CHAPTER- 02

Trigonometry
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, students will be able to:
LO1 Understand the relations between trigonometric ratios
LO2 Convert degree measure to radian measure and vice versa
LO3 Calculate trigonometric ratios in different quadrants
LO4 Find sum, difference, half, double and triple angles of trigonometric ratios
LO5 Calculate trigonometric ratios using trigonometric identities
LO6 Find the minimum and maximum values of a trigonometric function
LO7 Solve questions based on heights and distances

2.1 Introduction
The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek word’s ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’
(meaning sides) and ‘metron’ (meaning measure). In fact, in trigonometry we study
the relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
In this chapter, we are going to study some ratios of the sides of right triangle with
respect to its acute angles which are called trigonometric ratios of the angle.

2.2 Angle
An angle is formed when two ray or lines with the same beginning point originate in
different directions.

Fig. 2.1
∠ BAC=∠ A=∠ X =∠ θ

2.2.1 Units of Angle

Every angle has a measure. The unit of angle measure is of the following three
types:
1. Degree (°)
2. Radian (C)
3. Grade (g)

2.2.2 Systems of Measurement of Angles

Sexagesimal System (or English System)-The angle between two perpendicular
lines is called a right angle. A right angle is equal to 90 degrees (written as 90°).
Thus, if a right angle is divided into 90 equal parts, then one part is called one
degree (written as 1°).
If 1° is divided into 60 equal parts, each part is called 1 minute (denoted by 1 ' ).
1 ' ''
th part of 1 is called one second (written as 1 ).
60

1 degree=1° =1¿ angle ¿

90

' 1
1 minute=1 = degree
60

'' 1
1 second =1 = minute
60

In other words:
1 ¿ angle=90°
'
1 °=60
'
1 =60 ' '
Hence, 1 ¿ angle=90°
¿ 90 ×60=5400 minutes
¿ 90 ×60 × 60=324000 seconds

1 °=60 minutes=60× 60=3600 seconds

Centesimal System (or French System)- In Centesimal System, an angle is

measured in grades, minutes and seconds. In this system, a right angle is divided
into 100 parts.
g
1 ¿ angle=100 grades(¿ 100 )
1 grade=100 minutes(¿ 100 ')
1 minute=100 seconds(¿ 100' ' )
Circular System- In this system, the unit of measurement is ‘radian’.
 Fig. 2.2
Arc AC l
Angle (in radians) θ= =
Radius r

1 radian or 1 rad or 1 c is the angle subtended by an arc at

the centre of a circle whose length is equal to the radius of
the circle.

r c
That is, if arc=radius=r , then θ= =1 radians=1
r

Fig. 2.3

2.2.3 Relation Between Degree Measure and Radian Measure

π
To change degree measure into radian measure, multiply degree measure with
180
and to change radian measure into degree measure, multiply radian measure with
180
.
π

π radians=180 °
 π 22
1 °= radians= =0.01746 radian approximately
180 7 × 180
πx
x °= rad
180
180 ° ' ''
1 rad= =57 ° 16 22 approximately
3.141

Table 2.1 Degree measures and radian measures of some common

angles.

Degree Radian Degree Radian

30 ° π 135 ° 3π
6 4
45 ° π 150 ° 5π
4 6
60 ° π 180 ° π
3
90 ° π 270 ° 3π
2 2
120 ° 2π 360 ° 2π
3 6

Examples

1. Convert the following degree measures to the radian measures:

(i) 32 ° 30 '
' 1
Since 1 = degree
60

( ) ( ) ( )
° ° °
' 30 1 65
∴ 32 ° 30 = 32 = 32 =
60 2 2
πx
Using formula; x °= rad
180
' π 65 π ×13 ×5 13 π
32 ° 30 = × = = radians
180 2 5 ×36 × 2 72

(ii) −540 °
 πx
Using formula; x ° = rad
180
π
−540 °=−540 × =−3 π
180

(iii) 72 ° 45'

( )
°
' 1
Since, 1 =
60

∴ 72 ° 45 =(72 ) =( 72 ) =(
4 )
° ° °
45 ' 3 291
60 4
πx
Using formula; x ° = rad
180

( )
°
' 291 π 3 ×97 × π 97 π
72 ° 45 = × = = rad
4 180 4 ×3 × 60 240

(iv) 20 ° 12' 30 ' '

( )
'
'' 1
Since, 1 =
60

∴ 30 =( ) =( )
' '
'' 30 1
60 2

So, 12 30 =(12 ) =( )
' '
' 1 25''
2 2

Again, since 1 =( )
°
1 '
60

∴ ( ) =( × ) =( )
' ° °
25 25 1 5
2 2 60 24

Now, 20 ° 12 30 =(20 ) =( ) =(
864 )
° °
5 485 ' π 97 π
''
× rad
24 24 180
2. Convert the following radian measures to the degree measures:
(i) 4 radians

( ) ( )
° °
180 180
Since, 1 radian= = ×7
π 22

∴ 4 radians=(4 ×
22 ) ( ) =( 2520
11 )
° ° °
180 × 7 90 ° × 7 × 4 1
= =229 degree
11 11
 −5 π
(ii)
6

( )
°
180
Since, 1 radian=
π
5π −5 π 180
∴− radians= × degree=−150 °
6 6 π
5π
(iii)
18

( )
°
180
Since, 1 radian=
π
5 π 5 π 180
∴ = × degree=50 °
18 18 π
π
(iv)
16

( )
°
180
Since, 1 radian=
π

∴ =( × ) =( ) =( 11 )
° ° °
π π 180 45 1
16 16 π 4 4
4π
(v)
7

( )
°
180
Since, 1 radian=
π

7 ( 7 π ) ( 7 ) (
= 102 )
° ° °
4π 4 π 180 720 6
= × =
7

2.2.4 Relation Between Length of Arc (l), Radius (r) and Angle ( θ )
1. If an arc of length l of a circle subtends θ at its centre and radius of the circle is r,
l
then θ= .
r

Fig. 2.4
Hence,
l
(i) When θ= and r is constant then θ ∝1
r
θ 1 11
=
θ 2 12
l
(ii) When θ= and constant then l ∝r
r
l1 r 1
=
l2 r 2
l 1
(iii) When θ= and l is constant then θ ∝
r r
θ1 r 2
=
θ2 r 1
2. Area of a sector (or sectorial area)

Fig. 2.5
2
πr 1 2
The area of sector OAB= × θ= r θ
2π 2
Here θ is angle subtended by arc at center in radians.

Examples

1. If in two circles, arcs of the same length subtend angles 135° and 65° at the
centre, find the ratio of their radii.
29 13 27 24
a) b) c) d)
13 27 14 13
Answer: (b)
Explanation
Let radii of two circles be r 1 and r 2 respectively.
And arc AB=1 in the two circles. (constant)
π 135 π
θ1=135 ° =135° × = radians
180 180
65 π
And θ2=65° = radians
180
1
Since, θ=
r
1 1
⇒ θ 1= and θ2=
r1 r2

r θ
⇒ = =1
( 180 ) 65 13
65 π
2
= =
r2 θ1 165 π 135 27
180
2. If the arc of same length in two circles subtends angle 220 ° and 110 ° at their
respective centres, then ratio of their diameter is
a) 1 : 2 b) 3 : 2 c) 3 : 4 d) 3 : 1
Answer: (a)
Let radii of two circles be r 1 and r 2 respectively.
θ1=220° and θ2=110 °.
r1 θ 2
Since, =
r2 θ 1
r 1 110 °
⇒ = =1 :2
r 2 220°
3. The tip of a pendulum swings. It covers an arc of 50 cm and subtends 60° at the
fixed point. The length of pendulum is
a) 43.72 cm b) 45.72 cm c) 47.72 cm d) 45.27 cm
Answer: (c)
Explanation
Let length of pendulum be r .
π π
We have θ=60 °=60 × = rad and l=50 cm
180 3
l
Using θ=
r
l 50 ( 150 ×7 )
⇒r = = = =47.72 cm
θ π 22
3
4. The minutes hand of a watch is 15 cm. How far does the tip move in 20 minutes?
a) 31.4 cm b) 9.53 cm c) 11 cm d) 10.47 cm
Answer: (a)
Explanation
2π 2π
Angle made by minute hand in 20 minutes ¿ × 20= rad , and r =15 cm
60 3
l
Using θ=
r
2π 22
⇒ l=rθ=15× =10 × =31.4 cm
3 7
5. When a pendulum of length 50 cm oscillates, it produces an arc of 16 cm. The
angle so formed in degree measure is (approx.):
a) 18 ° 25 ' b) 18 ° 35 ' c) 18 ° 20 ' d) 18 ° 08'
Answer: (c)
Explanation
We have length of pendulum, r =50 cm and length of arc l=16 cm.
l
Using θ=
r
 16 8 180 1008 18
⇒ θ= rad = × = degrees=18 degrees
50 25 π 55 55

⇒ 18
18
55
degrees=18 (
18
55 )
×60 =18 ° 19.636' ≈ 18 ° 20'

6. Find the angle in radian through which a pendulum swings of its length which is 75
cm and the tip describes an arc length 18 cm.
3 4 6 7
a) rad b) rad c) rad d) rad
25 25 25 25
Answer: (c)
Explanation

Let θ be the angle of swing of pendulum. And we have r =75 cm and l=18 cm .
l 18 6
∴ θ= = radians= rad
r 75 25
7. In a circle of diameter 28 cm, the length of a chord is 14 cm. Find the length of
minor arc and major arc of the chord.
14 π 35 π 14 π 35 π
a) and b) and
3 3 3 2
14 π 70 π 7π 35 π
c) and d) and
3 3 3 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation
 28
We have radius of the circle r = =14 cm and length of chord of the circle AB=14 cm.
2
Since all three sides are equal, △ OAB is an equilateral triangle
π
⇒ Minor ∠ AOB=60 °= rad =θ.
3
π 14 π
∴ Lengthminor arc l=rθ=14 × = cm
3 3
π 5π
⇒ Major ∠ AOB=360 °−60° =300° =300 × = rad
180 3
5 π 70 π
∴ Length of major arc l=rθ=14 × = cm
3 3
8. The diameter of a circle is 60 cm. The length of minor arc created by a chord of 30
cm is
3 2 4
a) 31 cm b) 34 cm c) 32 cm d) 32 cm
7 7 7
Answer: (a)
Explanation

60
We have radius of the circle r = =30 cm and length of chord of the circle AB=30 cm.
2
Since all three sides are equal, △ OAB is an equilateral triangle
 π
⇒ Minor ∠ AOB=60 °= rad =θ.
3
π 22 3
∴ Length minor arc l=rθ=30 × =10 × cm=31 cm
3 7 7
9. In a circle of radius 37 cm the length of a chord is 37 √ 2 cm. The length of major
arc of the chord is
a) 245.5 cm b) 235.5 cm c) 255.5 cm d) None of these
Answer: (d)
Explanation

Since sides of triangle △ AOB follows Pythagoras theorem, therefore ∠ AOB=90 °.

3π
⇒ Major ∠ AOB=360 °−90° =270 °= rad
2
3 π 111
∴ Length of major arc , l=rθ=37 × = ×3.14=174.27 cm
2 2

2.3 Clock
360°
1. The angle between any two consecutive divisions of hour¿ =30 °
12

Fig. 2.6
 30°
2. Angular value of a minute ¿ =6 °
5

Fig. 2.7
3. Relation between time of hour’s hand, time of minute’s hand and angle between
hour’s hand and minute’s hand:
2
M= ( H ×30 ° ± A )
11
Here M stand for the time at which the angle formed by minute hand.
H stands for the time by hour hand.
A stand for the angle between minute hand and hour hand.

()
°
1
4. The hour hand rotate through an angle 30 ° in one hour, i.e. in one minute.
2

Examples

1. The angle between the hands of a clock at 3 hour’s 15 minute is

a) 7.5 ° b) 10.5 ° c) 8.5 ° d) 9.5 °
Answer: (a)
Explanation
We have time of hour hand H=3 and time of minute hand M =15
2
Using formula M = ( H ×30 ° ± A )
11
2
⇒ 15= ( 3 ×30 ° ± A )
11
 11
⇒ 15 × =90° ± A
2
A=90 °−82.5 °=7.5 ° (considering positive value)
2. The angle between the hands of a clock at the half past one is
3π 2π 5π 5π
a) rad b) rad c) rad d) rad
4 3 12 6
Answer: (a)
Explanation
We have time of hour hand h=1 hour and time of minute hand M =30 minutes .
2
Using formula M = ( H ×30 ° ± A )
11
2
⇒ 30= ( 1 ×30 ° ± A )
11
11
⇒ 30 × =30 ° ± A
2
π 3π
A=165−30=135 °=135 × = rad
180 4
3. Find the angle between the minute hand of a clock and the hour hand when the
time is 4:20 am.
a) 20 ° b) 10 c) 30 ° d)45 °
Answer: (b)
Explanation
We have time of hour hand H=4 and time of minute hand M =20
2
Using formula M = ( H ×30 ° ± A )
11
2
⇒ 20= ( 4 ×30 ° ± A )
11
11
⇒ 20 × =120 ° ± A
2
A=120° −110°=10 °
4. A wheel makes 180 revolutions in one minute. Through how many radians does it
turn in one second. Find its degree measure.
a) 2160 ° b) 1180 ° c) 1085 ° d) 1080 °
Answer: (d)
Explanation
 180
Number of revolutions wheel makes in 1 second ¿ =3 revolutions.
60
One complete revolution ¿ 2 π radians
Three complete revolutions ¿ 2 π × 3=6 π radians
Again π radians=180 °
Therefore 6 π rad=6 × 180°=1080°
5. A wheel makes 360 revolutions per minute. Through how many radians does it
turn in 1 second?
a) 12 π b) 6 π c) 4 π d) 16 π
Answer: (a)
Explanation
360
Number of revolutions in 1 second ¿ =6
60
In 1 revolution a circle subtends an angle of 2 π c at its centre.
Therefore, number of radians in 6 revolutions ¿ 6 ×2 π=12 π c
6. Find the degree and radian measure of the angle subtended at the centre of a
circle of radius 200 cm by an arc of length 11 cm.
7π 11π 11π
a) b) c) d)
400 200 400
7π
200
Answer: (a)
Explanation

We have radius of circle r =200 cm and length of arc l=11 cm.

Let angle subtended at centre of circle be θ radian.
l 11 11×7 7π
Using θ= = rad= π= rad
r 200 200 ×22 400
 ( )
°
11 180 11 180 ×7 7 ×9 63
Or, × = × = = degrees
200 π 200 22 20 20
63 3 3
Now, =3 =3 degree+ × 60 minutes=3 ° 9'
20 20 20
7. The moon’s distance from the earth is 3600000 km and its diameter subtend an
angle of 30 ' at the eye of the observer. Find the diameter of the moon.
a) 1000 π km b) 10000 π km
c) 15000 π km d) 20000 π km
Answer: (b)
Explanation

Since distance between earth and moon very large, therefore diameter of moon will
be approximately equal length of arc AB.
Arc AB=d

( ) ( )
c
30
' π π
We have θ=30 = × = radians and r =3600000 km.
60 180 360
π
Now, Length of arc l=d=rθ=3600000 ×
360
⇒ Diameter of moon d=10000 π km
8. If the angular diameter of the moon be 30 ° , how far from the eye a coin of
diameter 6.6 cm be kept to hide the moon?
a) 252 cm b) 756 cm c) 308 cm d) 512 cm
Answer: (b)
Explanation
When coin just hides the moon, it will subtend the same angle at the eye that is
subtended by moon at the eye.
Arc AB ≈ Diameter AB=6.6 cm
Let distance of coin from the eye be r cm.

( ) ()
° °
' 30 1 1 π π
We have θ=30 = = = × = rad
60 2 2 180 360
Using length of arc AB=rθ
6.6 ( 6.6 × 7 ×180 )
⇒r = = =756 cm
π 22
180

2.4 Basic Identities of Trigonometry

2.4.1 Trigonometric Ratios

Fig. 2.8
Opposite side Hypotenus
 Sine ratio ⇒ sinθ= , and cosecθ= ≥1
Hypotenuse Opposite side
Adjacent side Hypotenus
 Cosine ratio ⇒ cosθ= , and secθ= ≥1
Hypotenus Adjacent side
Opposite side Adacent side
 Tangent ratio ⇒ tanθ= , and cotθ=
Adjacent side Opposite side

Since the hypotenuse is the longest side in a right triangle, the

value of sinθ or cosθ is always less than or equal to 1.
  sinθ× cosecθ=1
1 1
⇒ sinθ= ⇒ cosecθ=
cosecθ sinθ
 cosθ ×secθ =1
1 1
⇒ cosθ= ⇒ Secθ=
sec θ cos θ
 tanθ × cotθ=1
1 1
⇒ tanθ= ⇒ cotθ=
cot θ tanθ
sinθ cosθ
 tanθ= ⇒ cotθ=
tan θ sin θ

Examples

1. In △ ABC , ∠ B=90 ° and AB: BC =2:1 . The value of sin A+cot C is

2+ √ 5
a) 3+ √ 5 b) c) 2+√ 5 d) 3+ √ 5
2√ 5
Answer: (b)
Explanation

Opposite side 1
sin A= =
Hypotenuse √ 5
Adjacent side 1
cot C= =
Opposite side 2
1 1 2+ √ 5
sin A+cot C= + =
√5 2 2 √ 5
π
2. If 7 sin α =24 cos α ; 0< α < , then the value of 14 tan α−75 cos α −7 sec α is equal to:
2
a) 3 b) 4 c) 1 d) 2
Answer: (d)
Explanation
We have 7 sin α =24 cos α
sin α 24
=
cos α 7
24 Opposite side
⇒ tan α = =
7 Adjacent side

Now, 14 tan α −75 cos α −7 sec α=14 ×

24
7 (
− 75 ×
7
25 )
−7 ×
25
7
⇒ 48−21−25=2
3 tan θ+ cos θ
3. If sinθ= then the value of is equal to
5 cot θ+cosec θ
29 31 34 37
a) b) c) d)
60 60 60 60
Answer: (b)
Explanation
3 Perpendicular
sin θ= =
5 Hypotenuse

Using Pythagoras theorem Base B=√ (5 ¿ ¿ 2−32 )=4 ¿

3 4 (15+ 16 ) 31
+
tan θ+ cos θ 4 5 20 20 31
Now, = = = =
cot θ+cosec θ 4 5 ( 12+ 15 ) 27 60
+
3 3 9 9
9
4. If tanθ= and θ is acute, then cosec θ
40
9 40 41 41
a) b) c) d)
41 9 9 40
Answer: (c)
Explanation
9
tanθ=
40
 41
cosec θ=
9
15
5. If θ be acute angle and cos θ= , then the value of tanθ is
17
17 8 15
a) b) c) d) 15/8
15 15 17
Answer: (b)
Explanation
15 AB
We have cosθ= =
17 AC
Using Pythagoras theorem BC=8

BC 8
Now, tanθ= =
AB 15
sec θ−tan θ
6. If sinθ=3, the numerical value of
sec θ+ tan θ
1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
2 5 3 4
Answer: (d)
Explanation
3 P
We have 5 sin θ=3 ⇒ sinθ= =
5 H
Using Pythagoras theorem B=4
H P ( H−P )
−
sec θ−tan θ B H B 5−3 2 1
Now, = = = = =
sec θ+ tan θ H P H +B 5+3 8 4
+
B B
7. If sin θ+cos θ= √ 2 sin ( 90 °−θ ) then cot θ is equal to
a) √ 2 b) 0 c) √ 2−1 d) √ 2+1
Answer: (d)
Explanation
We have sin θ+cos θ= √ 2 sin ( 90 °−θ )

Since, sin ( 90 °−θ )=cos θ

Therefore, sin θ+cos θ= √ 2 cos θ
⇒ sin θ=√ 2cos θ−cos θ

⇒ sin θ=cos θ ( √ 2−1 )

cos θ 1
⇒ =
sin θ ( √ 2−1)

×√
1 2+ 1 √ 2+1
⇒ cot θ= = =√ 2+1
√ 2−1 √ 2+ 1 2−1
p
8. If cos θ= then the value of tanθ is
√ p + q2
2

q q p q
a) b) c) d)
√ p −q
2 2
p 2
p +q
2
√ p +q 2
2

Answer: (b)
Explanation

p
We have, cos θ= ⇒ B= p , and H= √ p2 +q 2
√ p + q2
2

∴ P=q
P q
Now, tanθ= =
B p

Alternate Method

p
cos θ= 2 2 ⇒ secθ= √ q2 + p2
√ p +q p
Since, tanθ=√ sec 2 θ−1=
√ P2 +q 2
p
2
√
−1=
p2 +q 2− p2
p
2
=
√q2 q
p p
2
=

9. In a right-angled triangle XYZ , right angled at Y , If XY =2 √ 6 and XZ−YZ=2 , then

sec X +tan X is

a)
1
b) √ 6 c) 2 √ 6 d)
√6
√6 2
Answer: (b)
Explanation

We have, XY =2 √ 6 and XZ−YZ=2

XZ−YZ 2 XZ YZ 2 1
Dividing both side by XY , = ⇒ − = =
XY XY XY XY 2 √6 √6
XZ YZ
=sec θ and =tan θ
XY XY
1 1
sec θ−¿ tanθ= = → x=√ 6 ¿
√6 x
sec θ+ tan θ=x=√ 6

2.5 Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles

2.5.1 Trigonometric Ratios of [45° -90° -45°]

Fig. 2.9
1
 sin 45=
√2
1
 cos 45=
√2
 tan 45=1
  cot 45=1
 sec 45= √ 2

2.5.2 Trigonometric Ratios of [30 °−90 °−60° ]

Fig. 2.10
1
 sin 30 °=
2
cos 30 °= √
3

2
1
 tan30 °=
√3
 cot 30 °=√ 3
2
 sec 30 °=
√3
 cosec 30 °=2
 sin 60 °=
√3
2
1
 cos 60 ° =
2
 tan60=√ 3
1
 cot 60 °=
√3
 sec 60=2
2
 cosec 60 °=
√3

Table 2.2 Values of trigonometric ratios for some specific angles

θ 0° 30 ° 45 ° 60 ° 90 °
sin
0
1 1 √3 1
2 √2 2
cos
1
√3 1 1
0
2 √2 2
tan 1
0 1 √3 ∞
√3
 cot 1
∞ √3 1 0
√3
sec 2
1 √2 2 ∞
√3
cosec 2
∞ 2 √2 1
√3

Examples

1. If tan x=sin 45 °⋅ cos 45 °+sin 30 ° , then the value of x will be

a) 30 ° b) 45 ° c) 60 ° d) 90 °
Answer: (b)
Explanation
1 1 1 1 1
tan x= × + = + =1
√2 √2 2 2 2
tan x=1
⇒ x=45 °
2. If x sin60 ° × tan 30° =sec 60 ° × cot 45 , then the value of x is
a) 2 b) 2 √ 3 c) 4 d) 4 √ 3
Answer: (c)
Explanation
x sin60 ° × tan 30° =sec 60 ° × cot 45 °

⇒ x × √ × =2× 1⇒ =2⇒ x=4

3 1 x
2 √3 2

3. If r sin θ=1 , r cos θ=√ 3 then the value of ( √ 3 tan θ+1 ) is

1
a) √ 3 b) c) 1 d) 2
√3
Answer: (d)
Explanation
r sin θ 1 1
= ⇒ tanθ=
r cos θ √3 √3
1
√ 3 tan θ+1=√3 × + 1=1+1=2
√3
 sec θ+ tan θ 5
4. If = , then the sin θ is equal to
sec θ−tan θ 3
1 1 1
a) b) c) d) 2
4 9 2
Answer: (a)
Explanation
sec θ+ tan θ 5
We have = ,
sec θ−tan θ 3
By using componendo and dividend rule
sec θ 5+3 8
= = =4
tanθ 5−3 2
1
sec θ cosθ 1
⇒ = = =4
tan θ sin θ sin θ
cos θ
1
⇒ sin θ=
4
2sin θ−cos θ
5. If =1 , then the value of cot θ is
cos θ+sin θ
1 1
a) b) c) 3 d) 2
2 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation
cos θ
Since, cot θ=
sinθ
2sin θ−cos θ
We have =1
cos θ+sin θ
⇒ 2 sin θ−cos θ=cos θ+sin θ
⇒ 2 sin θ−sin θ=2 cos θ
1 cos θ
⇒ sin θ=2 cos θ ⇒ =
2 sinθ
1
cot θ=
2
sin θ+cos θ 5 ( tan 2 θ+1 )
6. If = , the value of is
sin θ−cos θ 4 2
tan θ−1
 25 41 41 40
a) b) c) d)
16 9 40 41
Answer: (c)
Explanation
sin θ+cos θ 5
We have, =
sin θ−cos θ 4
⇒ 4 ( sin θ+cos θ )=5 ( sin θ−cos θ )
⇒ 4 sin θ+ 4 cos θ=5 sin θ−5 cos θ
⇒ 9 cos θ=sin θ
⇒ tan θ=9
2
tan θ+1 81+1 82 41
Now, 2
= = =
tan θ−1 81−1 80 40
Alternate method
sin θ+cos θ 5
We have, =
sin θ−cos θ 4
By using componendo and dividendo rule:
sin θ 5+ 4 9
tanθ= = = =9
cos θ 5−4 1
2
tan θ+1 81+1 82 41
2
= = =
tan θ−1 81−1 80 40
7. If 0<θ <90 ° and 2 sec θ=3 cosec2 θ , then the value of θ is
π π π π
a) b) c) d)
2 4 3 5
Answer: (c)
Explanation
2 2 3 2
2 sec θ=3 cosec θ ⇒ = ⇒ 2 sin θ=3 cos θ
cos θ sin 2 θ

Using property sin2 θ+cos 2 θ=1

2
⇒ 2−2 cos θ=3 cos θ
2
2 cos θ+3 cos θ−2=0
Let y=cos θ
2
2 y + 3 y−2=0 ⇒2 y +4 y− y−2=0 ⇒2 y ( y +2 )−( y +2 )=0
2

⇒ ( 2 y−1 ) ( y +2 )=0
 1
⇒ y = and y=−2
2
1 π
y=cos θ= ⇒ θ=60 °=
2 3
Alternatively
By assuming θ=60 °,and substituting it

2 ×2=3×
2 2
√3 ( )
⇒4=4

π
So, θ=60 °=
3
8. If sin( A−B)=sinA cosB−cosA sinB , then sin 15 ° will be

a)
√3+ 1 b)
√3 c)
√3−1 d)
√3−1
2 √2 2 √2 − √2 2

2 2 2 2
cos 45 ° cos 60 ° tan 30 ° sin 30 °
9. The numerical value of 2
+ 2 − 2 − 2
sin 60 ° sin 45 ° cot 45 ° cot 30 °
1 3 1 1
a) 1 b) c) d)
4 4 4 2
Answer: (b)
Explanation
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
cos 45 ° cos 60 ° tan 30 ° sin 30 ° 2 4 3 4
We have, + 2 − 2 − 2 = + − −
sin 60 ° sin 45 ° cot 45 ° cot 30 ° 3 1 1 3
2

4 2
4 1 1 1 8+6−4−1
¿ + − − =
6 2 3 12 12
9 3
¿ =
12 4
 10. If 0 °<θ< 90° and 4 cos2 θ−4 √ 3 cos θ+3=0, then the value of θ is
a) 30 ° b) 45 ° c) 90 ° d) 60 °
Answer: (a)
Explanation
4 cos θ−4 √ 3 cos θ+3=0
2

2
( 2 cos θ )2 −2 ( 2 cos θ × √3 )+ ( √ 3 ) =0
Since, ( a−b )2=a2 +b 2−2 ab
2
⇒ ( 2 cos θ−√ 3 ) =0
⇒ 2 cos θ−√ 3=0

⇒ cos θ=
√ 3 ⇒ θ=30 °
2
Or
Let us assume θ=30°
3 3
4 cos θ−4 √ 3 cos θ+3=0 ⇒ 4 −4 √ 3 × +3=3−2 ×3+ 3
2
4 4
¿ 6−6=0
Hence θ=30° .
11. The value of cos 2 30 ° +sin2 60 °+ tan2 45 ° + sec 2 60 °+cos 0° is
1 1 1 1
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
2 2 2 2
Answer: (d)
Explanation

(2) (2)
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos 30 ° +sin 60 °+ tan 45 ° + sec 60 °+cos 0° =
√ 3 + √ 3 +12 +22 +1

3 3 3
¿ + +1+ 4+1= +6
4 4 2
15 1
¿ =7
2 2
12. In triangle ABC, ∠ C=90 ° and AB=c , BC=a, CA=b; then the value of
(cosecB−cosA) is
c
2
c
2
a
2
bc
a) b) c) d) 2
ab ac bc c
Answer: (c)
Explanation
 AB AC
cosec B−cos A= −
BC AB
By using Pythagoras theorem, a 2+ b2=c 2 ⇒ a2 =c 2−b2
2 2 2
AB AC c b c −b a
∴ − = − = =
BC AB b c bc bc
tan ( θ+15 ° )
13. If tanθ−cot θ=0 and θ is a positive acute angle, then the value of is
tan ( θ−15° )
1 1
a) 3 b) c) d) √ 3
√3 3
Answer: (a)
Explanation
tanθ−cot θ=0 ⇒ tanθ=cot θ
⇒ θ=45 °
tan ⁡(θ+15 °) tan(45 ° +15 ° ) tan 60° √ 3 √3 × √3
= = = = =3
Now, tan(θ−15°) tan (45 °−15 ° ) tan 30° 1 1
√3
2.6 Quadrant System

Fig. 2.11
P
In a triangle, sin θ= and cos ( 90°−θ )=sinθ
H
We can see here subtracting 90°, cosine is converted into sine, because for angle
(90°) cosine is converted into sine, because for angle (90° - θ ) base is converted into
perpendicular.
If we add another 90°again it will be changed and converted into in its own form.
 sin 30 °=cos 60° ∧cos 30 °=sin 60 °
 tan 45 °=cot 45° ∧cot 30 °=tan 60 °
 sec 30 °=cosec 60°∧cosec 45 °=sec 45 °

⇒ Odd multiples of 90 ° like 90 ° , 270° … . will be changed.

⇒ Even multiples of 90 ° like 0 ° ,180 ° , 360° … .will not be changed.
Changes will be in following manner:
 sin θ → cos θ & cos θ → sin θ
 tanθ → cot θ & cot θ → tan θ
 sec θ → cosec θ∧cosec θ→ secθ

Fig. 2.12
1. Trigonometric ratios of angles in the first quadrant, between 0° and 90°
+P +H
sin θ= cosec θ=
H P
+B +P
cos θ= tanθ=
H B
+B +B
sec θ= cot θ=
H P
In first quadrant, all signs get positive values.
2. Trigonometric ratios of angles in the second quadrant, between 90° and 180°
+P +H
sin θ= cosec θ=
H P
 −B −P
cos θ= tanθ=
H B
−B −B
sec θ= cot θ=
H P
In second quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ get positive values.
3. Trigonometric ratios of angles in the third quadrant, between 180° and 270°
−P −H
sin θ= cosec θ=
H P
−B +P
cos θ= tanθ=
H B
−B +B
sec θ= cot θ=
H P
In third quadrant, only tanθ and cot θ get positive values.
4. Trigonometric ratios of angles in the fourth quadrant, between 270° and 360°
P −H
sin θ=¿− ¿ cosec θ=
H P
+B −P
cos θ= tanθ=
H B
+B −B
sec θ= cot θ=
H P
In fourth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ get positive values.

 All three of them are positive in Quadrant I

 sine and cosec only are positive in Quadrant II
 tan and cot only are positive in Quadrant III
 cosine and sec only are positive in Quadrant IV

Examples

(i) sin(−θ)=sin ( 0−θ )=−sin θ

Explanation: Since ( 0 °−θ ) is in IV quadrant and sin is negative in IV quadrant
therefore, sin (−θ )=−sin θ.
(ii) cos (−θ )=cos ( 0−θ )=cos θ
Explanation: Since ( 0 °−θ ) is in IV quadrant and cos is positive in IV quadrant
therefore, cos (−θ )=cos θ .
(iii) tan (−θ )=tan(0−θ)=−tanθ
Explanation: Since ( 0 °−θ ) is in IV quadrant and tan is negative in IV quadrant
therefore, tan (−θ )=−tan θ
Similarly,
cosec (−θ )=−cosec θ
sec (−θ )=sec θ
cot (−θ )=−cot θ

2.6.1 Quadrant-I ( 0 ° ≤θ ≤ 90 ° )
 sin ( 90 °−θ )=cos θ∧cos ( 90° −θ )=−sinθ
 tan ( 90° −θ )=cotθ∧cot ( 90 °−θ )=−tan θ
 sec ( 90° −θ )=cosecθ∧¿ cosec ( 90 °−θ )=sec θ ¿

2.6.2 Quadrant-II ( 90 ° ≤θ ≤ 180 ° )

 sin ( 90 ° +θ ) =cos θ∧cos ( 90 ° +θ ) =−sin θ
 tan ( 90° +θ )=−cot θ∧cot ( 90 ° +θ ) =−tan θ
 sec ( 90° +θ )=−cosec θ∧¿ cosec ( 90 °−θ )=sec θ ¿
 sin ( 180 °−θ )=sin θ∧cos ( 180 °−θ )=−cos θ
 tan (180 °−θ )=−tan θ∧cot (180 °−θ )=−cot θ
 sec (180 °−θ)=−sec θ∧cosec ( 180 °−θ )=cosec θ

2.6.3 Quadrant-III ( 180 °≤ θ ≤ 270° )

 sin ( 180 ° +θ )=−sinθ∧cos (180 ° +θ )=−cos θ
 tan (180 ° +θ )=tan θ∧cot ( 180 °+ θ )=cot θ
 sec ( 180 ° +θ ) =−sec θ∧cosec ( 180 °+ θ )=−cosecθ
 sin(270° −θ)=−cos θ∧cos (270 ° −θ )=−sin θ
 tan (270 ° −θ )=cot θ∧cot ( 270 °−θ )=tanθ
 cosec (270 °−θ)=−sec θ∧sec ( 270 °−θ )=−cosecθ

2.6.4 Quadrant-IV (270 ° ≤θ ≤ 360 °)

 sin ( 270 ° +θ )=−cos θ∧cos ( 270 ° +θ )=sinθ
 tan (270 ° +θ )=−cot θ∧cot ( 90 ° +θ )=−tan θ
 sec ( 270 ° +θ )=cosec θ∧¿ cosec ( 270°+θ )=−secθ ¿
 sin ( 360 °−θ )=−sin θ∧cos ( 1360 °−θ ) =cos θ
 tan (360 °−θ )=−tan θ∧cot (360 ° −θ )=−cot θ
 cosec ( 360 °−θ )=−cosec θ∧sec ( 360 °−θ )=sec θ

Examples:
−1
 sin(570)=sin(570−360)=210 °=sin (180+30)=−sin 30=
2
 1
sin(−330)=sin(360−330)=sin 30 °=
2
−√ 3
 cos (570)=cos (570−360)=cos 210=cos (180+30)=−cos 30=
2
1
 tan (570 )=tan ( 360+ 210 )=tan ( 210 )=tan ( 180+3 )=tan ( 30 )=
√3
1
 tan ( 930 )=tan ( 720+210 )=tan ( 2 ( 360 ) +210 ) =tan 210=tan ( 180+30 )=tan30=
√3
−2
 sec ( 930 )=sec (720+ 210 )=sec ( 2 (360 )+ 210 )=sec ( 210 )=sec ( 180+30 )=−sec 30=
√3
−2
 cosec ( 1380 ) =cosec ( 1440−60 )=cosec ( 4 ( 360 )−60 )=cosec (−60 )=−cosec 60=
√3
1
 sin ( 1125 ° )=sin (3 × 360° + 45 ° )=sin 45 ° =
√2
1
 cot ( 780 ° )=cot ( 2 ×360 °+60 ° )=cot (60 ° ) =
√3
 tan225 ° =tan ( 180 ° +45 )=tan 45° =1
−1
 cos 120 °=cos ( 90 °−30 ° )=−sin30 ° =
2
−3
 If cos θ= , ‘θ ’ lies in the third quadrant, find the values of other five
5
trigonometric functions
3
cos θ=¿− ¿, ‘θ ’ lies in the 3rd quadrant and in 3rd quadrant tanθ and cot θ are
5
positive and rest all are negative, i.e. (sin θ , cosec θ , cos θ , sec θ )

Fig. 2.13
P −4 P 4
sin θ= = tanθ= =
H 5 H 3
−5 3
cosec θ= cot θ=
4 4
−3 −5
cos θ= sec θ=
5 3

Examples

1.