302 Practice Tests

TP
The greatest possible distance between two points is equal to 2 plus the length of TP. Now sin 39° = ST.
on the surface of the right circular cylinder is the
distance between points P and R. Use the Pythagorean Since ST = 3, sin 39° = TP, so TP = 3 sin 39°.
theorem in right triangle PQR to find the height h. 3
The y-coordinate of T is 2 + 3 sin 39° "" 3.89.
122 + h 2
= (.J193)2
144 + h2 = 193 8. E

h2 = 49 Consider statement 1. When every number in set T

is multiplied by 3, the average is multiplied by 3.
h=7 The average of the numbers in set T must be
3(14) = 42. Statement I must be true. Eliminate (B),
The volume of the right circular cylinder is which does not contain 1.
nr2h = nW)(7) = n(36)(7) = 252n.
You can also show that statement I is true
algebraically. If the members of the set 5 are xl' x2'
6. E
x"' then the average of the numbers in set 5 is
xy···,
Find a first. a + 2a + 156 = 180, 3a + 156 = 180, x +x +···+x
1 2 n • The members of set Tare 3xl' 3x2,
3a = 24, and a = 8. Now use the law of sines.
n
YZ 48
--- = --. Then YZ"" 140.3. 3xy···, 3x". The average of the numbers in set
sin 156 0
sin 8 0

3x + 3x + ... + 3x
7. D T is 1 2 n = 3(x 1 + x 2 + ... + x " ) =
n n
The perimeter of any polygon is the sum of the X +x 2 +···+x ) • The average 3 (x 1 +x 2 +···+x )
3 1 n "
lengths of its sides. Since points 5 and V have the (
n n
same y-coordinate of 2, SV is parallel to the x-axis.
The length of SV is the positive difference of the of the numbers in set T is 3 times the average
x-coordinates of points V and S. The length of SV x +x +···+x
1 2 n of the numbers in set S. Thus,
is 7 - 3 = 4. Opposite sides of a parallelogram are n
equal, so the length of TU is also 4. ST and UVare the average of the numbers in set T is 3(14) = 42.
opposite sides of parallelogram STUV, so ST and
UV also have equal lengths. The perimeter of the
parallelogram is 2(4) + 2(ST). So 2(4) + 2(Sn =
14,8 + 2(Sn = 14, 2(ST) = 6, and ST = 3. Drop a
perpendicular line from point T to SV that meets
side SV at point P.
y

T U

~
5(3,2) P
/7
V(7,2)

x
0

Since point P is on segment SV the y-coordinate

of point P is also 2. Then the y-coordinate of point T
 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 303

Now consider statement II. Suppose that the mem-

bers of set 5, in increasing order, are Yl, Y2,Y3, ... , Yn•
~(3Xl - 3xf + (3X2 - 3X)2 + ... + (3xll - 3X)2
Then the members of set T, in increasing order, n
are 3yl, 3y2, 3y3, ••• , 3y". If there is an odd number _ ~[3(Xl - x)f + [3(x2 - x)f + ...+ [3(x" - xW
of numbers in set 5-that is, if n is odd-then
the middle term among Yl' Y2' Y3' ... , Yn' which is n
the median of set 5, was multiplied by 3 and is the _ ~9(Xl - X)2 + 9(X2 - X)2 + ... + 9(x" - X)2
middle term among 3yl, 3Y2' 3y3, •.. , 3y", which is n
the median of set T. If there is an even number of
numbers in set 5, then the median of the numbers = 9(X'-x)'+(X'-~'+ ... +(X,-X)')
in set 5 is the average of the two middle terms. Since
the two middle terms among 3yl, 3y2, 3y3, ..• , 3YIl are
the two corresponding middle terms among Yl, Y2, = 19 ~(Xl - X)2 +(X2 - X)2 +···+(x" - X)2
YJ' ... , Yn that were multiplied by 3, the average of n
the two middle terms among 3yl, 3Y2' 3y3, ••. , 3y" must
be the average of the two middle terms among Yl,
Y2' Y3' ... , y" multiplied by 3. Thus, the median of
et T must be 3(12) = 36. Statement II must be true,
so eliminate (A) and (D) which do not contain II.

Consider statement Ill. If each number is multi-

So the standard deviation of the numbers in set T,
plied by 3, the numbers are 3 times more dispersed.
So the standard deviation of the numbers in set
T must be 3 times the standard deviation of the
3[ ~(x, - x)' + (x, - :)' +···+(x. - x)' )-;53
numbers in set 5. The standard deviation of the
numbers in set T is 3(1.8) = 5.4. Statement III must
. e true. Statements I, I1, and III must all be true, times the standard deviation of the numbers in set
and (E) is correct. 5, ~(Xl-X)2+(X2-X)2+'''+(X,,_X)2
You can also show that statement III is true alge- n
- raically. If the numbers in set 5 are Xl' X2' X3' ... , X"'
:hen the standard deviation of the numbers in
9. C
set 5 is ~(Xl - xY + (x2 - X)2 + ...+ (x" - X)2
n In bag X, there are 5 green disks among a total of
x
-\-here is the average of the numbers in set 5. 7 + 5 = 12 disks. The probability of choosing a
X +x +···+x
x
Thus, = 1 2 " . You saw when consid- green disk from bag X is ~. In bag Y, there are 15
12
n
ering statement I that the average of the numbers green disks among a total of 15 + 5 = 20 disks. The
probability of choosing a green disk from bag Y is
:. set T is 3x, where x is the average of the num-
:'eIS in set 5. The standard deviation of the num- ~~, or ~. Since the selections of the disks from the
:--ersin set T is
bags are independent, the probability that both

disks selected are green is (~) (~) = 15 =~ .

12 4 48 16
304 Practice Tests

ffiD ~A

Letting n =3 in the defining equation =

all

3a"_1 - a ll
_
2, you have a3 = 3a2 - a1 = 3(3) - 4 = 9 - 4 =
5. Letting n = 4 in the defining equation a" = 3a"_1 -
an_2, you have a4 = 3a3 - a2 = 3(5) - 3 = 15 - 3 = 12.
Letting n = 5 in the defining equation, you have
as = 3a4 - a3 = 3(12) - 5 = 36 - 5 = 31.

11. B

4 20
Solve the equation - + 4 = - + 20 for y. You have
y y
16 16
4 = -+ 20,-16 = -,-16y = 16, and y = -1. Then
y y
i+ 4 = ~+4 = -4+ 4 = O. Notice that incorrect
y -1
choice (A), -I, is the value of y. The question

requires finding the value of i +4. 13. C

Y
The graph of the function y = -cos x has y = -1 at x =
1t
0; Y increases to 0 at x = 2' ,y continues increasing
Here is a second way to solve this. The equation of
4 20 until it is 1 at x = n, then y decreases to 0 at x = 31t ,
the question stem is - + 4 = - + 20 . The right side 2
y y
and y continues decreasing until it reaches -1 again
of the equation is 5 times the left side. Factoring 5
at the end of the cycle at x = 21t. The coordinates of
out the point where y is a maximum are (z.I).

of the right side of this equation, you have

14. B
i
y
+ 4 =
y
5(i + 4) . When a number equals 5 times
The following figure shows that choice (A) can occur.
itself, the number must be O.Thus, i +4 = O.
Y

Choice (B) is correct. It cannot occur.

 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 305

Drawing a line through the vertex of a triangle It is also true that if the vertex opposite the
shows that choice (C) can occur. This is shown in hypotenuse of any right triangle is connected to
this figure. the midpoint of the hypotenuse, the right triangle
is divided into two isosceles triangles. Thus, a line
B containing the line segment whose endpoints are
(1) the vertex of the right triangle that is opposite
the hypotenuse of a right triangle and (2) the
midpoint of the hypotenuse divides the right
triangle into two isosceles triangles. However,
if the original right triangle is not an isosceles right
triangle, the two isosceles triangles formed from
A C
the original right triangle are not identical.
Choice (D) can occur when the line contains one
side of the triangle. This is shown in this figure.
15. A

Solve the equation ~ = 2.74 for x. Squaring both

B
x
sides, - = 2.742• So X = 7(2.742). Using the calculator,
7
x", 52.55.

16. E
C r
A For any point (u,v), csc () = -;, where r is the dis-
tance from (u,v) to the origin. See the drawing below.
Line t contains side AB of the triangle. y

Choice (E) can occur when a line divides an isosce-

les right triangle into two smaller identical isosceles
right triangles. This is shown in this figure.
P(u, v)

o x

C In this question, the distance r from point (a,b) to the

A
rr=:» ~a2+b2
origin is ...;a2 + b2• So csc () = -'----
=-met divides isosceles right triangle ABC into smaller b
:dentical isosceles right triangles ABD and BCD.
306 Practice Tests

17. C 21. E

f(4) = ~42 - 3(4)+6 = -/16-12 +6 = Ko . Since 4 is a solution to q(x) = 0, x - 4 is a factor of

q(x). Since 0 is a solution to q(x) = 0, x - 0 = x is a
~ 156 factor of q(x).
g(j(4))=g(\jl.U}= tr: . Use your calculator
,,10 + 17
So x(x - 4) is a factor of q(x).
156
here. g(j( 4)) = tr: = 7.7.
,,10 + 17 Now x(x - 4) = x2 - 4x. Choice (E) is correct.

18. A
22. D
Try to solve the equation 30x-5y12Z--8 = 10.r6y5z4
Since f(x) = 5x2 + 4, f(g(3)) = 5(g(3))2 + 4. You know
for x in terms of y and z. Dividing both sides by that f(g(3)) = 84. So 5(g(3))2 + 4 = 84. Solve this
-5 12 -s 10 -6 5 4
x-6, you have 30 x y z x y Z equation for g(3).
x-6 x-6
5(g(3))2 + 4 = 84
30x-5+6y12z-S= 10.r6+6y5z4, and

30xy12z-S = 10ysz4. Dividing both sides by

5(g(3))2 = 80
30 12 -s 10 5 4 (g(3))2= 16
30y12Z--8, you have xy z y z ,and
30y12Z--8 30y12z-S
1 1 ZU
g(3) = 4 or g(3) = -4
then x = - yS-12Z4-(--8), X = - y-7 Z12, and x = -7.
3 3 3y The correct answer choice is the one that has a value
of 4 or -4 when x = 3.
19. B
(A): 3x-10 = 3(3) -10 =9-10 =-1. Thisisnot4 or-4.
The slope m of a line that goes through the points Discard (A).
(Xl'Y1) and (X2'Y2) is given by m = Y2 - Y1 . The (B): 4x - 7 = 4(3) - 7 = 12 - 7 = 5. This is not 4 or -4.
10-7 3 x2 - Xl Discard (B).
slope of PQ is 7 _ 0 = '7. Since PQRS is a square,
QR is perpendicular to PQ. When two lines are (C): 6x - 17 = 6(3) - 17 = 18 - 17 = 1. This is not 4 or -4.
perpendicular and the lines are not parallel to the Discard (C).
coordinate axes (the coordinate axes are the x-axis
and the y-axis), the slopes of the lines are negative (D): x2 - 5 = 32 - 5 = 9 - 5 = 4. Now you know that
x2 - 5 could be g(x), so (D) is correct.
reciprocals. Since QR is perpendicular to PQ, the
slope of QR is the negative reciprocal of the slope Checking (E) to be sure, x2 - 3 = 32 - 3 = 9 - 3 = 6.
-1 This is not 4 or -4.
of PQ. The slope of QR is (~), which is - ~.

23. A
20. C
Since line n is perpendicular to the x-axis, and the
When the tangent and the cotangent of an angle y-axis is perpendicular to the x-axis, line n is paral-
are both defined, the tangent and the cotangent are lel to the y-axis, and every point on line n has the
reciprocals. So tan (3x) cot (3x) = 1. same x-coordinate. You know that one point on
line n has the coordinates (4,5). The x-coordinate of
this point is 4. So the x-coordinate of every point
on line n is 4. The equation of line n is x = 4.
 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 307

24. B 26. D

The mean is the average. The average formula is Always remember that percents can be
Sum of the terms expressed as fractions. The fraction of all the
Average = . When you know the
Number of terms items that were considered acceptable was
average and the number of terms, you can find the 49,812 49,812 7
sum of the terms by rearranging the average for- 49,812+21,348 71,160 10
mula in the form Sum of the terms = Average x
Therefore, the fraction of the items produced on
Number of terms. So the sum of the scores on all
the first day that were acceptable must also have
5 tests was 84 x 5 = 420. The sum of the scores on
the first 4 tests was 87 x 4 = 348. So the score on been !.-. To find
the number of items that were
the fifth test is the sum of the scores on all 5 tests 10
minus the sum of the scores on the first 4 tests. acceptable, simply multiply the total amount
Then the score on the fifth test is 420 - 348 = 72. produced on the first day by the fraction: !.-
10
(10,830) = 7,581. Thus, 7,581 items were produced
25. A
on the first day that were considered acceptable.
Use the calculator. If cos x = 0.34, then x = arccos
0.34 '" 70.123°. Then x 70.123125 = 35.06156°. 27. D
2 2
Then sin ~ '" 0.574. The function! maps every point (x,y) to the point
2 (x, -8x + 3y). The goal is to find a point such that
You can also use the half-angle identity, !(x,y) = (x,y) or (x, -8x + 3y) = (x,y) .

. x ~l-COSX . 1t x 1t In the Cartesian coordinate system, two points

sm - =± . Smce 0<x <- 0<- <- .
2 2 2' 2 4 are the same if their x and y values are the same.
Therefore, the solution of this equation can be
o you are in the first quadrant; work with simplified into two separate equations: x = x and
y = -8x + 3y.
sin x ~l-COSX . x ~l-COSX
-=+ or sm -= . These can be solved independently. Now x will
2 2' 2 2
always equal x, so only the second equation is
used to define the points that satisfy the original
~ere,Sln
CJ • ~_~l-COSX
- -_~1-0.34 -_~0.66 -..
-~033
equation. Solving for y, you have
2 2 2 2
- .sing the calculator, .JD.33 '" 0.574. Again, sin ~ '" y = -8x + 3y
J.S74.
-2y = -8x

y=4x

This is the solution to the original equation, and it

is the answer to the problem.
 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 309

32. D 34. B

The denominator (3x + 4)(x - 5) is equal to 0 if The perpendicular distance from the center (h,k) of
3x + 4 = 0 or if x - 5 = O. If 3x + 4 = 0, then 3x =-4, a circle to a line with the equation x = Xl is
and x = _i. If x - 5 = 0, then x = 5. The vertical
I XI - h I. The perpendicular distance from the
center (h,k) of a circle to a line with the equation
3 4
asymptotes are x = --
and x = 5. Values of x with Y = YI is I YI - kl. If you draw the radii of a circle
3 that are tangent to both lines, the distance from the
large absolute values can be large positive values
center to the two lines will be the same because
of x and can also be negative values of x; both are
all radii of a circle are equal. So you must find the
far from 0 on the number line. For values of x with
answer choice that is the same positive distance
x2 -64 from the lines with the equations x = 5 and Y = 7.
large absolute values, in , X2, x, and
(3x + 4)(x - 5)
3x have much greater absolute values than -64, Look at choice (A). The distance from (3,7) to the
line with the equation x = 5 is Is - 31 = 121 = 2. The
4, and -5. So when x approaches values that have distance from (3,7) to the line with the equation
x2 -64 Y = 7 is 17 - 71 = O. The distances from (3,7) to the
a large absolute value, approaches
(3x + 4)(x - 5) lines with the equations x = 5 and Y = 7 are not
x2 x2 1 equal; (A) is incorrect.
-( )() = -2 = -. So the horizontal asymptote is
3x x 3x 3
Look at choice (B). The distance from (8,4) to the
Y= .:!.. Thus, x = -8 is not an asymptote, while x = 5 line with the equation x = 5 is Is - 81 = 1-31 = 3. The
3
distance from (8,4) to the line with the equation
and Y = .:!. are asymptotes. (D) is correct. Y = 7 is 17 - 41 = 131 = 3. The distances from (3,7)
3
to the lines with the equations x = 5 and Y = 7 are
equal; (B) is correct.
33. E

7(g(x)) + 12 = 21x2 + 40
35. C
7(g(x)) = 21x2 + 28
You should determine the range of each part of the
21x2 + 28 piecewise function. Begin with x < O. If this is true,
gx() = ---- then Sx < 0 and 5x + 3 < 3. As x becomes more and
7
more negative, 5x + 3 will also become more and
g(x) = 21x2 + 28 more negative, so the range for this part of the
7 7 function is all real values less than 3.
g(x) = 3x2 + 4
Now consider x ~ O. Because the square of a
number is nonnegative, x2 ~ 0 and x2 + 1 ~ l.

Dividing both sides by x2 + 1results in 1 ~

1
+.
x +1
The range of -2 - is (0, I], since x = 0 results
x +1
in 1 and as x increases, the fraction will decrease
but always remain positive. Therefore, the range
of the original function is 3° < -+-~
3x +1
31, or (I, 3].

Combining these two ranges gives the range of the

full function as all real values less than or equal to
3, or Y ~ 3.
 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 311

1 ? inverse function of the function! then/(f-1(x)) = x.

2nr- = 8n, nr2 = 16n, r2 = 16, and r = 4. So AC = 4 Here you are working with the sine function and
and BC = 4. the inverse sine function. If you say that I(x) = sin x,
then r(x) = arcsin x. So sin (arcsin x) = x. If sin
You can find the height BD of the triangle in terms
(arcsin x) = .fi., then since sin (arcsin x) = x,
of 8 by saying that BD = sin 8, so BD = BC sin 8 = .fi. 4
BC
J sin 8. Thus the base AC is 4, and the height BD is x = 4; (A) is correct.
J sin 8. The area of the triangle is .! x AC x BD = Let's briefly review the definition of the inverse
.! x 4 x (4 sin 8) = 8 sin 8. 2 sine function. The definition of the inverse sine
2 function,which is called arcsinx, is this. 1£-1 s x s I,
then arcsin x is that value y such that -~ s y s ~
-l0. B 2 2
and sin y = x. In order for g to be a function, to
·,Thentwo or more events are independent, the each x of the domain of g, g must specify exactly
probability that all the events occur is equal to one value. That is, for each specified x, g(x) is not
:he product of the probabilities that each event am biIgUOUS.N ow w hen
en xx mcreases
i from - -rt to -n
occurs. The decimal equivalent of 70% is 0.7. In this 2 2'
question, the probability that a person selected at sin x increases from -1 to I, so the inverse sine
random from each room is a senior at university X function arcsin x assigns exactly one value y such
,- 0.7. So the probability that each of the 3 people that -"2n s y s "2
n
to each x such that -1 s x s 1.
selected is a senior at university X is (0.7)(0.7)
u.7) = 0.343.
43. C

H. E In this question, you want the constant d, where if

n is an integer and n ~ I, d = a n+l - a .
3egin to solve the equation 4.18x = 36.54 by taking
11

In an arithmetic sequence, if a1 is the first term and

::.e natural logarithm of both sides. Use the
a is the nth term, then the sum 5 of the first n terms
:alculator when it is time to find the approximate
c~n be found by using the form;la
'alue of x.

In (4.18-')= In 36.54
5 = 11
a +a
Y
x n. Using the formula with a25 = 104,

525 = 1,400, and n = 25, you can find aj: 1,400 =

x In 4.18 = In 36.54
aj + 104 x 25 1,400 _ a1 + 104 _
x = In 36.54 '" 2.52 2 ' 25 - 2 ,112 - a1 + 104,
In4.18
and a1 = 8.

Now if a1 is the first term of an arithmetic

A
sequence, is the nth term of the sequence, and
all

3.:>foresolving the question, be sure you for each term other than the first term, d is the
~ derstand the difference between the meanings of value of that term minus the term right before it,
and I(x). The letter I can refer to a function. Other then = a1 + d(n - 1).
all

rters, like g, u, and t can also refer to functions.

You know that a1 = 8 and a25 = 104. So you have
-:. en/(x), which is read 'j of x," means the value of
n = 25. Using the formula = a1 + d(n - 1) with
.:» function I at x.
all

a1 = 8, a25 = 104, and n = 25, you have

-:'-eidea in the solution to this question is that the
-_ ction of the inverse function of x is x. If 1-1 is the
 Practice Test 3 Answers and Explanations 313

48. C 50. B

Consider option I. The sum of two negative Since the square of any real number is nonnega-
integers is a negative integer. So option I will be Then x2 + 1is the sum of the
tive, x2 is nonnegative.
part of the correct answer; eliminate (A) and (D). 2
nonnegative quantity x and the positive quantity
Consider option Il. The sum of two rational 1. S0 x 2 + LiISpositive.
.. Th e f raction
. 1- 5x
-2-
numbers is a rational number; eliminate (B). X +1
will be negative when the numerator 1- 5x is
Consider option IlI. The sum of two irrational negative. Solve the inequality 1 - 5x < 0:
numbers is not necessarily an irrational number.
For example, the sum of the irrational number 1- 5x < 0
3- J7 and the irrational number is 3, which is J7
a rational number. Option III will not be part of the 1 < 5x
correct answer. (C) is correct. 1
- <x
5
49. D
Thus, the fraction 1-5x will be negative when and
Begin by writing the equation in the form x2 + 1
1
x2 y2 only when x > -.
2 + 2 = 1.Dividing both sides of the equation 5
a b
2
5x + 24y2 = 40 by 40 will leave 1 on the right side
of the equation, and you have

5x2 + 24y2 40
=- or
40 40'
5x 2 24y2 x2 3y2
-+--=1 or -+-=1.
40 40 ' 8 5
3 2
~ = (~(o
2 x2
8+ G( 2

Now our equation ie

x2 y2 5
in the form - +- =1.Thus, a2 =8 and b2 =-,
a2 b2 3
and the two axes will have lengths 2a = 218
and 2b ::;! 2~. Therefore, the sum of the axes is

_J8+2~ ",8.24.