Date :
DiviSioa Agenuithon wih b>o, the ext
Stalwen Given Qnd b,
and L
Q qbt qetient and
he calod
2eMaindes
a - b Z0
an
to
Tosho he non- emptinex the set s. Tt Suftices
axhibit value a- ndb non-ngativ
Since, b>|, we haye af b
a-(-la) b a+ lalb >at a l o
Eon he choice
Contains
wel Ording pincipe s the set s
Cal it n
dofinikion of thesetis, an
}atiying
that h rkb, t it i not ten
Hhen n b
r-b
So, a
But a - ( t )b n-b <r
So ts deading fo the Conthadiction ofe< the chaice ef
er ce, rL.< b
the Uiqveness
Sugposs Inas fo repres
tu% representation a=qbt=q'bt'
where
Teacher's Signature
NT
David M
Buton
Page No.
Date :
hn
n'
obtain -b <a'-n <beauivalnty a'-n<b
O-é9-2<
becase
4-a) hegatie the
pesiki lity
Hence, and it tuns ut fhe sae for n<r
Page No.
Date: . 2 25
GCD
qien intogers, wjth atleant
the non- 2ee The Gateut Common Divisor of
denstad lbg gcd Cab) posttive inaad
the follouing
b
b) cla
heorem
Given
then xita 4such that
gcd (a,b= ant lby
PlCoaiden the et S ef all paitive linean Comlination o
St
claim Non- eptines
Non
whe We dhoos
poaitive
OF
nnegative accondigy
By vinte
leant alopent onding pineiple , ut Coutain
Qxit Kydean tb
UAing diviAitn AlqaniBhmm
aaing e Can aletain
a- qd
9lax+ by)
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Page No.
Date :
pesitive, then element cf S whech
conthadct th tact that,d s Jeast lment
>a = d
dla
Sinilaly the
b
CommDn divison a and bb.
’ c an t by
anbitrany Comnnon dvisor of a andb
c d
abcEZ
QFind the qcd (aons 24,138)
24
-20
24
-6 18s
d 24 t 34
24 (138- SX24
Teacher
Page No.
Date :
66X24 - X138
Se, = G, y* -|
find gca(12 6A, 2378)
n6a328
|69
604
2
218
SS)
S8
-522
29 ’1dl1961, 2343)
24sa2
24 1964x t 237 xy
(Go9- sslx)
1969+ G69x2x )
K60 6
SSI-l348 - 1769- 469 + (p33-969)xa]s].
- SSI- 3 x 2378
= SS)- 27 X 2378 t 36 X1?69
27 X2 378 +36 X1769
: (963 - (2323- 1769x2
=39 Teacher's Signature
< 39 X I?69
y-29
Page NO.
Date :
Equatisn Guen by cliophanto s)
Diophantine
heonemThe linean Diophatine eqyation axtey =c hes a selute
whene de gcá lab).
the diophantineequatien be anty z j aku
ab and c
Su ppose, lhat zbe t' selution, tnn
Let d gcd(at)
antby se ha Aal^ f dle
We caim that thu eguation
Now.as
a d bs ds
’t and s eZ
Since,
:da o t dsya
dla
ddq
So, de
A a diephantiL Rguadien autbyz
adnit it's thendle
)letdlcwhe dz gcd ab)
As gcdlab) d existence Condition t
t d: ano t byo
»dt: alxa t) t by)
by
So, t prroves the guatien e antby=C has atleaat
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Date:
olvtion not and
heonem
solution of linean diophantine egvation
all othe
othe sol"'s ae
Sugpose
axs t byo = ant by
Funthn dgod asb) (
and b=d's
we now d= gcd a,b)
frar
salativaty prime
Fnem awatiaa
a(uar bly-y)
s(y-4)
>n]y-4)
=ntocfoR tEZ"
for teZ
(
Teacher's Signature
Page N
Date:
Also
S
s(o-o)
=S t EZ.
M: Mo -
Page No.
Date:
fUNDAMENTAL lHeoREM OF ARi THME TIC
n>l a rim o a product
Evey positie intzqe
puimesi this hepnesatation u enigue, apant trn the
which th tactors OCcv
composit
44 is nothing to proe
4 n Compsite thea thene Lxit an istgea d ay
Amog- all ieqea dy daooae R to be themallest
well ondening prunciplu
"pinme otheruine thee facten
Then, mut be a
div sor
But
’ 2 which ead to aContadiction
a to
Hhat , Hhe malest
the ny mption
|n,n
whe iA prime
then we hawe tation .
|<n,<n,
prime then ane done othese nPna
n P Pzn
>Can't
The decne aing Beg
Centine indafiditey nK-1 is prime Call it Pk
Say afta a fiate stips
be
spnesed as paoduct
two ntaqu
Suppax that, th
primes
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Page No.
Date:
Sey all
oich
paimes
wnitten in Caeaing magnibde
kat
PP = K ton ome |KSS.
but P . Sinula Alaso ning qives .
Cancel factorand obtai
By Continuing
=
earliebince
, which is alud Since
hence nes
is maks the
dutentfacton
-e
wnique:
Can be n t n in aCanon
fonh n p P
K3 K
Qach Ki Pa whe
with
poaitive intege and eadh P:
Date :
nth
2s
Thene infinite nw maen of prines
forn
Paket fon finit numben
form Yn3
hen considea,
4(442--nt3+4-9
Hen, is eithe prime Composite.
prine2 then we're done, we tound anothe
prme ethe form
But itif &is net prie, Hhen itspnin tactn oill give
a pae 0then than
l2, 3 , n
|Now, the pnánneobta'ned in prine. ta ctonization e
Can eihen be torm 4K+3.
but hen pimea torm 4K+1 Qae multiplied
qet the product in he fonn Mk+l.
Contnadiction s foUnd aunothen Prumi
Page No.
azblmodoat!5 3 25
eotomon
ane
anbitnon
nemaindea
a & b jaa b leae
when divided by n.
lo prove - asbCmod n ) b = a(mod n)
Fit we take aE b (Modn), do that ab+Kn ton
Some
When diidd by
by b leawes a Certain nemainder rei
Bhat is
az lbtKn =Gt)+ kn'- (tK)n+
wich implies has he amemaindn a b
onit
Sugose Can
emainden Thu,
the ae
(2in+) -(22n+ (i-e)n
Mence the anguag congauencs
have a b(mod n).
k 2, m
PageNo.
Date :
then ablMed k)
mltiple
1
mn
Kk:
hos that Ve at leat ohe
a0(med 3)
K=|mod4)
Qheneve intege )
even
odd it tom ne
Conaruences Ihen the odd indegens take
us form
2K ) 12K t3, 12 KtS, |2 k t 2 k + , 2Kt|L
ane diisi ble ay then al
thm fonm OCmod 3
12K+) 2k+ S the form
faum
the SCmed
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Page No.
Date :
Ex-To show hat
Soi" 2 =32
divides 2
So, 2
20
32 = f) Cmad u)
Th 4:2
20
6s6) (nod )
’2 E65G]-1
20
> 2°-) 6s6o Cm od y1)
= 0 (mod 4)
20
Since 116SGo
6560
(2)1 (<)" (mod u)
2
(-a)q) (mod 4)
E) (a) (mod 4)
2
20
2 i divisi ble by
|!t2! + 3! +-+99!+l00!
Q-Find remainden when
is divided by 2.
i not divisible by 2
12
2 = 2
q)= 24 divisible
anging trem 4&kstloo,
So,taan ton al K atergin
divisible 12 mod (2)
K! o t - -- t 0
2 t 6 t 0+
So, nemainde 12)
+3!+-.- l00 = 4 (m od
e t2!
So, nemaindini q. Teacher'sSignature
Page No.
Date:
Find he emainden 24 when 24
(25)
24
(mod 24)
25) u ( mod 24)
24
Lmod24)
Lemai nde
247
fino nenainden when g divided
244
3 =|S 94323
) l 3 ) " 5 (2) (mo 14)
24? 14
(3)'x(2) x 2" (mod (4)
247
4
3
2 (mod 12)
13102
3
(Mo d 19) 34mod
23
So, 3
Page No.
Date
Ex io Cmod 6) ha oltiosit dl whe dsgdls
Sin ce d b
8+66) 2
-6 X5
Linean Conguene tquation
ax= b mod w)
has a
Tut the Aalvobilty
lo (mod ) 6) 8,6)
k) 2 s 3mod 4) (2,4)3
E? (nod 5)
2
2]--)-10, -4, 2, 8, 4, - - t
Solve he
(12, 18) =6 angnaea
and
ce
So exits
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Page No.
Date: ?. 4. 2S
Chinese Remaindn Theonem
linca ConaruaceA
b.Cmod mi
al b(Mod m)
b(mad m)
linear Congnuen Cai n= ai(mod mihene
he Madui paunuise Nelatively primelke
Solution The ploof has tws panta 0 the syt hes a
Take
Mi =M Miz M. i 1SiK
Since, the modui poarusy|siszalatvly
K
pnine
Ne haNe Bolvion.
tt |sisKhas Qnaque
Tace M= a,M t a2M22 t
aj Mi Ji
dolution
that has
Next, to oluhon
has Teacher's Signature
Eulens tun f(u no
f(24) fa'xsxs)
2- 2 (s sPage No.
(3-3 Date:
61
Then (mod mod m;)
o (Mod
Cmod M)
The hay Uniaque
Solve the inean
n 3CMod 5).
S Go 20 Mas M
M,: M 3
mi
Then
238 mod Go)
S& (mod Go)
M
2 Solve =lhed
=lno 3)
ne2med )
ma
3(mod
M 3xsx = 105
M. 35 Ma2 Mae
Bys ckT Me a Mi yi (Mod M
-x35xN2 +2x 221Xt 3XSX)Mod loS
mod ss) = |5 mo los)
h52
Page No.
Date : 29.4 25
Pollad Rho factonization technigye
Shes
Choo a Simle polunomial
like f = n t a
itger co
ca okficienta roUnd on
SAosting coth iitial
evauatbd aing ecunaie nelato
a) Cmod n) k=01,2,
n= 21R9 find a non - trivial divisor o
2
Take f ( +
Xs fa)= 458 330 (mnd 2.129)
qcd(o3, 218a)=
gca l24, 219) =
Eeak Hle Theonem
4 P i, a pnime
ipha-dhen aP-)m o d p.
ake finst (e ) multipleoh a' ie la, 24, 3a
we see Ahat non o these numaena Congnend madule
fo any otta Congluak to zed
t in ) t be
to L2, (p-i)" taken inin Some ond, we qet a, 2a, 3a
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Date:
(p-Va 2,3, (e-)(mod p
proved.
Wilson' heoam an
Qnd sufhiieut Cenod fon
(Thss qives necaeA any
prme
isteg a andince =,2, (P-d p
P
Put
(p-)mod p)
he thn
Co-) mod p)
p-)) + : o (mod p)
(p-)!+EO(mod p) fo sho p ia paime
onusasely lat hn Cotnpoaite
let not prime
Toke pnapea tacton Wehawe
So
+(mod )
Contradition
not Co mpaaite hen ce prin
Page No.
Date :
Mulipli Caive tunction (Fundomtal th ah Mudipli catie
Aumction)
|Moulaa
Divison funciona
tundametal dhonenok atth malic n
doeantMatt
fvl' theorem
4E qcdla.m)=)thun am:(mod m)
funchion(todient fun chon)
Wme M Qnd nedatiely pnie t m, me
o) 2 2
E2-2 = 2
(2)x (3)
Syatim module m.
Fan, (mod m)1 pime fo m
He
pain ach
ani, a n z - a ol)mod m)
a
R Cmod m)
a (mod m)
Cmod m)
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Date:
Moltiplicati ve tunction
tunctif
A funchon callhd mulki pli atin
tor
fab) SinCe
multp licative tvaction
St tln]:n k K
(mn) m
(mn)' m'n
Fundamn Buat alheerean oe mutipication fonction
be a mutdi pli cative function and n bea
kakowak Supgoe
int uith Canonical up
and ei tve
paimes
Res By indn chion Onumben distinct prinm
Baaiss ton kl,
44 Kl then n s pnume
e2 e
tue fon K=ne nP
Supgass
No t
Pa
et
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Page No.
Date :
fCm)
-- -
ent
the fon n
Heace
