Bending test

Objectives

This chapter provides fundamental background of

➢ Bending test
➢ Elastic theory of bending
Assumptions in the theory of simple bending

• Material of the beam • Each layer of the beam

is homogenous and is free to expand or
isotropic. contract
• The beam material is independently.
stressed within its • Modulus of elasticity
elastic limit. is the same in tension
• The transverse and compression.
sections which were • The beam is in
plane before bending , equilibrium.
remains plane after
bending also.
Bending Deformations
Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure
bending:
• member remains symmetric
• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc center
and remains planar
• length of top decreases equal length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to the
upper and lower surfaces and for which the length
does not change

Fig. 4.1 Member subject to pure • stresses and strains are negative (compressive)
bending shown in two views. (a) above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
Longitudinal, vertical view (plane of
symmetry) and (b) Longitudinal, below it
horizontal view.
Strain Due to Bending
Consider a beam segment of length L.
After deformation, the length of the neutral
surface remains L. At other sections,
L = ( − y )
 = L − L = ( − y ) −  = − y
 y y
x = = − =− (strain varies linearly)
L  
c c
m = or ρ =
 m
y
x = − m
c
Fig. 4.2 Kinematic definitions for
pure bending. (a) Longitudinal-
vertical view and (b) Transverse
section at origin.
Stress Due to Bending
• For a linearly elastic and
homogeneous material,
y
 x = E x = − E m
c
y
= −  m (stress varies linearly)
c Fig. 4.3 Bending stresses vary linearly
with distance from the neutral axis.
• For static equilibrium,
y • For static equilibrium,
Fx = 0 =   x dA =  −  m dA
c  y 
M =  (− y x dA) =  (− y ) −  m  dA
  c 
0 = − m  y dA
c   I
M = m  y 2 dA = m
c c
First moment with respect to neutral Mc M
axis is zero. Therefore, the neutral m = =
I S
axis must pass through the section y
Substituting  x = −  m
centroid. c
My
x = −
I
Beam Section Properties
• The maximum normal stress due to bending,
Mc M
m = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S = = section modulus
c
A beam section with a larger section modulus
will have a lower maximum stress
Fig. 4.4 Wood beam cross sections.
• Consider a rectangular beam cross section,
1 3
I 12 bh
S= = = 16 bh3 = 16 Ah
c h2

Between two beams with the same cross

sectional area, the beam with the larger depth
h will be more effective in resisting bending.
Fig. 4.5 Two type of steel beam • Structural steel beams are designed to have a
cross sections. (a) S-beam and (b)
W-beam large section modulus.
Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
• Deformation due to bending moment M is
quantified by the curvature of the neutral surface
1   1 Mc
= m = m =
 c Ec Ec I
M
=
EI

• Although transverse cross sectional planes remain

planar when subjected to bending moments, in-
plane deformations are nonzero,
y y
 y = − x =  z = − x =
 

• Expansion above the neutral surface and

contraction below it cause an in-plane curvature,
1 
= = anticlastic curvature
Fig. 4.6 Deformation of a transverse

 
cross section.
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Based on the cross section geometry,
calculate the location of the section
centroid and moment of inertia.
Y =
 yA
A
(
I x =  I + A d 2 )
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to
find the maximum tensile and
compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
A cast-iron machine part is acted upon
by a 3 kN-m couple. Knowing E = 165 • Calculate the curvature
GPa and neglecting the effects of 1 M
=
fillets, determine (a) the maximum  EI
tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
Based on the cross section geometry, calculate
the location of the section centroid and
moment of inertia.
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3
1 20  90 = 1800 50 90 103
2 40  30 = 1200 20 24 103
Fig. 1 Composite areas for 3
calculating centroid.  A = 3000  yA = 114 10

3
 yA 114 10
Y = = = 38 mm
A 3000

( ) (121 bh3 + A d 2 )
I x =  I + A d 2 = 

Fig. 2 Composite sections for

= (12
1 90  203 + 1800  122 ) + ( 1 30  403 + 1200  182 )
12
calculating moment of inertia.
I = 868  103 mm4 = 868  10-9 m 4
Sample Problem
• Apply the elastic flexural formula to find the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses.
Mc
m =
I
M c A 3 kN  m  0.022 m  A = +76.0 MPa
A = =
I 868  10−9 m 4
M cB 3 kN  m  0.038 m  B = −131.3 MPa
B = − =−
I 868  10−9 m 4

Fig. 3 Deformed radius of curvature

• Calculate the curvature
is measured to the centroid of the 1 M
cross sections. =
 EI
3 kN  m 1
= 20.95 10−3 m -1
(165 GPa )(868 10-9 m 4 )
=

 = 47.7 m