occupation irksome. The thing itself—the work of copying and translating
business-letters— was a dry and tedious task enough, but had that been all, I should long have borne
with the nuisance; I am not of an impatient nature, and influenced by the double desire of getting
my living and justifying to myself and others the resolution I had taken to become a tradesman, I
should have endured in silence the rust and cramp of my best faculties; I should not have whispered,
even inwardly, that I longed for liberty; I should have pent in every sigh by which my heart might
have ventured to intimate its distress under the closeness, smoke, monotony, and joyless tumult of
Bigben Close, and its panting desire for freer and fresher scenes; I should have set up the image of
Duty, the fetish of Perseverance, in my small bedroom at Mrs. King’s lodgings, and they two
should have been my household gods, from which my darling, my cherished-in-secret, Imagination,
the tender and the mighty, should never, either by softness or strength, have severed me. But this
was not all; the antipathy which had sprung up between myself and my employer striking deeper
root and spreading denser shade daily, excluded me from every glimpse of the sunshine of life; and I
began to feel like a plant growing in humid darkness out of the slimy walls of a well.
Antipathy is the only word which can express the feeling Edward Crimsworth had for me—a
feeling, in a great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to be excited by every, the most
trifling movement, look, or word of mine. My southern accent annoyed him; the degree of
education evinced in my language irritated him; my punctuality, industry, and accuracy, fixed his
dislike, and gave it the high flavour and poignant relish of envy; he feared that I too should one day
make a successful tradesman. Had I been in anything inferior to him, he would not have hated me so
thoroughly, but I knew all that he knew, and, what was worse, he suspected that I kept the padlock
of silence on mental wealth in which he was no sharer. If he could have once placed me in a
ridiculous or mortifying position, he would have forgiven me much, but I was guarded by three
faculties— Caution, Tact, Observation; and prowling and prying as was Edward’s malignity, it
could never baffle the lynx-eyes of these, my natural sentinels. Day by day did his malice watch my
tact, hoping it would sleep, and prepared to steal snake-like on its slumber; but tact, if it be genuine,
never sleeps. I had received my first quarter’s wages, and was returning to my lodgings, possessed
heart and soul with the pleasant feeling that the master who had paid me grudged every penny of
that hard-earned pittance — (I had long ceased to regard Mr. Crimsworth as my brother—he was a
hard, grinding master; he wished to be an inexorable tyrant: that was all). Thoughts, not varied but
strong, occupied my mind; two voices spoke within me; again and again they uttered the same
monotonous phrases. One said: “William, your life is intolerable.” The other: “What can you do to
alter it?” I walked fast, for it was a cold, frosty night in January; as I approached my lodgings, I
turned from a general view of my affairs to the particular speculation as to whether my fire would
be out; looking towards the window of my sitting-room, I saw no cheering red gleam.
76. Which choice best summarizes the passage?
A. A character describes his dislike for his new job and considers the reasons why.
B. Two characters employed in the same office become increasingly competitive.
C. A young man regrets privately a choice that he defends publicly.
D. A new employee experiences resistance, then frustration, and finally despair.
77. The main purpose of the opening sentence of the passage is to ______
A. establish the narrator’s perspective on a controversy.
B. provide context useful in understanding the narrator’s emotional state.
C. offer a symbolic representation of Edward Crimsworth’s plight.
D. contrast the narrator’s good intentions with his malicious conduct.
78. During the course of the first paragraph, the narrator’s focus shifts from ______
A. recollection of past confidence to acknowledgment of present self-doubt.
B. reflection on his expectations of life as a tradesman to his desire for another job.
C. generalization about job dissatisfaction to the specifics of his own situation.
D. evaluation of factors making him unhappy to identification of alternatives.
79. The referencesto “shade” and “darkness” at the end of the first paragraph mainly have
which effect?
A. They evoke the narrator’s sense of dismay.
B. They highlight the narrator’s internal conflict.
C. They reflect the narrator’s emotional isolation.
D. They signify the narrator’s confrontation with despair.
80. What is the primary purpose of the author mentioning "the image of Duty" and "the
fetish of Perseverance" in the passage?
A. To emphasize the narrator's enjoyment of his work and commitment to his career.
B. To illustrate how these ideals help the narrator cope with the monotony of his job.
C. To suggest that perseverance leads to ultimate success and satisfaction.

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D. To convey the narrator's indifference toward his personal aspirations.

81. The passage indicates that when the narrator began working for Edward Crimsworth, he
viewed Crimsworth as a ______.
A. harmless rival B. sympathetic ally C. perceptive judge D. demanding mentor
82. At the end of the second paragraph, the comparisons of abstract qualities to a lynx and a
snake mainly have the effect of ______
A. contrasting two hypothetical courses of action.
B. conveying the ferocity of a resolution.
C. suggesting the likelihood of an altercation.
D. illustrating the nature of an adversarial relationship.
83. The passage indicates that, after a long day of work, the narrator sometimes found his
living quarters to be ______.
A. dreary B. intolerable C. predictable D. treacherous
84. What does “a feeling, in a great measure, involuntary, and which was liable to be excited
by every, the most trifling movement, look, or word of mine” imply?
A. Crimsworth’s aversion towards the speaker was largely automatic and not entirely under his
control.
B. Crimsworth harbored a profound hatred for the speaker, and his feelings were stronger and more
intense than mere antipathy.
C. Crimsworth's feelings were erratic and unstable, influenced by an assortment of stimuli.
D. Crimsworth's feelings were more about his internal struggles rather than a direct antipathy
towards the speaker.
85. Which is similar to the word ‘flavour’ in Paragraph 2?
A. shade B. tone C. intensity D. spice

Part 5. For questions 93-105. (1.3 points - 0.1/ each) Read the following passage and do the tasks
that follow. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
THE PSYCHOLOGY IN HAPPINESS
A. In the late 1990s, psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania urged
colleagues to observe optimal moods with the same intensity with which they had for so long
studied pathologies: we would never learn about the full range of human functions unless we knew
as much about mental wellness as we do about mental illness. A new generation of psychologists
built up a respectable body of research on positive character traits and happiness-boosting practices.
At the same time, developments in neuroscience provided
new clues to what makes us happy and what that looks like in the brain. Self-appointed experts took
advantage of the trend with guarantees to eliminate worry, stress, dejection and even boredom. This
happiness movement has provoked a great deal of opposition among psychologists who observe that
the preoccupation with happiness has come at the cost of sadness, an important feeling that people
have tried to banish from their emotional repertoire. Allan Horwitz of Rutgers laments that young
people who are naturally weepy after breakups are often urged to medicate themselves instead of
working through their sadness. Wake Forest University’s Eric Wilson fumes that the obsession with
happiness amounts to a “craven disregard” for the melancholic perspective that has given rise to the
greatest works of art. “The happy man” he writes, “is a hollow man.”
B. After all people are remarkably adaptable. Following a variable period of adjustment, we bounce
back to our previous level of happiness, no matter what happens to us. (There are some scientifically
proven exceptions, notably suffering the unexpected loss of a job or the loss of a spouse. Both
events tend to permanently knock people back a step.) Our adaptability works in two directions.
Because we are so adaptable, points out Professor Sonja Lyubomirsky of the University of
California, we quickly get used to many of the accomplishments we strive for in life, such as
landing the big job or getting married. Soon after we reach a milestone, we start to feel that
something is missing. We begin coveting another worldly possession or eyeing a social
advancement. But such an approach keeps us tethered to a treadmill where happiness is always just
out of reach, one toy or one step away. It’s possible to get off the treadmill entirely by focusing on
activities that are dynamic surprising, and attention- absorbing, and thus less likely to bore us than,
say, acquiring shiny new toys.
C. Moreover, happiness is not a reward for escaping pain. Russ Harris, the author of The Happiness
Trap, calls popular conceptions of happiness dangerous because they set people up for a “struggle
against reality”. They don’t acknowledge that real life is full of disappointments, loss, and
inconveniences. “If you’re going tolive a rich and meaningful life,” Harris says, “you’re going to
feel a full range of emotions.” Action toward goals other than happiness makes people happy. It is
not crossing the finish line that is most rewarding, it is anticipating achieving the goal. University of
Wisconsin neuroscientist Richard Davidson has found that working hard toward a goal, and making
progress to the point of expecting a goal to be realized, not only activates positive feelings but also
suppresses negative emotions such as fear and depression.
D. We are constantly making decisions, ranging from what clothes to put on, to whom we should
marry, not to mention all those flavors of ice cream. We base many of our decisions on whether we
think a particular preference will increase our well-being. Intuitively, we seem convinced that the
more choices we have, the better off we will ultimately be. But our world of unlimited opportunity
imprisons us more than it makes us happy. In what Swarthmore psychologist Barry Schwartz calls
“the paradox of choice,” facing many possibilities leaves us stressed out – and less satisfied with
whatever we do decide. Having too many choices keeps us wondering about all the opportunities
missed.
E. Besides, not everyone can put on a happy face. Barbara Held, a professor of psychology at
Bowdoin College, rails against “the tyranny of the positive attitude”. “Looking on the bright side
isn’t possible for some people and is even counterproductive” she insists. “When you put pressure
on people to cope in a way that doesn’t fit them, it not only doesn’t work, it makes them feel like a
failure on top of already feeling bad.” The one-size-fits-all approach to managing emotional life is
misguided, agrees Professor Julie Norem, author of The Positive Power of Negative Thinking. In
her research, she has shown that the defensive pessimism that anxious people feel can be harnessed
to help them get things done, which in turn makes them happier. A naturally pessimistic architect,
for example, can set low expectations for an upcoming presentation and review all of the bad
outcomes that she’s imagining, so that she can prepare carefully and increase her chances of
success.
F. By contrast, an individual who is not living according to their values, will not be happy, no
matter how much they achieve. Some people, however, are not sure what their values are. In that
case Harris has a great question: “Imagine I could wave a magic wand to ensure that you would
have the approval and admiration of everyone on the planet, forever. What, in that case, would you
choose to do with your life?” Once this has been answered honestly, you can start taking steps
toward your ideal vision of yourself. The actual answer is unimportant, as long as you’re living
consciously. The state of happiness is not really a state at all. It’s an ongoing personal experiment.
Reading passage has six paragraphs (A–F). Which paragraph mentions the following?
Write the correct letter (A–F) from 93–97 on the answer sheet.
NB: You may use any letter more than once.
93. The desideratum of individuals as regards fathoming what is really vexing to them
94. The dissipation of woe
95. The guru in their own cogitations
96. The wherewithal of man to grapple with revisions
97. The undertaking of activities containing interest and merit in their own right

Choose TWO letters (A-E). Write the correct letters (A-E) 98 and 99 on the answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following people argue against the statement:
"Happiness is the endless pursuit of a state where nothing feels missing"
A. Barry Schwartz
B. Russ Harris
C. Sonja Lyubomirsky
D. Eric Wilson
E. Martin Seligman
Choose TWO letters (A-E). Write the correct letters (A-E) 100 and 101 on the answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following beliefs are identified as mistaken in the text?
A. The extent of geniality which inherited opulence brings about is not on par with that of self-
acquired capital.
B. Social status impinges upon our perception of elation.
C. A buoyant set of mine guarantees one’s fruition.
D. Infelicity should more or less be abstained form.
E. Hysteria cases are commonplace in the immature.

Which of the following statements is TRUE (T), FALSE (F), or NOT GIVEN (NG)
102. Specialists is inquiring into various methodologies aimed at ameliorating a range of abysmal
moods.
103. Adaptability can obstruct genuine happiness, contingent upon the engagement in pursuits that
are
replete with dynamism, astonishment and charisma.
104. Russ Harris proposes that achieving total emotional detachment, free from both highs and
lows, is
essential for leading a rich and meaningful life.
105. There is a reciprocal consensus that people should acknowledge the validity of negative
emotions instead of dismissing them.
II. Read the following passage and choose the best answer for each Write your answers A, B, C
or D in the corresponding numbered boxes. (1.0 point)
You can usually distinguish when your friends are elated or furious by the looks on their faces or by
their actions. This is useful because interpreting their emotional expressions helps to trigger our
response. Emotions have evolved, hence humans can respond to important instances
and communicate our intentions to others. But does raising the eyebrows or rounding the mouth
mean the equivalent thing in Minneapolis as it does in Madagascar? Much research on emotional
expressions has addressed such questions.
According to Paul Ekman, the leading researcher in this area, people articulate and substantially
decipher the same “facial language”. Studies by Ekman’s group have demonstrated that humans
share a set of universal emotional expressions that testify to the common biological heritage of the
human species. Smiles, for example, signal happiness and frowns indicate sadness on the faces of
people in such far-flung places as Argentina, Japan, Spain, Hungary, Poland, Sumatra, the United
States, Vietnam, the jungles of New Guinea, and the Eskimo villages north of Artic Circle. Ekman
and his colleagues claim that people everywhere can recognize at least seven basic emotions:
sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happiness and surprise. There are, however, huge
differences across cultures in both the context and intensity of emoti
onal displays – the so-called display rules. In many Asian cultures, for example, children are taught
to stifle emotional responses – especially negative ones – while many American children are made
to express their feelings more openly. However, in all cultures, emotions usually show themselves,
to some degree, in people’s behavior. From their first days of life, babies produce facial expressions
that communicate their feelings.
The ability to read facial expressions develops early, too. Very young children pay close attention to
facial expressions, and by age five, they nearly equal adults in their skill at reading emotions on
people’s faces. This evidence all points to a biological underpinning for our abilities to express and
interpret a basic set of human emotions. Moreover, as Charles Darwin pointed out over a century
ago, some emotional expressions seem to appear across species boundaries. Cross-cultural
psychologists tell us that certain emotional responses carry different meanings in different cultures.
For example, what emotion do you suppose might be aroused by sticking out your tongue? For
Americans, this might indicate disgust, while in China it can signify surprise. Likewise, a grin on an
American face may indicate joy, while on a Japanese face it may just as easily mean
embarrassment. Clearly, culture influences emotional expressions.
Question 1: What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Cultural universality of emotional expressions
B. Divergent emotional expressions worldwide
C. A review of research on emotional expressions
D. Human familiarization of displaying emotions
Question 2: The word “communicate” in paragraph 1 is CLOSEST in meaning to…
A. espouse B. harbor C. appeal D. convey
Question 3: Many studies on emotional expressions try to answer the question whether …
1. different cultures possess similar emotional expressions
2. eyebrow raising means the same in Minneapolis and Madagascar
3. raising the eyebrows has similar meaning to rounding the mouth
4. rounding the mouth has the same meaning in Minneapolis and Madagascar
Question 4: The phrase “testify to” in paragraph 2 is CLOSEST in meaning to …
A. examine B. exclude C. review D. evidence
Question 5: Paul Ekman is mentioned in the passage as an example of …
1. researchers on worldwide spoken language
2. investigators on universal emotional expressions
3. researchers mastering varied facial expression
4. researchers who can speak and understand many languages
Question 6: The word “stifle” in paragraph 2 is OPPOSITE in meaning to…
A. evoke B. confront C. suppress D. release
Question 7: The phrase “this evidence” in paragraph 3 refers to the fact that…
1. both adults and children express the same facial language
2. children are better than adults in the ability to interpret feelings
3. children are well capable of recognizing others’ emotions
4. humans’ ability to express emotions is biologically supported
Question 8: All of the following statements are true according to the passage EXCEPT…
1. Observing people’s emotional expressions is helpful to draw our response
2. A big cultural difference lies in how intensive emotions are expressed
3. Culture exerts impacts on the meanings of emotional expressions
4. Asian children are encouraged to vent what they feel frankly
Question 9: The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to .
A. a grin B. an American face C. a Japanese face D. joy
Question 10: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
1. There exist both similarities and differences in emotional expressions across cultures.
2. It is not until a child reaches his maturity that he can interpret others’ facial emotions.
3. Humans’ emotional expressions have been unchanged throughout the mankind history.
4. There is no relationship between emotions and behaviors in several cultures.
III. Read the following passage and do the tasks that Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes. (1.0 point)
Non-motorized Vehicles in Asia
Paragraph A
Non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), which include bicycles, cycle-rickshaws, and carts, continue to
play a vital role in urban transport in much of Asia. NMVs account for 25 to 80 percent of vehicle
trips in many Asian cities, more than anywhere else in the world. The ownership of all vehicles,
including NMVs, is growing rapidly throughout Asia as incomes increase.

Paragraph B
However, the future of NMVs in many Asian cities is threatened by growing motorization, loss of
street space for safe NMV use, and changes in urban form prompted by motorization. Transport
planning and investment in most of Asia has focused principally on the motorized transport sector
and has often ignored the needs of non-motorized transport. Without changes in policy, NMV use
may decline precipitously in the coming decade, with major negative effects on air pollution, traffic
congestion, global warming, energy use, urban sprawl, and the employment and mobility of low-
income people.
Paragraph C
As cities in Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, and several other European nations demonstrate, the
modernization of urban transport does not require total motorization, but rather the appropriate
integration of walking, NMV modes, and motorized transport. As in European and Japanese cities,
where a majority of trips are made by walking and cycling, NMVs have an important role to play in
urban transport systems throughout Asia in coming decades.
Paragraph D
Transport investment and policy are the primary factors that influence NMV use and can have an
effect on the pace and level of motorization. For example, Japan has witnessed major growth of
bicycle use despite increased motorization, through policies providing extensive bicycle paths,
bicycle parking at rail stations, and high fees for motor vehicle use. Denmark and the Netherlands
have reversed the decline in bicycle use through similar policies.
Paragraph E
China has for several decades offered commuter subsidies for those cycling to work, cultivated a
domestic bicycle manufacturing industry, and allocated extensive urban street space to NMV traffic.
This strategy reduced the growth of public transport subsidies while meeting most mobility needs.
Bicycles have largely replaced buses as the principal means of urban vehicular transport in Tianjin.
Buses are generally slower for the same trips made by bicycle. Today, 50 to 80 percent of urban
vehicle trips in China are by bicycle and average journey times in China’s cities appear to be
comparable to those of many other more motorized Asian cities, with much more favorable
consequences on the environment, petroleum dependency, transport system costs, and traffic safety.
Paragraph F
Bicycles should be encouraged as the most efficient transport mode for short trips in cities of all
types and income levels, particularly for trips too long for walking and too short for express public
transport services or where travel demand or economics do not permit high frequency public
transport services. Bicycles are most important for personal transport, but also accommodate light
goods hauling, being capable of carrying loads of 100 to 180 kg.

Paragraph G
Cycle-rickshaws are not as efficient as bicycles for personal transport, but should be encouraged as
a complementary mode to motorized goods transport and as a passenger transit mode, particularly in
countries where low wages and surplus labor are sustainable features of the economy. Where they
are in use, they should be accepted as a useful part of the transportation system rather than as a
nuisance or a barrier to transport system modernization. Even in high-income, motorised-vehicle
dependent cities, there are opportunities for appropriate use of cycle rickshaws for short-distance
movement of persons and goods and as the basis for small businesses providing goods and services
at dispersed locations. They find greatest utility in cities where slow modes of transport are
allocated road space separate from motorized traffic, in neighborhoods where the majority of people
go from one place to another on foot or in central areas with slow traffic speed, in large factories
and shopping districts, and areas where private automobiles are restricted.
Questions 1-6:
Choose the most suitable headings for paragraphs A – F from the list of headings below. Write the
appropriate numbers (i-x) in the corresponding numbered boxes. One example is done for you.
NB: There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them. You may use any of
the headings more than once.
List of headings
(i) Benefits of bicycle use: one country’s experience
(ii) Situations that best fit bicycle use
(iii) Factors working against NMV use
(iv) Disadvantages of cycle use
(v) Continuing importance of NMVs in Asia
(vi) Subsidizing public transport use in China
(vii) Appropriate use of cycle rickshaws
(viii) Use of NMVs to reduce motorization in Europe
(ix) Role of policies in promoting bicycle use
(x) Integrated approach to urban transport
Example: Paragraph G vii
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C

4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
Questions 7-10: Complete the summary with words taken from the passage. Write NO
MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer in the numbered boxes.
The employment of NMVs is overlooked in many Asian countries where (7) ______ and money
allocation mostly center on the motorized. Japan, Denmark and the Netherlands serve as striking
illustrations for the fact that (8) ______ concerning the provision of paths, parking and fee charging
of motorized transport can bring about the increase in the use of bikes. In China, the support is in
the form of (9) ______ for cyclists, the development of bicycle manufacturing industry and more
street space in cities. Short-distance travel is recommended to be conducted by bikes regardless of
cities’ types as well as (10) ______. Cycle-rickshaws should also be encouraged as an efficient
means of transport in both high- and low-income cities.
Part 4. You are going to read the article about the activities organised by different schools for
Environmental Awareness Day. Answer the questions by choosing from the schools (A-D). The
schools may be chosen MORE THAN ONCE. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes. (0.5 points)
A. Plumpton High School
This school decided to arrange a variety of activities, some aimed at achieving a better
understanding of environmental problems, and others designed to be of practical help. For instance,
the school magazine brought out a special edition on the subject, full of articles and stories where
pupils expressed their feelings about the threats facing our environment. In another attempt to find
out for themselves how serious these threats really are, the pupils decided to study the problem of
pollution by making a survey, run by the Science Department, into air pollution in the local
shopping centre. On the practical side, the school held a sponsored walk and handed over £750 to
the World Wildlife Fund. Pupils prepared a campaign to ban cars from the city centre and reduce
traffic congestion. They cycled around the city and handed out brochures about the benefits of
cycling and walking. This generated a lot of publicity for the school.
B. Cresswell College
The staff and students at Cresswell College held a meeting and discussed a number of suggestions.
The most popular suggestion turned out to be the most practical one: it was decided that the local
environment should be brightened up. Teams were sent out to plant flowers and young trees on
areas of land in the neighbourhood. Within the school, the senior students prepared a report
monitoring the progress of species threatened with extinction. It was hoped that this would help
publicise the problem. As part of that project, a leading expert on wild birds was invited to come
and give a talk about the dangers faced by these creatures. He explained the importance of the food
chain and asked people to support local wildlife reserves.
C. Smithson Institute
This school had already been involved in some projects connected with the environment, though
naturally efforts were increased for Environmental Awareness Day. For the last two years, the
school had been studying the effects of changes in climatic patterns around the world and how these
can affect wildlife. A film about those magnificent marine mammals, whales, was shown to the
whole school as part of Environmental Awareness Day, which was received with great enthusiasm
by pupils. Meredith Summers, architect, was invited to talk about how pollution can destroy historic
buildings in the region. Following that, pupils decided to launch a campaign for the restoration of
the medieval square in the city centre and asked local authorities to support them financially.
D. Halliwell Comprehensive
The pupils at this inner-city comprehensive school felt that the best way to mark Environmental
Awareness Day would be to help people in the area understand how important the environment is to
them. One suggestion that was greeted with enthusiasm was to measure the levels of noise in
Stanley Road, a busy local shopping street. The information was then placed on a website that the
school had started. In an effort to provide direct assistance to people who are working to save the
environment, a jumble sale was held at the school, and £1,000 was donated to the local office of the
Wildlife Rescue Service. Finally, the school took pupils to the coastal marshes of Easton- on-Sea.
Many pupils reported afterwards that they had never realised how terrible the effects of pollution
could be on coastal wildlife.
Which school(s)
1. started a project about endangered species?
2. is located in the centre of the city?
3. became well known after Environmental Awareness Day?
4. provided online information about the environment?
5. asked a specialist to give a talk?
6. asked pupils to write about environmental problems?
7. organised a trip to the coast?
8. is studying changes in general weather conditions?
9. encouraged the use of bicycles?
Part 3. Read the passages and do the tasks that follow.
THE SPICE OF LIFE!
A When thinking of the most popular restaurant dish in the UK, the answer “chicken tikka masala”
does not spring readily to mind. But it is indeed the answer, often now referred to as a true “British
national dish”. It may even have been invented by Indian immigrants in Scotland,
who roasted chicken chunks (tikka), mixed them with spices and yoghurt, and served this in a bowl
of masala sauce. The exact ingredients of the sauce vary from restaurant to restaurant, but the dish
usually includes pureed tomatoes and cream, coloured orange by turmeric and paprika. British
cuisine? Yes, spices have come a long way.
B Spices are dried seeds, fruit, roots, bark, or vegetative parts of plants, added to food in small
amounts to enhance flavour or colour. Herbs, in contrast, are only from the leaves, and only used for
flavouring. Looking at the sources of some common spices, mustard and black pepper are from
seeds, cinnamon from bark, cloves from dried flower buds, ginger and turmeric from roots, while
mace and saffron are from seed covers and stigma tips, respectively. In the face of such variety, it is
becoming increasingly common for spices to be offered in pre-made combinations. Chili powder is
a blend of chili peppers with other spices, often cumin, oregano, garlic powder, and salt. Mixed
spice, which is often used in baking, is a British blend of sweet spices, with cinnamon being the
dominant flavour. The ever-popular masala, as noted, could be anything, depending on the chef.
C Although human communities were using spices tens of thousands of years ago, the trade of this
commodity only began about 2000 BC, around the Middle East. Early uses were less connected
with cooking, and more with such diverse functions as embalming, medicine, religion, and food
preservation. Eventually, extensive overland trade routes, such as the Silk Road, were established,
yet it was maritime advances into India and East Asia which led to the most dramatic growth in
commercial activities. From then on, spices were the driving force of the world economy,
commanding such high prices that it pitted nation against nation, and became the major impetus to
exploration and conquest. It would be hard to underestimate the role spices have played in human
history.
D Originally, Muslim traders dominated these routes, seeing spice-laden ships from the Orient
crossing the Indian Ocean to Red Sea and Persian Gulf ports, from where camel caravans
transported the goods overland. However, although slow to develop, European nations, using
aggressive exploration and colonisation strategies, eventually came to rule the Far East and,
consequently, control of the spice trade. At first, Portugal was the dominant power, but the British
and Dutch eventually gained the upper hand, so that by the 19th century, the British controlled
India, while the Dutch had the greater portion of the East Indies (Indonesia). Cloves, nutmeg, and
pepper were some of the most valuable spices of the time.
E But why were spices always in such demand? There are many answers. In the early days, they
were thought to have strong medicinal properties by balancing ‘humours’, or excesses of emotions
in the blood. Other times they were thought to prevent maladies such as the plague, which often saw
prices of recommended spices soar. But most obviously, spices flavoured the bland meat-based
European cuisines. Pepper, historically, has always been in highest demand for this reason, and even
today, peppercorns (dried black pepper kernels) remain, by monetary value, the most widely traded
spice in the world. However, saffron, by being produced within the small saffron flower, has always
been among the world’s most costly spice by weight, valued mostly for its vivid colour.
F Predictably, the majority of the world’s spices are produced in India, although specific spices are
often produced in greater amounts in other countries. Vietnam is the largest producer and exporter
of pepper, meeting nearly one third of the world’s demand. Indonesia holds a clear lead in nutmeg
production, Iran in saffron, and Sri Lanka in cinnamon. However, exportation of such spices is not
always simple. Most are dried as a whole product, or dried and ground into powder, both forms
allowing bulk purchase, easier storage and shipping, and a longer shelf life. For example, the
rhizomes (underground stems) of turmeric are boiled for several hours, then dried in ovens, after
which they are ground into the yellow powder popular in South-Asian and Middle-Eastern cuisines.
G However, there are disadvantages in grinding spices. It increases their surface area many fold,
accelerating the rate of evaporation and oxidation of their flavour-bearing and aromatic compounds.
In contrast, whole dried spices retain these for much longer. Thus, seed-based varieties (which can
be packaged and stored well) are often purchased in this form. This allows grinding to be done at
the moment of cooking or eating, maximising the flavour and effect, a fact which often results in
pepper ‘grinders’, instead of ‘shakers’, gracing the tables of the better restaurants around the world.
For questions 21-26, choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.
List of Headings
i. Uses of spice ii. Spices for cooking
iii. Changing leaders iv. A strange choice
v. Preserving flavours vi. Famous spice routes
vii. The power of spice viii. Some spices
ix. Medicinal spices x. Spice providers
0. Paragraph A: iv
21. Paragraph B:
22. Paragraph C:
23. Paragraph D:
24. Paragraph E:
25. Paragraph F:
26. Paragraph G:
For questions 27-30, decide whether the following statements agree with the information in the
passage. In the corresponding numbered boxes, write:

TRUE (T) if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE (F) if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN (NG) if there is no information on this
27. The ingredients of masala are fairly standardised.
28. The demand for spices led to greater exploration.
29. Vietnam consumes a lot of pepper.
30. Seed-based spices can be easily stored.

A GIANT LEAP FOR MANKIND

A. In 1859, Charles Darwin published his classic study, The Origin of Species, in which he
presented his theory of evolution by natural selection. Though many people ridiculed the connection
he made between man and ape at the time (pictures of him in Punch caricatured him as half-
monkey), the idea has come to be accepted by nearly everyone. One thing that remains is the
question of how human beings managed to get so far ahead of gorillas, chimpanzees and the rest so
quickly. After all, the first recognisably human foot trod the earth a mere 150,000 years ago; a long
time if you're waiting for your coffee to arrive, but not long enough in evolutionary terms for large
shifts in our physical stature.
B. It cannot be denied, however, that the gap between ape and human societies is enormous. Apes
live a day-to-day existence in small groups, without making shelter or clothing, subsisting mostly on
fruit and berries. This is how our predecessors lived, but now we live in our millions in huge cities,
cultivate our food and have done things as extreme as reaching the moon and plumbing the
mysteries of the oceans.
C. One of the arguments proposed to explain how we evolved so quickly cites the advantages
ofhuman hands and the use of tools. The dexterity our hands have is unparalleled in the animal
kingdom, and there is no doubt that the availability of tools has allowed us to do things otherwise
impossible. Some apes, however, display primitive tool use (chimpanzees use blades of grass to
“fish” for termites in mounds), so it seems that we have simply developed that which was already
there.
D. Other candidates put forward for the post of most influential cause of human advancement
include our upright stature (allowing us to see further; but apes can also stand on two legs) and our
weakness (forcing us to find other means of defence; however, if you see chimpanzees scaring away
lions with sticks and stones, you can assume we were at least as resourceful). The other candidate is
language. Apes are highly sociable, intelligent and communicative, yet they communicate in terms
of sounds (denoting, for example, anger), facial expressions and gestures. A language is not just
sounds or even words, but a system. In other words, it must have a structure, a grammar, that allows
users to manipulate the sounds to vary their meaning. Though apes can get a lot of information
across in their way, there are obvious limitations, such as the impossibility of conveying abstract
ideas.
E. Extensive research has gone into the ability of apes to learn language. The theory was that if they
showed a capability, it would indicate that the rudiments of language could have come before the
explosion in human development. Attempts to teach them to speak ended in failure due to the fact
that the ape’s larynx is not well enough developed to produce such complex sounds. Sign language,
however, was more successful. Apes could learn up to 200 signs, and one gorilla in particular began
to put signs into different orders to express different things; the beginnings of a grammar.
F. It would appear that apes are perfectly capable of using words, which implies that we are still not
very far from them in terms of brain structure. This suggests that it was language that produced the
giant leap forward our ancestors took all those years ago. Language is, after all, a unique way of
communicating the unseen, and of imagining the future and hypothetical. It is perhaps the ultimate
tool in the struggle for survival, and enabled us to spread to the four corners of the world.
In which section are the following mentioned?
31 a range of theories to explain our rapid evolution
32 the considerable time span required for major advances in development
33 apes being successfully taught an alternative communication system
34 physiology preventing advanced language use
35 other species demonstrating rudimentary handling skills
36 the contrast in lifestyles due to evolutionary leaps
37 apes being unable to express theoretical concepts
38 highly-developed spoken language allowing humanity to dominate the world
39 the widespread derision of a theory
40 grammatical awareness shown through an alternative form of communication

You are going to read a text about renewable energy. Mark A, B, C, or D on the answer sheet
to answer the questions 31 - 40.
HELPING THE WORLD TO GO GREEN
As the global demand for energy continues to rise, the need for cleaner alternatives to fossil fuels
becomes greater. Here are four places that are pioneers in the quest for a greener future.
A. Greensburg, Kansas
Greensburg on the Kansas prairie, was transformed into America’s greenest town after a massive
tornado in 2007 left 95 per cent of the buildings in the town destroyed. About half the 1,400
townspeople left, but of those who remained, a group of residents decided to rebuild the town,
making use of energy-saving technologies and renewable energy. A 12.5MW wind farm, which
supplies 300 per cent of the town’s electricity, was built a short distance from the town. The excess
electricity is pumped into the Kansas grid. Greensburg was rebuilt from scratch and the most
modern, energy-efficient building techniques were applied. As a result, the greatest concentration of
gold and platinum eco-design rated buildings in the US are to be found there, including large
government buildings which are rated platinum. This resulted in an annual saving for the town of
more than $200,000 and a reduction in its energy needs.
B. Iceland
All of Iceland’s electricity is generated from renewable sources; 75 per cent from hydroelectric
dams and the rest from geothermal energy. Its unique position on one of the major fault lines of the
earth, the mid-Atlantic ridge, means that it is perfectly placed to make use of this heat which comes
from the earth. Iceland, once completely dependent on peat and expensive imported coal from
Europe, has harnessed this heat to transform its power supply. When water is pumped down bore
holes drilled 1-2 miles into the thin crust of the earth, it returns as high-pressure steam, which is
used to turn turbines and so generate electricity. This heat is also used directly in the streets of the
capital, Reykjavik. They are kept free from snow and ice in winter by a system of underground
heated water pipes.
C. Copenhagen
Copenhagen, awarded the title of Europe’s Green Capital 2014, is blazing a trail in reducing carbon
emissions. It aims to become carbon neutral by 2025. To do this, it is expected to halve its emissions
and produce more renewable energy than it consumes. Measures will include switching from coal to
biomass in the capital’s heat and power plants. The ultimate goal of the city is to be independent of
fossil fuels by 2050. It is also believed that the city can reduce its energy consumption by focusing
on improving building standards and energy efficiency. In addition, the capital’s green mobility
initiative plays a major part in its ambition to become carbon neutral. In 2015, a plan was
announced to have half the city’s street lamps replaced with LED bulbs. As well as saving energy,
these lamps will help keep cyclists safe at night. The move is part of a huge investment in bicycle
infrastructure to encourage even more bicycle use in one of the world’s most bicycle-friendly cities.
The measure, along with the expansion of the public transport system, is part of the plan for 75 per
cent of all journeys to be on foot, or by public transport or bicycle by 2025. These transport
solutions contribute to a vision of a city based entirely on renewable energy, and one that could be
widely copied.
D. Fukushima
After being devastated by the 2011 tsunami, which led to radiation leaks from the Daiichi Nuclear
Power Plant, the district of Fukushima aims to rebuild itself as a renewable energy beacon. Japan
was seriously damaged by the nuclear disaster which resulted in nuclear reactors across the country
being switched off. This led to a steep rise in carbon emissions as the country had to revert to fossil
fuels. A commitment has been made by Fukushima’s government to provide its two million
residents with electricity from renewable sources by 2040. Community-scale solar and wind plants
are planned. The goal is to have 143 floating wind turbines with a capacity of 1GW installed by
2020.
According to the reading text, which place
31. will be an example that others can follow?
32. exploits its unusual geographical location for renewable energy sources?
33. used to buy fuel from other countries?
34. aims to cover its future needs using energy from the wind and sun?
35. uses clean energy sources to combat dangerous driving conditions?
36. has had its efforts to reduce emissions officially recognised?
37. had its energy source disrupted by a natural disaster?
38. creates much more energy than it needs?
39. has a strategy to reduce traffic emissions?
40. turned a natural disaster into an opportunity for green town planning?

Review:
The Hidden Life of Trees by Peter Wohlleben That so many copies of Peter
Wohlleben's book The Hidden Life of Trees have been sold is no surprise. Life in the urban jungle
can be overwhelming, and many of us long to escape by seeking more natural environments.We
hope an encounter with nature might make us feel more 'alive'. Would we use this same term to
describe nature itself, though? Forests and the trees that form them are commonly perceived as
objects lacking awareness, like rocks or stones. But here, Wohlleben would beg to differ. From his
observations, he has concluded that they are conscious in a way we do not fully understand.
In recent decades, a number of writers have investigated our planet's flora. The Cabaret of Plants by
Richard Mabey and What a Plant Knows by Daniel Chamovitz, for example, have done much to
reformulate our views about the green world. Central to many of these books is a serious message
about sustainability, and The Hidden Life of Trees is no exception.What sets it apart is its approach
to description: at the start Wohlleben announces that 'When you know that trees . .. have memories
and that tree parents live together with their children, then you can no longer just chop them down.'
Not everyone will be comfortable with this kind of anthropomorphism.
Nevertheless, Wohlleben's experience of working in a beech forest in the Eitel mountains of
Germany may put him in a better position than many to write a book about trees.In the introduction,
he explains that he started out as a state-employed forester, taking care of trees purely for industrial
reasons. The straighter they were, the more high-quality logs could be sawn. But after a while he
began to appreciate trees for more than just their commercial worth. He gives some of the credit for
this realisation to the tourists that would come to the forest, who were more enchanted by bent,
crooked trees, which did not conform to the straight ideal.
An anecdote that stands out is Wohlleben's encounter with 'the gnarled remains of an enormous tree
stump' in the Eitel forest. More than anything else, it was this encounter that prompted him to look
further into the hidden behaviour of trees. To his surprise, after scraping at the outside layer of bark
covering the stump, he discovered a green layer underneath. This was chlorophyll, the pigment
normally produced by living trees. Wohlleben realised that the only way the stump could still be
alive was if the surrounding beeches were providing it with a sugar solution through their own roots.
Wohlleben is not the first person to claim that trees are cooperative. In the 1990s, Dr Suzanne
Simard realised that fir and birch trees were supplying each other with carbon. Simard's findings
made complete sense to Wohlleben, who believes that this kind of nutrient exchange between
neighbours is typical of a healthy forest. Wohlleben also had the opportunity to deepen his
understanding of tree biology when researchers from Aachen University set up investigative
programmes in his beech forest. Discussions with them reinforced his beliefs about the way trees
thrived, and Wohlleben eventually found himself strongly opposed to some traditional forestry
practices. He finally succeeded in persuading local villagers that the forest should be allowed to
return to a natural state: this involved banning the use of machinery for logging, and giving up on
pesticides for a start. Since then, Wohlleben has been noting how his beech forest has developed,
and his observations formed the foundation for the book. Humour and a straightforward narrative
make it instantly appealing to readers without a science background - elements that have
successfully been translated into over a dozen languages. Those that do have scientific training,
however, will be more demanding. Critics of Wohlleben point out that proper academic studies need
to be done to prove all his claims are factually accurate. This seems a fair point. What the book will
certainly do is transform nature lovers' experiences of a forest walk. Once you know what is
happening below ground, you can't help but marvel at the complex life of trees. Will it transform the
way we produce timber for the manufacturing industry? As large corporations tend to focus on
immediate profits, they are hardly likely to adopt the longer-term practices that Wohlleben
recommends.
One of these is allowing trees to grow nearer to each other. This is the opposite of what happens in
many state-owned forests, where foresters deliberately space out trees so they can get more sunlight
and grow faster. But Wohlleben claims this spacing prevents vital root interaction, and so lowers
resistance to drought. Older, established trees, he explains, draw up moisture through their deep
roots and provide this to juvenile trees growing below them. Without this assistance, they could die.
The relationship between fungi and trees is also given attention. For instance, when pines require
more nitrogen, the fungi growing at their base release a poison into the soil. This poison kills many
minute organisms, which release nitrogen as they die, and this is absorbed by the trees' roots. In
return, the fungi receive photosynthesised sugar from the pines. Then Wohlleben explores the way
trees employ scent, giving the example of acacia trees in sub-Saharan Africa. When giraffes begin
feeding on an acacia's leaves, the tree emits ethylene gas as a warning to neighbouring acacias.
These then pump tannins into their leaves - substances toxic to giraffes. More controversial is
Wohlleben's suggestion that trees feel pain. Although scientific research has now established that if
branches are broken off or the trunk is hit with an axe, a tree will emit electrical signals from the site
of the wound, the application of the concept of 'pain' might be an instance where readers are
unconvinced.
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C orD.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
27. What is the reviewer emphasising in the phrase 'Wohlleben would beg to differ'?
A the fact that trees might not live as passively as we think
B the idea that a forest trip might increase people's vitality
C theway that a forest is the key feature of many landscapes
D the belief that trees exist only for the benefit of humans
28. According to the reviewer, a unique feature of The Hidden Life of Treesis
A its suggestion that ordinary people can act to protect forests.
B its viewpoint that only certain kinds of tree are worth preserving.
C its tendency to refer to trees as if they had human qualities.
D its simplistic rather than academic approach to writing.
29. What are we told about Peter Wohlleben's time as a state-employed forester?
A He hoped he could make a good living from cutting down trees.
B He changed his mind about the way in which trees were valuable.
C He rejected the ideas that visitors to the beech forest put forward.
D He introduced new techniques for improving the growth of trees.
30. The reviewer mentions the tree stump anecdote in order to
A question traditional thinking about the way trees grow.
B explain the motivation behindWohlleben's area of research.
C highlight Wohlleben's lack of formal scientific training.
D suggest how personal stories have brought a dull topic to life.
Questions 31-36
Do the following statements agree with the views of thewriter in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-36 on your answersheet, write YES – NO - NOT GIVEN
31. Wohlleben was sceptical about the results of Dr Suzanne Simard's research.
32. Wohlleben's theories about trees were confirmed after talking to Aachen University scientists.
33. It was a good decision to get rid of machinery and pesticides from the beech forest.
34. The translators of The Hidden Life of Trees should be given more recognition for their
contribution.
35. Some of Wohlleben's ideas about trees must be investigated further before they can be accepted
as true.
36. The Hidden Life of Treesis likely to affect how forests are managed by the manufacturing
industry.
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 37-40 onyour answersheet.
37. The distance between trees in state-owned forests
38. The fungi growing at the base of trees
39. The scent sometimes given off by trees
40. The electrical signals sent out by trees
A may prevent harm occurring to the same tree species.
B can be the result of different forms of damage.
C might help the spread of trees in a new location.
D could be a sign that trees have reached maturity.
E may affect how vulnerable young trees are during dry periods.
F can play a part in providing essential nutrients.
G might encourage disease in trees growing nearby

Part 4: For questions 76-85, read a passage and choose the answer A, B, C, or D which fits best
according to the text. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
The relationship between age and income is only casually appreciated by recent theories on the
purported redistribution of income. It is known, of course, that the average person's income begins
to decline after he is fifty-five years of age, and that it declines sharply after sixty-five. In 1957, 58
percent of the spending units headed by persons sixty-five years and older earned less than $2,000.
The relationship between old age and low income has often been considered a reflection of
sociological rather than economic factors - and therefore not to be included in any study of the
economy. Actually, the character of the relationship is too integrated to be dissected. However, its
significance is mounting with the increase in the number of older persons. The lowest-income
groups include a heavy concentration of older persons - in 1957, one-third of all spending units in
the $0-$2,000 class were headed by persons sixty-five years and older; in 1948, it was 28 percent.
But in economic planning and social policy, it must be remembered that, with the same income, the
sixty-five-or-more spending unit will not spend less or need less than the younger spending unit,
even though the pressure to save is greater than on the young. The functional ethos of our economy
dictates that the comparatively unproductive old-age population should consume in accordance with
their output rather than their requirements. Most social scientists have accepted these values; they
have assumed that the minimum economic needs of the aged should be lower than those of the
younger family. But it is precisely at retirement that personal requirements and the new demands of
leisure call for an even larger income if this period is to be something more enjoyable than a wait
for death.
The relationship between age and income is seen most clearly in the unionized blue-collar worker.
Except for layoffs, which his seniority minimizes, and wage increments for higher productivity,
awarded in many industries, his income range is determined by his occupation. But within that
income range, the deciding factor is the man's age. After forty-five, the average worker who loses
his job has more difficulty in finding a new one. Despite his seniority, the older worker is likely to
be downgraded to a lower-paying job when he can no longer maintain the pace set by younger men.
This is especially true of unskilled and semi-skilled workers.
The early and lower income period of a person's working life, during which he acquires his basic
vocational skills, is most pronounced for the skilled, managerial, or professional worker. Then,
between the ages of twenty-five and fifty, the average worker receives his peak earnings.
Meanwhile, his family expenses rise; there are children to support and basic household durables to
obtain. Although his family's income may rise substantially until he is somewhere between thirty-
five and forty-five, per capita consumption may drop at the same time. For the growing, working-
class family, limited in income by the very nature of the breadwinner's occupation, the economic
consequences of this parallel rise in age, income, and obligations are especially pressing. Many in
the low-income classes are just as vulnerable to poverty during middle age, when they have a
substantially larger income, as in old age. As family obligations finally do begin declining, so does
income. Consequently, most members of these classes never have an adequate income.
Thus we see that, for a time, increasing age means increasing income, and therefore a probable
boost in income-tenth position. Although there are no extensive data in the matter, it can be
confidently asserted that the higher income-tenths have a much greater representation of spending
units headed by persons aged thirty-five to fifty-five than do the lower income-tenths. This is
demonstrably the case among the richest 5 percent of the consumer units. The real question is: To
what extent does distribution of income-tenths within a certain age group deviate from distribution
of income-tenths generally? Although information is not as complete as might be desired, there is
more than enough to make contingent generalizations. Detailed data exist on income distribution by
tenths and by age for 1935-36 and 1948, and on income-size distribution by age for the postwar
years. They disclose sharp income inequalities within every age group (although more moderate in
the eighteen-to-twenty-five category) - inequalities that closely parallel the overall national income
pattern. The implication is clear: A spending unit's income-tenth position within his age category
varies much less, if at all, and is determined primarily by his occupation.
In other words, in America, the legendary land of economic opportunity where any man can work
his way to the top, there is only slight income mobility outside the natural age cycle of rising, then
falling income. Since most ofthe sixty-five-and-over age group falls into the low-income brackets
and constitutes the largest segment ofthe $0–$2,000 income class, it is of obvious importance in
analyzing future poverty in the United States to examine the growth trends of this group. The sixty-
five-and-over population composed 4.0 percent of the total population in 1900, 5.3 percent in 1930,
8.4 percent in 1955, and reached 10.8 percent in 2010. Between 1900 and 2010, the total national
population increased 276 percent, but those from ages forty-five through sixty-four increased 416
percent, and those sixty-five and over increased 672 percent. Between 1990 and 2010, the
population aged eighteen to twenty-five also grew far more rapidly than the middle-aged population.
With the more rapid expansion of these two low-income groups, the young and the old, in the years
immediately ahead, an increase in the extent of poverty is probable.
76. According to the passage, most social scientists erroneously assume that _
A. personal expenses increase with the age of the spending unit
B. the needs of the younger spending unit are greater than those of the aged
C. leisure living requires increased income
D. the old age population should consume in accordance with their requirements
77. What can be inferred about the 35-55 age category?
A. Income-tenth positions vary greatly.
B. Income-tenth positions vary very little.
C. There is great mobility between income-tenth positions.
D. Occupations have little bearing on the income-tenth position.
78. In the passage the term "functional ethos" means _
A. national group B. ethic influence C. prevailing ideology D. biased opinion
79. The word "their" refers to
A. the young B. ethos C. the old-age population D. scientists
80. The article states that the old age population
A. has increased due to longer life expectancy
B. exceeds all but the 18-25 age group in growth rate
C. is well represented among the higher-income tenths
D. is increasing as a percentage of the low-income tenths
81. According to the author, economic opportunity in America is greatly limited by the
following factors EXCEPT.
A. natural age cycle
C. class
B. occupation
D. income inequality within each group
82. According to the passage, the older, unionized blue-collar workers are
A. assured constant salary until retirement
B. given preference over new workers because of seniority
C. likely to receive downgraded salary
D. more susceptible to lay-off after 40
83. The article states that the average worker finds that
A. as family obligations begin escalating, income begins to decline
B. his wage gains coincide with the decline of family needs
C. he earns least while he is acquiring vocational skills
D. he reaches peak earning power between the ages of 40-65
84. The article states that within higher income-tenths
A. 5% of the spending units are in the 35-55 age group
B. the income-tenth increases occur only in the 35-55 age group
C. the 35-55 age group have a greater representation than they do with the lower-income tenths
D. income variables show a higher correlation than those determined by occupation
85. It can be inferred that one could most accurately predict a person's income from_
A. his seniority position
C. his occupation
B. his natural age cycle
D. his occupation and age

Part 5: The passage below consists of five paragraphs marked A, B, C, D and E. For questions
86-95, read the passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes provided.
A. MYTH: The idea of being 'contemporary' is new
First, the screamingly obvious: all art (if it is any good) has at some point been 'contemporary', had
a moment where it was fresh and new and yes, occasionally, shocking. From the early
impressionists to Picasso's Cubism, the history of more moden art is littered with innovations and
provocations. It may seem crass, opportunistic, or just plain ugly, but at its best, it's what the artist is
doing to move the medium forward. To be clear, the idea that art is just the production and
reproduction of images died a long, long time ago. Besides, we have Instagram for that. One of the
classic confusions these days is when you go into a gallery and are confronted by a dizzying
smorgasbord of photographs, paintings, sculptures, installations, and video. The progress of
technology has meant that artists are able to work in different media; the natural curiosity of the
artist means they often want to. As for whether they are any good, who knows? That is entirely
subjective.
B. MYTH: You're meant to be impressed by everything
One of the worst things someone can say at an art gallery is, 'My child could do that!' That's not
because it's insulting to the artist. It's because you've missed a trick. Get your child to do it, then! It
would be at the very least pay for their future astronomical student fees. If you will persist in
viewing the art world as a joke, just be sure that it isn't at your expense.It's okay to dislike some
contemporary art. You're not meant to like everything, or indeed 'get' it. Because that is the big fear:
'Do I get it?' This is, however, looking through the wrong end ofthe telescope. Sometimes, with art,
there isn't much to get - it's just whether it touches you at a more instinctive, gut level. Other times,
there is so much to get, so many potential readings, that you couldn't possibly get all of them
anyway. Chances are, the artist hasn't either. Failure is a prerequisite, and must be forgiven. Not
every work that is created and shown is a Raphael. Not every idea that seemed dazzling in the studio
comes across as particularly deft inamuseum. Remember: no artist sets out to be minor. Yet the
sieving process of history will deem that most of them are.
C. MYTH: All the beautiful pictures have gone
Contemporary art is all piles of bricks and clouds of wasps and practical jokes, and no one likes a
nice pretty picture any more, right? Wrong. The monsters of contemporary art have always given us
stunning images, from the mysterious blurry paintings of Gerhard Richter to the multiple Marilyns
of Andy Warhol. They may be playing with beauty, making it strange or unsettling, but it's beauty
of a sort all the same. What's more, right now, figurative painting is back in fashion, summoning
huge sums at auction houses and getting critical recognition too. The Whitechapel Gallery's current
show, Radical Figures, is celebrating ten contemporary artists who - shock, horror! - are using paint
to portray human beings.

D. MYTH: Artists want to thumb their noses at Western tradition

Okay, so you think that Western art is declining and decadent because the West is decadent and in
decline. Fine. But note that contemporary art has very much opened itself up to other continents;
these days, no self-respecting museum isn't scrambling to host work from Africa, Asia or South
America. You could call it tokenism, you could call it vampirism, but you could also call it common
sense. Fervid interest in the likes of the Nigerian Njideka Akunyili Crosby, or the Argentine-Swiss
Vivian Suter (both contributors to London's Art on the Underground scheme) remind us that the art
world isn't necessarily a closed circle; it is much, much larger than you think.
E. MYTH: Artworks are just playthings for the ultra-rich
Art has always been a yardstick of power. It was like this when the Medici were covering Florence
with their self-aggrandizing commissions, and it's like this now when a billionaire funds a brand
new wing at Tate Modern and gets their name plastered on it. To grumble about the relations
between art and money is really to try to close the stable door once the horse has bolted. Everyone
kvetches about how much modern art costs, but this is more to do with our grim fascination with
money rather than any specific interest in the works. If a billionaire chooses to spend millions on a
pile of bricks and rubber, at least they are supporting an artist and a gallery, indeed a whole
ecosystem in which other, smaller artists can thrive. The general public, meanwhile, isn't asked to
spend millions to enjoy the same stuff, thankfully.
In which section are the following mentioned?
86. a suggestion that the majority of artists will fail to make a lasting impression
87. the inherent impossibility of determining the definitive quality of artworks
88. an admission that it is too late to end a controversial connection
89. a reassurance that emotional responses are more valid than interpretation
90. a hint that the quality of art can be judged by its originality
91. an outdated assumption that art is essentially about still pictures
92. a rebuttal of a claim about a decline in the aesthetic value of art
93. the indirect benefits of an apparently ridiculous decision
94. an arrogant assertion that is likely to reflect badly on the critic
95. a rejection of criticisms of displaying work by a more diverse range of creators