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 Bioethics
An Anthology
FOURTH EDITION

Edited by

Udo Schüklenk and Peter Singer

This edition first published 2022
Editorial material and organization © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Edition History
Edition history: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (1e, 1999 and 2e, 2006); John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (3e, 2006)

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Schüklenk, Udo, 1964- editor. | Singer, Peter, 1946- editor.

Title: Bioethics : an anthology / edited by Udo Schüklenk, and Peter
Singer.
Other titles: Bioethics (Kuhse) | Blackwell philosophy anthologies ; 37.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell, 2022. |
Series: Blackwell philosophy anthologies ; 37 | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020032198 (print) | LCCN 2020032199 (ebook) | ISBN
9781119635116 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119635086 (adobe pdf) | ISBN
9781119635154 (epub)
Subjects: MESH: Bioethics | Ethics, Medical | Bioethical Issues | Collected
Work
Classification: LCC R724 (print) | LCC R724 (ebook) | NLM WB 5 | DDC
174–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032198
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020032199

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Imagno/Hulton Fine Art Collection/Getty Images

Set in 10/12pt Bembo by Straive, Pondicherry, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Contents

Acknowledgmentsxiii
Introduction  1

Part I Abortion 9
Introduction11
1 Abortion and Infanticide 15
Michael Tooley
2 A Defense of Abortion 31
Judith Jarvis Thomson
3 The Wrong of Abortion 42
Patrick Lee and Robert P. George
4 Why Abortion is Immoral 54
Don Marquis

Part II Issues in Reproduction 67

Introduction69

Assisted Reproduction 73
5 The McCaughey Septuplets: God’s Will or Human Choice? 75
Gregory Pence
6 The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics Too 78
Timothy F. Murphy
7 Rights, Interests, and Possible People 85
Derek Parfit
vi conte nts

Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection, and Cloning 91

8 Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? 93
Laura M. Purdy
9 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis 101
The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine
10 Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A Response to the Ethics Committee
of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine 107
Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl
1 1 Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors 110
David King
12 The Moral Status of Human Cloning: Neo‐Lockean Persons versus Human Embryos 115
Michael Tooley

Part III Genetic Manipulation 133

Introduction135
13 Questions about Some Uses of Genetic Engineering 139
Jonathan Glover
14 The Moral Significance of the Therapy–Enhancement Distinction in Human Genetics 151
David B. Resnik
15 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 162
Nick Bostrom
16 Statement on NIH Funding of Research Using Gene‐Editing Technologies in Human Embryos 170
Francis S. Collins
17 Genome Editing and Assisted Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Prospective Parents? 172
Giulia Cavaliere
18 Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad (Germline Editing) Wolf? 185
R. Alta Charo
19 An Ethical Pathway for Gene Editing 191
Julian Savulescu and Peter Singer

Part IV Life and Death Issues 195

Introduction197
20 The Sanctity of Life 207
Jonathan Glover
21 Declaration on Euthanasia 218
Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith
 conte nts vii

Killing and Letting Die 223

22 Active and Passive Euthanasia 225
James Rachels
23 The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View 230
Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.
24 Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? 235
Winston Nesbitt
25 Why Killing is Not Always Worse – and Sometimes Better – Than Letting Die 240
Helga Kuhse
26 Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics 244
Franklin G. Miller, Robert D.Truog, and Dan W. Brock

Newborns255
27 Can a Physician Ever Justifiably Euthanize a Severely Disabled Newborn? 257
Robert M. Sade
28 No to Infant Euthanasia 259
Gilbert Meilaender
29 Physicians Can Justifiably Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates 262
Udo Schüklenk
30 You Should Not Have Let Your Baby Die 266
Gary Comstock
31 After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live? 269
Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva
32 Does a Human Being Gain the Right to Live after He or She is Born? 275
Christopher Kaczor
33 Hard Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case 280
Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu

Brain Death 289

34 A Definition of Irreversible Coma 291
Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine
the Definition of Brain Death
35 The Challenge of Brain Death for the Sanctity of Life Ethic 296
Peter Singer
36 The Philosophical Debate 308
The President’s Council on Bioethics
viii conte nts

37 An Alternative to Brain Death 318

Jeff McMahan

Advance Directives 323

38 Life Past Reason 325
Ronald Dworkin
39 Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy 333
Rebecca Dresser

Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide 343

40 The Note 345
Chris Hill
41 When Self‐Determination Runs Amok 350
Daniel Callahan
42 When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok 356
John Lachs
43 Physician‐Assisted Death and Severe, Treatment‐Resistant Depression 361
Bonnie Steinbock
44 Are Concerns about Irremediableness,Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient
to Justify Excluding All Psychiatric Patients from Medical Aid in Dying? 378
William Rooney, Udo Schüklenk, and Suzanne van de Vathorst

Part V Resource Allocation 393

Introduction395
45 In a Pandemic, Should We Save Younger Lives? 399
Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett
46 The Value of Life 403
John Harris
47 Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination 413
Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord
48 Rescuing Lives: Can’t We Count? 420
Paul T. Menzel
49 Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation? 423
Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler
 conte nts ix

Part VI Obtaining Organs 431

Introduction433
50 Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? 435
Eike‐Henner W. Kluge
51 The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales 439
Janet Radcliffe‐Richards, A. S. Daar, R. D. Guttmann, R. Hoffenberg, I. Kennedy,
M. Lock, R. A. Sells and N.Tilney and for the International Forum Transplant Ethics
52 Ethical Issues in the Supply and Demand of Kidneys 443
Debra Satz
53 The Survival Lottery 456
John Harris

Part VII Ethical Issues in Research 463

Introduction465

Experimentation with Humans 473

54 Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Research 475
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
55 Scientific Research is a Moral Duty 483
John Harris
56 Participation in Biomedical Research is an Imperfect Moral Duty: A Response to John Harris 495
Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple
57 Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission
of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries 501
Peter Lurie and Sidney M.Wolfe
58 We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them 507
Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke‐Mudido
59 Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research 510
Peter Singer and Richard Yetter Chappell

Experimentation with Animals 515

60 Duties towards Animals 517
Immanuel Kant
61 A Utilitarian View 519
Jeremy Bentham
x conte nts

62 The Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong 521

Nathan Nobis
63 The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research 535
Dario L. Ringach
64 Ethical Issues When Modelling Brain Disorders in Non‐Human Primates 550
Carolyn P. Neuhaus

Academic Freedom and Research 559

65 On Liberty 561
John Stuart Mill
66 Should Some Knowledge Be Forbidden?: The Case of Cognitive Differences Research 566
Janet A. Kourany
67 Academic Freedom and Race: You Ought Not to Believe What You Think May Be True 575
James R. Flynn

Part VIII Public Health Issues 585

Introduction587
68 Ethics and Infectious Disease 591
Michael J. Selgelid
69 XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency 602
Jerome Amir Singh, Ross Upshur, and Nesri Padayatchi
70 Clinical Ethics During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Missing the Trees for the Forest 612
Vijayaprasad Gopichandran
71 The Moral Obligation to be Vaccinated: Utilitarianism, Contractualism, and Collective Easy Rescue 620
Alberto Giubilini,Thomas Douglas, and Julian Savulescu
72 Taking Responsibility for Responsibility 638
Neil Levy

Part IX Ethical Issues in the Practice of Healthcare 651

Introduction653

When do Doctors have a Duty to Treat? 659

73 What Healthcare Professionals Owe Us: Why Their Duty to Treat During a Pandemic
is Contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 661
Udo Schüklenk
74 Conscientious Objection in Health Care 667
Mark R.Wicclair
 conte nts xi

75 Conscientious Objection in Medicine: Accommodation versus Professionalism

and the Public Good 682
Udo Schüklenk

Confidentiality693
76 Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept 695
Mark Siegler
77 A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality 699
Kenneth Kipnis

Truth-Telling713
78 On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives 715
Immanuel Kant
79 Should Doctors Tell the Truth? 717
Joseph Collins
80 On Telling Patients the Truth 724
Roger Higgs

Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy 731

81 On Liberty 733
John Stuart Mill
82 From Schloendorff v. NewYork Hospital 736
Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo
83 Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges 737
Tom L. Beauchamp
84 The Doctor–Patient Relationship in Different Cultures 745
Ruth Macklin
85 Transgender Children and the Right to Transition: Medical Ethics When Parents Mean
Well But Cause Harm 758
Maura Priest
86 Amputees by Choice 777
Carl Elliott
87 Rational Desires and the Limitation of Life‐Sustaining Treatment 788
Julian Savulescu
xii conte nts

Part X Disability 807

Introduction809
88 Valuing Disability, Causing Disability 811
Elizabeth Barnes
89 Is Disability Mere Difference? 829
Greg Bognar
90 Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy 835
Adrienne Asch
91 Down Syndrome Screening Isn’t about Public Health: It’s about Eliminating a Group of People 851
Renate Lindeman
92 I Would’ve Aborted a Fetus with Down Syndrome: Women Need that Right 854
Ruth Marcus

Part XI Neuroethics 857

Introduction859
93 Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind 861
Neil Levy
94 Engineering Love 867
Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg
95 Unrequited Love Hurts: Should Doctors Treat Broken Hearts? 870
Francesca Minerva
96 Stimulating Brains, Altering Minds 876
Walter Glannon
97 Authenticity or Autonomy? When Deep Brain Stimulation Causes a Dilemma 883
Felicitas Kraemer
98 On the Necessity of Ethical Guidelines for Novel Neurotechnologies 889
Sara Goering and Rafael Yuste
Index895
 Acknowledgments

The editor and publisher gratefully acknowledge the 6 Timothy Murphy, “The Meaning of Synthetic
permission granted to reproduce the copyright Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and
­material in this book: Bioethics Too,” pp. 762–765 from Journal of
Medical Ethics 40 (2014). Reproduced with
1 Michael Tooley, “Abortion and Infanticide,” ­permission of BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
pp. 37–65 from Philosophy and Public Affairs 1 7 Derek Parfit, “Rights, Interests, and Possible
(1972). Reproduced with permission of John People,” pp. 369–375 from Samuel Gorovitz et al.
Wiley & Sons. (eds.), Moral Problems in Medicine (Englewood
2 Judith Jarvis Thomson, “A Defense of Abortion,” Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1976). Reproduced
pp. 47–66 from Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 1 courtesy of Derek Parfit.
(1971). Reproduced with permission of John 8 Laura M. Purdy, “Genetics and Reproductive
Wiley & Sons. Risk: Can Having Children be Immoral?,” pp.
3 Patrick Lee and Robert P. George, “The Wrong of 39–49 from Reproducing Persons: Issues in Feminist
Abortion,” pp. 13−26 from Andrew I. Cohen and Bioethics (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
Christopher Health Wellman (eds.), Contemporary 1996). Reproduced with permission of Cornell
Debates in Applied Ethics (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley‐ University Press.
Blackwell, 2014). Reproduced with permission of 9 The Ethics Committee of the American
John Wiley & Sons. Society of Reproductive Medicine, “Sex
4 Don Marquis, “Why Abortion Is Immoral,” Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diag­
pp. 183–202 from Journal of Philosophy 86: 4 (April nosis,” pp. 595–598 from Fertility and Sterility
1989). Reproduced with permission of the author 72: 4 (October 1999). Reproduced with per­
and The Journal of Philosophy, Inc. mission of Elsevier.
5 Gregory Pence,“Multiple Gestation and Damaged 10 Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl, “Sex
Babies: God’s Will or Human Choice?” This essay Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis: A
draws on “The McCaughey Septuplets: God’s Will Response to the Ethics Committee of the
or Human Choice,” pp. 39–43 from Gregory American Society of Reproductive Medicine,”
Pence, Brave New Bioethics (Lanham, MD: pp. 1879–1880 from Human Reproduction 15: 9
Rowman & Littlefield, 2002). © 2002 Gregory (2000). Reproduced with permission of Oxf­
Pence. Reproduced courtesy of Gregory Pence. ord University Press.
xiv acknowle dgme nts

11 David King, “Why We Should Not Permit 20 Jonathan Glover, “The Sanctity of Life,”
Embryos to Be Selected as Tissue Donors,” pp. 39–59 from Causing Death and Lives (London:
pp. 13–16 from The Bulletin of Medical Ethics 190 Pelican, 1977).
(August 2003). © 2003 RSM Press. Reproduced 21 Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the
with permission of the Royal Society of Faith, “Declaration on Euthanasia” (Vatican City,
Medicine. 1980). Public domain.
12 Michael Tooley, “The Moral Status of the 22 James Rachels, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,”
Cloning of Human Cloning: Neo Lockean pp. 78–80 from New England Journal of Medicine
Persons Versus Human Embryos.” Written for 292 (1975). © 1975 Massachusetts Medical
this edition (2021) and reproduced courtesy of Society. Reproduced with permission of
Michael Tooley. Massachusetts Medical Society.
13 Jonathan Glover, “Questions about Some Uses 23 Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.,
of Genetic Engineering,” pp. 25–33, 33–36, “The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View,”
42–43, and 45–53 from What Sort of People Should pp. 381–419 from Life and Death with Liberty and
There Be? (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984). Justice: A Contribution to the Euthanasia Debate
14 David B. Resnik, “The Moral Significance of the (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame
Therapy–Enhancement Distinction in Human Press, 1971). Reproduced with permission of
Genetics,” pp. 365–377 from Cambridge Quarterly University of Notre Dame Press.
of Healthcare Ethics 9: 3 (Summer 2000) 24 Winston Nesbitt, “Is Killing No Worse Than
Reproduced with permission of Cambridge Letting Die?” pp. 101–105 from Journal of Applied
University Press. Philosophy 12: 1 (1995). Reproduced with per­
15 Nick Bostrom, “In Defense of Posthuman mission of John Wiley & Sons.
Dignity,” pp. 202–214 from Bioethics 19: 3 (2005). 25 Helga Kuhse, “Why Killing Is Not Always
Reproduced with permission of John Wiley & Worse – and Sometimes Better – Than Letting
Sons. Die,” pp. 371–374 from Cambridge Quarterly of
16 Francis S. Collins, “Statement on NIH Funding Healthcare 7: 4 (1998). Reproduced with permis­
of Research Using Gene‐editing Technologies in sion of Cambridge University Press.
Human Embryos,” https://www.nih.gov/about‐ 26 Franklin G. Miller, Robert D. Truog, and Dan W.
nih/who‐we‐are/nih‐director/statements/ Brock, “Moral Fictions and Medical Ethics,”
statement‐nih‐funding‐research‐using‐gene‐ pp. 453–460 from Bioethics 24: 9 (2010).
editing‐technologies‐human‐embryos. Public Reproduced with permission of John Wiley &
domain. Sons.
17 Giulia Cavaliere, “Genome Editing and Assisted 27 Robert M. Sade,“Can a Physician Ever Justifiably
Reproduction: Curing Embryos, Society or Euthanize a Severely Disabled Neonate?” p. 532
Prospective Parents, pp. 215–225 from Medicine, from The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular
Health Care and Philosophy 21. Springer Nature / Surgery 149 (2015). Reproduced with permission
CC BY 4.0. of Elsevier.
18 R. Alta Charo, “Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad 28 Gilbert Meilaender, “No to Infant Euthanasia,”
(Germline Editing) Wolf?” pp. 93–100 from pp. 533–534 from The Journal of Thoracic and
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 63: 1 (Winter Cardiovascular Surgery 149 (2015). Reproduced
2020). Reproduced with permission of Johns with permission of Elsevier.
Hopkins University Press. 29 Udo Schüklenk, “Physicians Can Justifiably
19 Julian Savulescu and Peter Singer, “An Ethical Euthanize Certain Severely Impaired Neonates,”
Pathway for Gene Editing,” pp. 221–222 from pp. 535–537 from The Journal of Thoracic and
Bioethics 33: 2 (2019). Reproduced with permis­ Cardiovascular Surgery 149 (2015). Reproduced
sion of John Wiley & Sons. with permission of Elsevier.
 Acknowle dgme ntsxv

30 Gary Comstock, “You Should Not Have Let Group, a division of Random House LLC. All
Your Baby Die” from The New York Times, July rights reserved.
12, 2017. Reproduced with permission of New 39 Rebecca Dresser, “Dworkin on Dementia:
York Times / PARS. Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy,” pp. 32–38
31 Alberto Giubilini and Francesa Minerva, “After‐ from Hastings Center Report 25: 6 (November/
Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?” December 1995). Reproduced with permission
pp. 261–263 from Journal of Medical Ethics 39 of John Wiley & Sons.
(2013). Reproduced with permission of BMJ 40 Chris Hill, “The Note,” pp. 9–17 from Helga
Publishing Group Ltd. Kuhse (ed.), Willing to Listen, Wanting to Die
32 Christopher Kaczor, “Abortion as a Human (Ringwood, Australia: Penguin Books, 1994).
Rights Violation,” pp. 92–98 from Kate Greasley 41 Daniel Callahan, “When Self‐Determination
and Christopher Kaczor (eds.), Abortion Rights: For Runs Amok,” pp. 52–55 from Hastings Center
and Against (Cambridge: Cambridge University Report 22: 2 (March/April 1992). Reproduced
Press, 2018). Reproduced with permission of with permission of John Wiley & Sons.
Cambridge University Press. 42 John Lachs, “When Abstract Moralizing Runs
33 Dominic Wilkinson and Julian Savulescu, “Hard Amok,” pp. 10–13 from The Journal of Clinical
Lessons: Learning from the Charlie Gard Case,” Ethics 5: 1 (Spring 1994). Reproduced with per­
pp. 438−442 from Journal of Medical Ethics 44 mission of The Journal of Clinical Ethics.
(2018). Reproduced with permission of BMJ 43 Bonnie Steinbock, “Physician‐Assisted Death
Publishing Group Ltd. and Severe, Treatment‐Resistant Depression,”
34 Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the pp. 30−42 from Hastings Center Report 47: 5
Harvard Medical School to Examine the (2017), updated by the author for this edition
Definition of Brain Death, “A Definition of (2021). Reproduced with permission of John
Irreversible Coma,” pp. 85–88 from Journal of the Wiley & Sons.
American Medical Association 205: 6 (August 1968). 44 William Rooney, Udo Schüklenk, and Suzanne
35 Peter Singer, “The Challenge of Brain Death for van de Vathorst, “Are Concerns about Irremedia­
the Sanctity of Life Ethic,” pp. 153–165 from bleness, Vulnerability, or Competence Sufficient
Ethics & Bioethics in Central Europe 8: 3–4 (2018). to Exclude All Psychiatric Patients from Medical
36 The President’s Council on Bioethics, “The Aid in Dying?” pp. 326–343 from Health Care
Philosophical Debate,” pp. 49–68 from Analysis 26 (2018). Reproduced with permission
Controversies in the Determination of Death (white of Springer Nature.
paper). Washington, D.C., December 2008. 45 Peter Singer and Lucy Winkett, “The Duel: Is It
Public domain. More Important to Save Younger Lives?, Prospect,
37 Jeff McMahan, “Alternative to Brain Death,” May 4, 2020. Reproduced courtesy of the
pp. 47–48 from Journal of Law, Medicine and authors and Prospect magazine.
Ethics 34 (2006). Includes only the section “An 46 John Harris,“The Value of Life,” pp. 87–102 from
Alternative Understanding of Brain Death,” The Value of Life (London: Routledge, 1985). ©
with some editing to remove references to the 1985 Routledge. Reproduced with permission
earlier section. Reproduced with permission of of Taylor & Francis Books UK.
Sage Publications Ltd. 47 Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord, “Bubbles under
38 Ronald Dworkin, “Life Past Reason,” pp. 218– the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and
229 from Life’s Dominion: An Argument about Discrimination,” a paper presented to the confer­
Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom (New ence “Valuing Lives” New York University,
York: Knopf, 1993). © 1993 by Ronald Dworkin. March 5, 2011, © Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord,
Reproduced with permission of Alfred A. Knopf, reproduced with permission of the authors. The
an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing chapter draws on Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord,
xvi acknowle dgme nts

“Rationing and Rationality: The Cost of 56 Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple,
Avoiding Discrimination,” pp. 232−239 from N. “Participation in Research Is an Imperfect Moral
Eyal et al. (eds.), Inequalities in Health: Concepts, Duty: A Response to John Harris,” pp. 414–417
Measures, and Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University from Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (2007).
Press, 2013). Reproduced with permission of Reproduced with permission of BMJ Publishing
Oxford University Press. Group Ltd.
48 Paul T. Menzel, “Rescuing Lives: Can’t We 57 Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolfe, “Unethical
Count?” pp. 22–23 from Hastings Center Report Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal
24: 1 (1994). Reproduced with permission of Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency
John Wiley & Sons. Virus in Developing Countries,” pp. 853–856
49 Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler, “Should from New England Journal of Medicine 337: 12
Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transpla­ (September 1997). © 1997 Massachusetts
ntation?” pp. 1295–1298 from Journal of the Medical Society. Reproduced with permission of
American Medical Association 265: 10 (1991). Massachusetts Medical Society.
© 1991 American Medical Association. All rights 58 Danstan Bageda and Philippa Musoke‐Mudido,
reserved. “We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not
50 Eike‐Henner W. Kluge, “Organ Donation and Exploit Them,” from The Washington Post,
Retrieval: Whose Body Is It Anyway?” © 1999 September 28, 1997. © 1997 Washington Post
Eike‐Henner W. Kluge. Company. All rights reserved.
51 Janet Radcliffe‐Richards et al., “The Case for 59 Richard Yetter Chappell and Peter Singer,
Allowing Kidney Sales,” pp. 1950–1952 from The “Pandemic Ethics:The Case for Risky Research,”
Lancet 351: 9120 (June 27, 1998). Reproduced pp. 1–8 from Research Ethics 16: 3–4 (2020).
with permission of Elsevier. Reproduced with permission of Sage Publications
52 Debra Satz, “Ethical Issues in the Supply and Ltd.
Demand of Human Kidneys,” pp. 189–206 from 60 Immanuel Kant, “Duties towards Animals,”
Why Some Things Should Not Be for Sale:The Moral pp. 239–241 from Lectures on Ethics, trans. Louis
Limits of Markets (New York: Oxford University Infield (London: Methuen, 1930).
Press, 2010). based on an article from Proceedings 61 Jeremy Bentham, “A Utilitarian View,” section
of the Aristotelian Society 2 (2010). Reproduced XVIII, IV from An Introduction to the Principles of
with permission of Oxford University Press and Morals and Legislation, First published c. 1820.
the Aristotelian Society. Public domain.
53 John Harris, “The Survival Lottery,” pp. 81–87 62 Nathan Nobis, “Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use
from Philosophy 50 (1975). © 1975 Royal of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong,” pp.
Institute of Philosophy. Reproduced with per­ 297−304 from American Journal of the Medical
mission of Cambridge University Press. Sciences 342: 4 (October 2011). Reproduced with
54 National Commission for the Protection of permission of Elsevier.
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral 63 Dario L. Ringach, “Use of Nonhuman Animals
Research, U.S. Department of Health, Education in Biomedical Research,” pp. 305–313 from
and Welfare, “The Belmont Report: Ethical American Journal of the Medical Sciences 342: 4
Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of (October 2011). Reproduced with permission of
Human Subjects of Research,” 1978, pp. 1–20. Elsevier.
Public domain. 64 Carolyn P. Neuhaus, “Ethical Issues When
55 John Harris, “Scientific Research Is a Moral Modelling Brain Disorders in Non‐Human
Duty,” pp. 242–248 from Journal of Medical Ethics Primates,” pp. 323–327 from Journal of Medical
31: 4 (2005). Reproduced with permission of Ethics 44. Reproduced with permission of BMJ
BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Publishing Group Ltd.